9 19 joke

Couplets are the treasures of China traditional culture, and the earliest recorded couplets appeared in the Three Kingdoms period. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty (1368- 1399), an extra-large iron cross was unearthed in Luling, Jiangxi Province (now Ji 'an City, Jiangxi Province), on which the year number of Sun Quan Chiwu in the Three Kingdoms period (238-250) was cast. On the iron cross, there is also a beautifully made couplet cloud: "The four seas celebrate An Lan, and the iron column leaves a cross; All the people are pregnant with Ozawa, and the golden stove is fragrant for thousands of years. "

Parallel prose and rhyme are two direct sources of couplets. In the process of its own development, couplets have absorbed the characteristics of ancient poems, essays, lyrics and songs. Therefore, the sentence patterns used in couplets include ancient poems, prose sentences and parody sentences in addition to regular poems and parallel prose sentences. Different sentence patterns have different metrical patterns and different leniency. Among them, the sentence pattern of rhythmic poetry is the most strict, while the sentence pattern of ancient verse has no restrictions except at the end of the sentence.

One source of Spring Festival couplets is spring stickers. The ancients posted the word "Yichun" more and more at the beginning of spring, and then it gradually developed into Spring Festival couplets, expressing the good wishes of the working people in China to ward off evil spirits and avoid disasters and welcome good luck.

Spring Festival couplets have a long history. It is said that they originated from Meng Changjun, the master of Shu after the Five Dynasties. He wrote an inscription on the peach symbol on the door panel of the dormitory: "When the New Year arrives, the number of festivals will be in Changchun", which means the words "Write the peach symbol" (see Shu Lang). This is the earliest couplet in China and the first Spring Festival couplet.

Second, the types of couplets

According to the purpose

1. Universal couplets-such as Spring Festival couplets,

2. Special couplets-such as tea couplets, birthday couplets, wedding couplets, wedding couplets, elegiac couplets, industry couplets, motto couplets, gift couplets, title couplets, etc.

3. Spring Festival couplets: special couplets for the New Year.

Such as: Kyushu willow spits green; Peach and apricot compete for spring in May.

4. Greeting couplets: used for birthday, marriage, housewarming, having children, opening business and other festive occasions.

Such as: a pair of red hearts for the four modernizations; Two new hand-painted pictures. (Xi Lian), as happy as the East China Sea; Life is better than Nanshan. (first couplet)

5. elegiac couplet: mourn the dead.

For example, books have a strong future and will shock the world; Let the spirit shine forever and then benefit the people.

6. Give couplets: praise or encourage others to use them.

Such as: wind, rain, reading, the sound in the ear; Family affairs, state affairs and everything in the world care about everything.

7. Self-encouragement: For self-encouragement.

For example, books about the country are often read; Nothing is useless to body and mind.

8. Industry Association: Different industries are posted at the gate or in the store.

Such as: to know things from ancient times to the present; I have to read five books. (Bookstore) Although it is a clean business; But it's top kung fu. (Barber shop) welcomes guests in spring, summer, autumn and winter; Entertain people from east, west, north and south. (Hotel)

9. Yan Zhilian: The purpose of ambition.

Such as: I would rather be Zhao's ghost; Not for him, minister.

Count by word number

1. Short connection (within the cross)

2. Zhonglian (within 100 words)

3. Long couplet (100 words or more), etc.

According to rhetorical techniques

1. Duality: word right, object right, right right, opposition, work right, width right, flow right, palindrome right, top right.

2. Rhetoric couplets: metaphor, exaggeration, backchat, pun, rhetorical question and homophonic.

3. Skill association: embedded words, hidden words, compound words, overlapping words, radicals, word analysis, word splitting and numbers.

