Zhuge Liang introduced

Zhuge Liang (181-234) was born in Wolong, Langxie Yang Du (now Yinan, Shandong). An outstanding politician, strategist and strategist in Shu during the Three Kingdoms period.

In the 12th year of Jian 'an, Liu Bei suffered many setbacks and was forced to lead an army into Xinye. At this time, Xu Shu visited Liu Bei, who valued him very much. Xu Shu said to Liu Bei, "Zhu Gekongming, Wolong, do you want to meet the general?" Liu Bei replied, "Come with me." Cao Shu said, "You can meet this man, but you can't give in to him. The general should abandon the driving "("the reflection? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang Chuan "). So Liu Bei personally went to Zhuge Liang's house and met Zhuge Liang three times. This is the famous story of "three visits to the thatched cottage" in the history of China. Zhuge Liang was only 27 years old at this time.

Liu Bei ordered his followers to retreat and said to Zhuge Liang, "The Han Dynasty is dead, the traitor stole his life, and the Lord was covered with dust. Loneliness, I want to believe that righteousness is above the world, and my wisdom is short-lived, so I use it wildly. As for today. However, the ambition is not over yet, and you said that the plan will come out? " Zhuge Liang replied: "Since Dong Zhuo came, there have been many heroes, and countless people have crossed the state and even the county. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao is less famous and has fewer people. However, Cao overcame salt and took the weak as the strong, which was not only the right time, but also the right place. Today, millions of Cao Cao are vassals with the emperor. This sincerity is indisputable. According to Sun Quan, he lived in Jiangdong for three generations, and the country was in danger of the people. He can use it. It can be used for aid, but not for profit. Jingzhou is bordered by Han and Mian in the north, benefiting from it; it is connected with Tongba and Shu in the east and adjacent to it in the west. This is a martial arts country, but its owner can't keep it. This is almost heaven, so it is a general. Does the general care? Yizhou is a dangerous place, fertile land is thousands of miles away, and the land of abundance makes Gaozu emperor. Liu Zhang is weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, the people are rich but ungrateful, and the wise think of the wise. The general is both the emperor's palace and loyal to the four seas. He is a hero, eager for wisdom. If there are advantages and interests, he will protect his rock resistance, he will be brave in the west and south, and he will have good external relations and internal politics with Sun Quan. If the world changes, a general will be ordered to lead Jingzhou troops to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead Yizhou people out of Qinchuan. Who dares to meet the general without eating kettle pulp? If so, ideas can be reached, and the Han Dynasty can flourish "("Three Kingdoms? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang Chuan ").

This is the famous Longzhong pair. After listening to Zhuge Liang's incisive and thorough analysis, Liu Bei's thoughts were suddenly enlightened. He felt that Zhuge Liang's talents were rare, so he earnestly asked Zhuge Liang to come out of the mountain and help him complete the great cause of reviving the Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang saw that Liu Bei was open-minded and ambitious, and immediately agreed to Liu Bei's request. Soon, Liu Bei received Zhuge Liang to his own residence with grand etiquette. After a period of contact and understanding, Liu Bei worshipped Zhuge Liang more, and their relationship became increasingly close.

Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were unhappy to see that Zhuge Liang had not made great achievements, but was so loved and relied on by Liu Bei. Liu Bei explained to them, "There is Kong Ming in solitude and water in fish." May you not repeat "("reflection? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang Chuan "). Guan and Zhang saw that Liu Bei respected Zhuge Liang so much that they no longer expressed their dissatisfaction with him.

Liu Qi, the eldest son of Liu Biao, also attaches great importance to Zhuge Liang. Liu Biao listened to his second wife, preferring his youngest son, Liu Cong, to Liu Qi. Liu Qi often wants Zhuge Liang to think of ways to protect himself, but Zhuge Liang refuses every time. On one occasion, Liu Qi took Zhuge Liang to visit the back garden and boarded a tall building together. While drinking, Liu Qi asked someone to move the stairs and said to Zhuge Liang, "I can't go to heaven today, I can't go to the ground, and I can't say it." Zhuge Liang replied, "If you don't see Shen Sheng, it will be dangerous, and Zhong Er will be safe outside" (The History of the Three Kingdoms? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang Chuan ")? Liu Qi's feeling. After Huang Zu's death, Liu Qi got the opportunity to go out of the mountain and became a Jiangxia county magistrate.