According to the source of couplets

1. Sentence couplet: a couplet composed entirely of ready-made sentences in ancient poetry.

2. Couplets composed of ancient Copybook for calligraphy articles and characters.

3. Sentence-picking couplets: Couplets made by picking antithetical sentences directly from other people's poems.

4. Create couplets: couplets independently created by the author.

By content

1. Festival couplets: refer to couplets with specific timeliness or commemoration, and the contents are mostly general chanting, lyricism, discussion and wishes. Strictly speaking, it can be divided into festival couplets and season couplets, but since they are often integrated, this distinction has no practical significance. Generally speaking, couplets can be directly divided into Spring Festival couplets, New Year's Day couplets and National Day couplets. In the Spring Festival couplets, the most important thing is the Spring Festival couplets. The so-called Spring Festival couplets are seasonal couplets used in the Spring Festival. Most Spring Festival couplets can be used universally. 2. Festive couplets: also known as greeting couplets, refer to couplets with a certain congratulatory nature in addition to holiday celebrations. According to its content and object, it can be divided into several subcategories, such as wedding couplets, birthday couplets, new house couplets (housewarming couplets) and so on. The outstanding feature of festive couplets is that they have a certain festive and congratulatory nature, and their contents must be good wishes, celebrations and auspiciousness. There are universal and special holiday couplets. Whether it is universal depends on the alliance, and it is not easy to copy, so as not to make jokes. 3. elegiac couplet: also known as elegiac couplet, it refers to the couplet used to mourn the dead. Its content is limited to mourning, remembering, evaluating and wishing the deceased, and its style is generally sad, solemn, deep and solemn. Others write elegiac couplets for the dead, or write elegiac couplets for themselves, which is another matter. The elegiac couplets can be divided from many angles, including old couplets, middle-aged couplets and youth couplets, as well as elder couplets, peer couplets and younger couplets. In addition, it can be divided into famous couplets and self-mourning couplets, and sacrificial couplets can also be regarded as a subclass of mourning couplets. The content of elegiac couplet generally refers to more specific objects, although there are also general objects and special objects, but in practice, we should pay more attention to the distinction. 4. Scenic couplets: refers to couplets posted, hung and carved at scenic spots. Most of its contents are engraved with scenic spots (such as landscapes and cultural relics). ) or closely related to it (related people, things, etc. Such couplets often become an important part of scenic spots and even history and culture. The combination of scenic spots and historical sites can be divided into several sub-categories, such as landscape gardens, temples and temples, pavilions, houses and halls, monuments and tombs, etc. 5. Industry couplets: refers to couplets whose contents are aimed at a certain industry, department or field. Due to the changes of the times, the application of couplets in the industry is not as good as before, but it is still considerable. Judging from its scope of application and content characteristics, it is still a major category of couplets. Trade associations can be subdivided according to industries and departments.

6. Inscription of couplets: refers to couplets inscribed to others. Although many couplets have been given a certain title, the title couplets mentioned here are limited to interpersonal (or yearning) works, excluding elegiac couplets and congratulatory couplets. Its content generally has a certain nature of praise, wishes and encouragement. From the perspective of the application of couplets, title couplets can be regarded as a big category. According to the different objects of the questions, the questions can generally be divided into several small categories, such as questions, questions, and questions.

7. Miscellaneous couplets: refers to couplets with a wide range of contents without specific objects. This kind of couplets often have simple literary creation characteristics, such as philosophical couplets, lyric couplets, persuasion couplets and so on. 8. Academic couplets: refers to couplets with certain academic nature. This academic nature refers to the specialty that does not belong to the above categories in content and use. Its content is often specialized, with certain disciplinary or religious characteristics, such as popular science association, Buddhist association, Taoist association and so on. From the application scope and development space of couplets, it is necessary to regard academic couplets as a separate category. For example, in the book "A Collection of Touching Smells-1200 Buddhist Couplets" written by the author, many Buddhist figures and Buddhist teachings are systematically written into an academic monograph in the form of couplets. By extension, many scientific knowledge or other learning principles can also be written as couplets, highlighting its academic or professional nature in content. 9. Funny couplets: refer to couplets that highlight interest or skills and pay relatively little attention to content. For example, various humorous associations and skill associations. The content of this kind of couplets either highlights the uniqueness of a certain style (humorous couplets) or is relatively unimportant (technical couplets), making it unique. In this sense, it can be regarded as a single category.

Third, the meter of couplets.

There are two kinds of conjunctions: one is the case in the sentence. One is foot case (referring to couplets with more than two sentences). The following are explained separately: 1. The rule of leveling in the sentence of metrical couplet: in the same couplet, leveling is exchanged every two or three words. The same position between the upper and lower links, the level is opposite. 1, a word together. Upper and lower joints. Part I: Part II: Flat, for example: Moquan 2, two-character couplet. Part one: I'm afraid. Bottom line: Pingping. The first word can be ignored. Part I: Part II: Flat green leaves and safflower 3. Three-character couplet meter. There are two kinds of metrical patterns of three-character couplets: a: upper couplet and lower couplet. B: The first part is flat, and the second part is flat, flat. The first word can be ignored. The peach leaves are three feet across the sky, the moon is six, the bow is six, and the Qionghuatai is underwater. The requirement of level line is one or three, which can be used flexibly, and two or four lines are distinct. The meter is: a: top: straight and even lines. The bottom line is: it's flat. For example, the sound of birds in the morning = = the chicken nest at night. B: the first part: mediocre. Bottom line: flat and faint. For example, = = outstanding people, five words combined. The requirement of level line is one or three, which can be used flexibly, and two or four lines are distinct. The meter is: a: top: straight and even lines. The bottom line is: it's flat. For example, Lin Jun said that he can play with caves and enjoy poems, and the west wind blows the Weihe River. B: The first part is flat and the second part is flat and flat. For example, why should the room be elegant = = not many flowers. 6. Six-character couplet. The requirement of leveling is that one, three and five can be used flexibly, and two, four and six are distinct. Meters mean: the upper part is flat and the lower part is flat and flat. For example, the autumn waters are the same color = = = the loneliness in the sunset, a few birdsongs outside the Qi Fei window = = = a few fallen flowers in front of the court. The requirement of leveling is that one, three and five can be used flexibly, and two, four and six are distinct. The meter is: A: The upper part is flat and the lower part is flat and flat. For example, the first floor, a beautiful place = = shooting bullfights in a thousand years. The name travels three thousand miles north = = the taste presses the twelfth floor of Jiangnan. B: The first part: mediocre, and the second part: mediocre. For example, the earth is bounded by the boundless sky = = I am the peak when the mountain climbs to the top. Buddha's heart is wide-knit = = = Do more good deeds and dream long dreams. 8. Eight-character couplet and meter. Level requirements: odd numbers can be used flexibly, and even numbers should be distinguished. The meter is: A: The upper part is flat and the lower part is flat and flat. For example, Changzhou Emperor Immortal Hall = = = Kai Ku General Bachelor Ci Zongb: Volume I: Pingping Pian Pian Pian, Volume II: Pingping Pian Pian. For example, the left picture, the right history, the book fragrance, the eternal generation = = = green water and green mountains and the universe, and the Changchun eight-character couplet can be a combination of four-character couplets. Nine-character couplets are generally a combination of four or five words (or May 4th words). Cross couplets are generally formed by adding four or six words or five or five words. Eleven-character couplets are mostly composed of four or seven words, and some are composed of five or six words or six or five words, and so on. Note: It says: No matter what 135 is, 246 is clear. When encountering the taboo of couplets, we should strictly abide by the rules of leveling and leveling, and we will talk about it later. Second, the rules of the foot level When there are several sentences in the upper and lower couplet of a couplet, attention should also be paid to the level of the last word (referred to as the foot) of each clause, generally according to the horseshoe rhyme (there are exceptions, called the deformation grid). The rules for leveling footings are as follows: (All examples are footings of upper part, but footings of lower part and footings are excluded. The formula is just the opposite of the upper part. Let's learn by ourselves. ) Two sentences: ○, ● Three sentences: ○, ● Four sentences: ●, ● Five sentences: ●, ●, ● Six sentences: ○, ●, ● Seven sentences: ○, ●, ●. Italian rhyme can be used as a supplementary explanation of horseshoe rhyme, but its applicability is much wider than horseshoe rhyme. Because the understanding of horseshoe rhyme 95 is based on single words, horseshoe rhyme may not be applicable if there are proper nouns, such as "Li Chenxian wants to exchange thousands of dollars for wine; Tao Pengze's use of horseshoe rhyme for "five buckets of rice don't bend over" can't be explained, because "Li Chenxian, Tao Pengze, Qian and five buckets of rice" are all proper nouns. If analyzed from the intention, Li Chenxian (Ping) wants to exchange wine (Ping) with Qian (Ping), and Tao Pengze (Ping) doesn't want to (Ping) | Five measures of rice (Ping) | Bend over (Ping).

Edited on 20 19-05-03

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The origin and development of couplets

This is a paper, and the related explanations are as follows: 1. The origin and development of antithetical couplets (1), commonly known as "antithesis" or "antithesis" for short; Otherwise known as "Lian", "Lian" and "Lian"; Couplets, couplets, stickers, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets. They are traditional and practical styles. Just like the unit of poetry is called "first", the unit of writing is called "article", the unit of couplet is called "deputy", and the ancients used "painting". Couplets are composed of two equivalent words. The first part is called antithetical couplets, which are also called shangzhi, shangbi and sentence, or with the public and the prime minister. The latter part is called bottom connection, also called bottom branch, bottom ratio, antithesis or right mother and right tail. The upper and lower sentences are called a couplet, which is indispensable for the whole couplet. Couplets are traditional metrical literature, which is rhythmic and typical. Any work that does not meet the basic requirements of couplets should not be called couplets. There is a corresponding relationship between the number of words in couplets and the word "Zi". The number of words is the sum of the number of words in the upper and lower couplets, and half of the sum is "Zi". For example, traditional Spring Festival couplets are "unified"; Vientiane Update is a four-character couplet, and the bedroom couplet "Why should the room be elegant?" "Not many flowers" is the cross of five words; " "Flower shadows are everywhere; A pavilion, mountains, colors and moons peep at people "is a combination of fourteen words and seven words." The most closely related to couplets is horizontal comments, also called "horizontal couplets" and "banners". Horizontal batch is posted between two couplets, usually four words. Its function is to summarize the central idea of the upper and lower links, and it has the function of summarizing and enlightening. (2) The origin and formation of couplets Compared with other literary genres, languages and literary theories, including parallel prose, Tang poetry, Song poetry, Yuanqu and folk rhymes, couplets have similarities in mutual tolerance, mutual penetration and mutual wings, and also have their own laws and rules. 1. Duality rhetoric gives birth to the most remarkable and basic features that distinguish couplets from other styles. The reason is that its upper and lower couplets all use duality in terms of words, sentence patterns, content, level and rhythm. Therefore, to explore the origin and development of couplets, we must first involve duality. Duality is one of Chinese figures of speech. Duality is the evolutionary synthesis of the words "dual" and "parallel pair". Duality is the dual form of sentences in poetry and music dialogues. The "antithesis" originated from the honor guard of the ancient court guard. This guard of honor is arranged in pairs, its formation, number of people, clothing, flags, etc. They are all arranged neatly and symmetrically, so they are called "antithesis"; The "parallelism" of parallel couples means that two horses are neck and neck, and "ping" means that two people are one. The combination of "parallel pairs" also refers to pairs. Duality and duality are different in density and width. Duality is not taboo. Duality is a rhetorical device, which has been used in China's ancient poems for a long time, and appeared in pre-Qin literary works more than two thousand years ago. "Full loss, modest benefit" ("Shangshu Dayu Mo"). "I used to go to, willow, a; Today, I think it's raining "("I was wrong to choose the EU "). "If you drink Mulan dew early, autumn chrysanthemum will lose your English at night" (Qu Yuan's Li Sao). In the Han Dynasty, a literary genre called "Fu" developed, and dual rhetoric was widely and consciously used. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Fu-style works gradually tended to be parallel prose, resulting in "parallel prose". The development and maturity of dual rhetoric not only played a positive role in enriching and developing China's language and writing art, but also gave birth to two artistic forms: regular poems in Tang Dynasty and couplets in later generations. Judging from the history of the whole literature and art and the law of the development of language and writing, antithetical couplets, a literary art form, are closely related to the language and art of China as a whole. They came into being with the emergence, development and perfection of dual rhetoric in China's language and writing art, and are an independent and unique style born out of dual rhetoric. It can be said that couplets are the product of maturity, typicality and stylization of dual rhetoric. 2. Taofu custom directly produced couplets, which gave birth to couplets. However, duality does not mean opposition. In order to transform duality into duality, it must have an external form. This external form of making couplets independent is a national custom in ancient China-hanging "Fu Tao". Therefore, couplets started from the ancient "Fu Tao", that is to say, couplets originated from Spring Festival couplets, and Spring Festival couplets began in Fu Tao. "Fu Tao" is also called "virtuous mother". As early as more than 2,000 years ago, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, the people of the Central Plains wrote the names of "Shen Tu" and "Lei Yu" Er Shen on two mahogany boards, or painted Er Shen's patterns on paper, hung, inlaid or pasted on the door, aiming at exorcising evil spirits and praying for good luck. According to the fairy tale "Shan Hai Jing" and other books, there is a big peach tree in Dushuo Mountain in the East China Sea, whose branches extend to the ghost gate in the northeast, so the ghosts and gods in the cave will come and go. There are two gods guarding the peach tree. Their names are Shen Tu and Lei Yu. Once they find evil spirits that are harmful to people, they tie them up with reeds and give them to tigers so that people can live and work in peace and contentment. With the development of society and the progress of culture, this custom of hanging peach symbols is constantly changing. At first, I wrote Er Shen's name or drew an image, then someone wrote auspicious words on the mahogany board, and then developed to write two antithetical poems. So there is the so-called "Fu Taoshi", which is "Tantie". This paste with peach characters is the embryonic form of couplets. The earliest couplets, Spring Festival couplets, appeared in the Five Dynasties according to historical records. "History of the Meng Family in Xishu, Song Dynasty" contains: In 964 AD, Meng Chang (9 19-965) asked the bachelor Xin to write a peach symbol, claiming that he was not working: "Welcome to the New Year; The festival number is Changchun. " At present, this pair of Spring Festival couplets inscribed by Meng Min, a master of post-Shu art, is recognized as the earliest Spring Festival couplets. At this point, dual rhetoric gave birth to the independent style of Spring Festival couplets. By the Song Dynasty, the creation of couplets had become a common practice. Celebrities, Zhu and Huang Tingjian also have many couplets handed down from generation to generation. Wang Anshi (1021-1086), a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, described the scene of people posting Spring Festival couplets in the poem "January Day": firecrackers are one year old, and the spring breeze enters Tu Su from send warm. Thousands of families always trade new peaches for old ones. During the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, couplets carved on wooden pillars appeared in palaces, official gates, temples and Buddhist temples, which were later called "couplets". At the same time, the earliest birthday couplets, elegiac couplets and inscribed couplets began to appear. Zhu (1120-1200), a great scholar in the Song Dynasty, also wrote couplets, which shows that couplets have become popular. In the Ming Dynasty, Spring Festival couplets were officially affirmed and popularized as an independent cultural custom to celebrate the New Year. It is said that the word "Spring Festival couplets" was created by Zhu Yuanzhang (1328- 1398), and he began to write Spring Festival couplets in red paper. In A.D. 1368, Jinling (now Nanjing) was the capital of the Ming Dynasty. To celebrate the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Zhu Yuanzhang, who is known as the "son of heaven", sent a message on New Year's Eve: both public officials and ordinary people should add a pair of Spring Festival couplets to their homes (according to Chen Yuanlian's Miscellaneous Notes on the Cloud Tower in the Qing Dynasty). This custom of turning "carving peach symbols" into pasting Spring Festival couplets has expanded from the palace giants to the civilian portal overnight. He not only gave orders, but also visited incognito in the early morning of the second day (the first day of the New Year's Day), strolled the streets and enjoyed the Spring Festival couplets. When he found that a pig farmer at the gate of the city had no money to buy paper to paste Spring Festival couplets, he ordered someone to bring paper and ink and write a couplet for the farmer himself: "Split the road of life and death with both hands; Cutting with one knife is not a root. " After more than 400 years, Spring Festival couplets were set up from Meng Changjun, a master of the post-Shu Dynasty, to Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding father of the Ming Dynasty, and gradually matured from the embryonic form of Fu Tao. And in this process, couplets began to develop from the only Spring Festival couplets to other more kinds. In content, it is also closely related to social politics, economy, culture and people's various social activities. In the period of Kang and Gan in Qing Dynasty, the art of couplets reached its peak. 3. Various styles have promoted and perfected the appearance of couplets (1) and Fu-style parallel prose couplets, which should be attributed to the influence of Fu-style parallel prose. From the characteristics of couplet art itself, it is flexible in sentence structure, free in length and indefinite in length, ranging from a few words to dozens, hundreds and thousands of words. Although it is a "poem", it does not emphasize rhyme; It pays attention to the modification and allusion of words, and has something in common with Fu and Parallel Prose. So it is obviously influenced and promoted by Fu and Parallel Prose. (2) After the mid-Tang Dynasty, couplets and regular poems formed "regular poems" called modern poems in literary history. Rhyme poetry not only puts forward strict requirements for duality in poetry, but also forms a fixed position, making duality more artistic, systematic and theoretical in poetry. At this point, couplets came into being. Couplets are the evolution of metrical poems. Compared with the two couplets in the rhyme, the couplets only have different words (there are only five or seven words in the rhyme), and the forms and requirements of other couplets are basically the same. (3) Although the dual requirements of couplets and word couplets are basically the same as those of regular poems, they have broken through the strict restrictions of regular poems in some aspects and become more free and flexible. This is influenced by words. There are two obvious aspects: ① The antithesis of metrical poems requires a flat voice to a flat voice, and a flat voice to a flat voice. Couplets break through this point, and in some sentences, they are not even. For example: winter goes and spring comes, and everything recovers; Spring brings life to the earth. The words "Su" and "Ji" at the end of the sentence are both flat. Another example is the fifty-third couplet of Jia Ancestral Hall in A Dream of Red Mansions: the liver and brain are smeared on the ground, and the surname Zhao relies on the grace of self-restraint; Fame and fortune are all over the world, and one hundred generations have tasted it. The "en" at the foot of the upper joint sentence is flat, while the "sound" at the foot of the lower joint sentence is voiced. The antithesis of couplets is precisely one of the dual characteristics of ci. (2) The antithesis of metrical poems avoids the opposition of the same words; However, antithesis is one of the skills of rhetoric and word use in couplets. For example, Comrade Cai Yuanpei was led by a comrade: from Paiman to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Mr. Wang's ambition was in the national revolution; From the May 4th Movement to the League of Human Rights, Mr. Wang's itinerary is about democracy and freedom. "Cong", "Dao", "Sir", "Zhi" and "Zai" are all homophones, which are allowed in couplets, similar to the duality of some words. For example: thousands of miles of ice; It snows in Wan Li. Among them, "Li" is a homonym (Qin Yuan Chun Xue). (4) Couplets and songs: After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, couplets, such as humorous pairs, reduplicated pairs, compound word pairs, and spoken language, slang and idioms, were used more and more in couplets, indicating that they were obviously influenced by Yuan Qu. For example, the countryside is beautiful, and pears, pears, dates and dates are in the west; Clouds, Clouds, Rain, Chu, Wu, Hubei and Dusk (Song Xiuying). Xiu Xiu is covered with mountains and rivers; Whether it is sunny or rainy, the weather is always good. It can be said that couplets are formed by the synthesis, evolution and variation of prose, fu, poetry, ci and qu. (3) Application and development of couplets After couplets came into being, their application scope gradually expanded. At first, there was only one kind of couplet, but it was gradually used in people's decoration and communication activities after Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. At first, it was used in literary world, officialdom and court, and then it gradually spread to the general public and society, and even developed into places of interest, temples, pavilions, study rooms, bedrooms, desks and shops. In the folk, even the stage, shrine, lanterns, incense burners, cabinets, grain depots, car shafts, corral and other places have the phenomenon of posting couplets. It is in modern times and modernity that couplets are really enriched and developed in ideological content, closely linked with social real life and play its positive role. Specifically, after the 1840 Asian film war, the people of China began to awaken, and the progressive thoughts of the advanced class began to appear. Especially after the Revolution of 1911 and the New Democratic Revolution, couplets have rapidly developed into an integral part of advanced literature and art. In the new historical period, the prosperity and development of China's economy and society will inevitably bring about the prosperity and development of couplets art. Since the reform and opening up from 65438 to 0978, the creation, application and research of couplets have been unprecedentedly active. Every family can see colorful couplets on holidays. Folk weddings and funerals, business opening celebrations, couplets become an indispensable carrier to express feelings; Many newspapers and periodicals also attach importance to publishing couplets research articles; Some monographs and historical materials about couplets have also come out. In order to prosper the creation of couplets, some cultural departments and publishing units have also carried out activities to collect couplets and seek the right ones. China United Daily News has been published for more than 20 years, which has made important contributions to the recovery and development of this traditional culture. The promulgation of General Rules for Couplets (June 2007 1 Trial) points out the direction for the development of this independent couplet style.

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The formation, types and development of couplets? Please indicate by category.

1. Couplets, also known as couplets or couplets, are antithetical sentences written on paper, cloth or carved on bamboo, wood and columns. They are concise, neat and even, and are unique art forms of Chinese language. 2. The formation of couplets: couplets are also called couplets, antithetical sentences, spring stickers, couplets, couplets and peach symbols. It is a kind of dual literature, which originated from the symbol of peach. Spring Festival couplets have a long history. It is said that they originated from Meng Changjun, the master of Shu after the Five Dynasties. On the peach symbol board at the door of his bedroom, he wrote: "Come in the New Year, the first day is Changchun", which means "Write the peach symbol" (see Shu Lang). This is the earliest couplet in China and the earliest Spring Festival couplets. Couplets originated in the Qin Dynasty and were called Fu Tao in ancient times. With regard to the earliest couplets in China, Mr. Tan Chan-xue wrote in the fourth issue of Knowledge of Literature and History 199 1 that the earliest couplets in China appeared in the Tang Dynasty. 3. Types: Couplets can be roughly divided into poetry couplets and prose couplets. The format of couplets is strict and the part of speech is relative. Traditional couplets are connected in form, with the same content, harmonious tone and rigorous antithesis. Prose couplets are generally informal, straightforward, and do not avoid repetition. They do not overemphasize the equivalence of parts of speech without losing duality. However, in the development stage, from the perspective of literary history, couplets gradually evolved from dialogues in ancient poems. This development process has roughly gone through three stages. This dual stage spanned the pre-Qin, Han and Southern and Northern Dynasties. In China's ancient poems, some neat antitheses appeared very early. Several ancient ballads that have been handed down to this day have already seen their origins. Such as "digging wells to drink water, ploughing fields to eat", "doing at sunrise and resting at sunset" and so on. As a rhetorical device with the beauty of neatness, contrast and music, duality has been widely and consciously used in the creation of Fu. For example, in Sima Xiangru's "Zi Xu Fu", there are: "Drum, sound; The car follows the route and rides on the team. "Parallel prose originated from the Ci and Fu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, flourished in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and flourished in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. As can be seen from the name, parallel prose is a dual style, which is mostly composed of antitheses. The continuous use of such antithetical sentences is also called parallelism or parallelism. Parallel prose has three characteristics, namely, four or six sentence patterns, antithesis and allusions. Second, the number of dual words has certain rules. Mainly "46" sentence pattern and its variant forms. Mainly include: four-character dual, six-character dual, eight-character dual, cross dual and twelve-character dual. Third, the antithesis is quite skillful, but there are many heavy words (such as "Zhi, Er"), and the tone and rhythm of the antithesis are not fully mature. Couples in the stage of lovers, antitheses in metrical poems. This poetic style, also known as modern poetry, was formally formed in the Tang Dynasty. But its origin began in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Couples also have three characteristics: first, antithesis is the metrical requirement of style; Second, the number of words changed from even sentences to odd sentences, and finally fixed at five or seven words; Third, the antithesis is accurate and stable, and the tone is mature. Features: the unity of uniqueness and universality, parasitism and inclusiveness, practicality and artistry, popularity and elegance, seriousness and playfulness. The general classification is 1. Spring Festival couplets II. Special couplets-tea couplets, birthday couplets, wedding couplets, happy couplets, elegiac couplets, industry couplets, motto couplets, gift couplets, titles. According to rhetorical skills, it is divided into 1. Binary association: speech pair, material pair, right pair, opposition pair, work pair, wide pair, flowing pair, palindrome pair and top pair. 2. Rhetoric couplets: metaphor, exaggeration, backchat, pun, rhetorical question and homophonic. 3. Skill association: embedded words, hidden words, compound words, overlapping words, radicals, word analysis, word splitting and numbers. According to the source of couplets, 1. Couplet: a couplet composed entirely of ready-made sentences in ancient poetry. 2. Couplets composed of ancient Copybook for calligraphy articles and characters. 3. Sentence-picking couplets: Couplets made by picking antithetical sentences directly from other people's poems. 4. Create couplets: couplets independently created by the author. Classification by use: 1. Couplet 2. Celebrate couplets 3. Memorial couplet 4. Landscape couplets 5. Industry couplet 6. Title couplet 7. Hybrid 8. Academic couplets 9. Interesting couplets.