In August of the 13th year of Jian 'an (2008), Liu Biao, a priest in Jingzhou, died of illness, and his second son, Liu Cong, succeeded him as a priest in Jingzhou. That year, Cao Cao took the opportunity to lead an army to attack Jingxiang, and Liu Cong sent messengers to the city to surrender. After Liu Bei arrived at Xiakou, Zhuge Liang said to him, "It's urgent, please order General Sun for help" (The History of the Three Kingdoms? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang Chuan "). At that time, Sun Quan was stationed in Chaisang (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi) to watch the success or failure of Cao Liu's decisive battle. Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang to Chai Sang to meet Sun Quan, and Zhuge Liang persuaded Sun Quan to say, "There was chaos at sea. The general set out for Jiangdong, and Liu Yuzhou also took over Hannan, competing with Cao Cao for the world. Today, the defeat of barbarians is a great disaster, and it is a little flat, so Jingzhou is broken and the world is awesome. Heroes are useless, so Yuzhou fled here. The general does what he can: if he can compete with China with the people of wuyue, he might as well give up as soon as possible; If you can't do it, why not put the case in the north! Today, in the name of submission, the general is hesitant, and things are urgent, and it never rains but it pours! " Hearing this, Sun Quan was furious and said, "I can't support the whole land of Wu, and hundreds of thousands of people are subject to others. I made up my mind! You can't be Cao Cao unless you are Liu Yuzhou. But after Yuzhou's new defeat, is it difficult to resist this? " Zhuge Liang replied: "Although the Yuzhou army was defeated by Nagano, there are still 10,000 troops in Guan Yu's water army, and there are not less than 10,000 troops in Hejiangxia and Liu Qi. Cao Cao's people, exhausted from a long distance, heard that they chased Yuzhou and rode for more than 300 miles a day and night. This so-called "a spent force, can't wear Lu Tao". Therefore, Sun Tzu's art of war is taboo, saying, "You must be a general. "And northerners don't learn to fight in water; Moreover, the people of Jingzhou attached a symbol, forcing soldiers to take advantage of the situation, unconvinced. Now, the general can lead tens of thousands of soldiers to form a brave army and defeat Cao Cao's army together with Yuzhou Xiegui. If Cao Cao's army is broken, it will return to the north. In this way, the situation of Jing and Wu will be stronger and the feet will be formed. The chance of success or failure lies in today "("reflection? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang Chuan ").

Listen, Sun Quan. Great joy. Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu and Lu Su led 30,000 troops, and Zhuge Liang rushed to Liu Bei to fight against Cao Cao. Cao Cao was finally defeated in Chibi (see Battle of Red Cliffs) and led the remnants to the north. Liu Bei seized the counties in the south of the Yangtze River, appointed Zhuge Liang as the military commander, sent him to supervise the garrison in Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha, and at the same time levied taxes on the three counties to supplement military supplies.

In the 16th year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), Yizhou Pastoral Liu Zhang sent troops to Liu Bei to resist Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. Liu Bei took the opportunity to leave Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu in Jingzhou. And Pang Tong led tens of thousands of troops to Yizhou. In December of the 17th year of Jian 'an (2 12), Liu Bei turned from Mengjia to attack Liu Zhang (see Yizhou Battle). Soon, Liu Bei surrounded Luocheng (now in Guanghan, Deyang), Liu Bei besieged Luocheng for one year, and Pang Tong, the strategist, was shot to death by a flowing arrow.

In the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14), Zhuge Liang left Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, and together with Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun led the army back to Sichuan to reinforce Liu Bei. From Keba Cave (now Fengjie East, Sichuan) to Jiangzhou (now Chongqing), Fu Ba County was too strict. Later, the soldiers were divided into two ways: Zhao Yun was on the left, even Jiangyang (now Luzhou, Sichuan) and Qianwei (now Pengshan, Sichuan); On the right, Zhang Fei captured Brazil (now Langzhong, Sichuan) and Deyang (now southeast of Suining, Sichuan). By this time, Liu Bei had conquered Los Angeles, and Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun joined forces with Liu Beijun to surround Chengdu (Yizhou Branch, now Chengdu, Sichuan). Liu Bei sent Du You and Li Hui to surrender to Ma Chao, sent Zhang Lu and led soldiers from Xiliang to the northern suburbs of Chengdu, which surprised the officials and people in the city. Liu Bei also sent card shark Jian Yong to persuade Liu Zhang to surrender. At that time, there were 30 thousand elite soldiers in Chengdu, and the supply of grain and grass could last for one year. Liu Zhang didn't want to hurt the people for a long time, so he led the troops out.

After Liu Bei occupied Chengdu, he was in charge of Yizhou animal husbandry, the feast of the three armed forces and the tripartite confrontation between the three countries was completely formed. Liu Bei promoted Zhuge Liang to the position of general strategist, acting as general Zuo's office.

After that, Liu Beidong went down to Jingzhou and went north to capture Hanzhong (see the Battle of Hanzhong). In Chengdu, Zhuge Liang handled affairs, and the supply of food and arms was always fully guaranteed.

In June of that year, after Liu Bei won Hanzhong, he sent Meng Da and Liu Feng to capture Fangling and Shang Yong in the east of Hanzhong County, and his influence expanded. In July, Sun Quan wanted to attack and merge, and most of Wei Jun mobilized Huainan to guard against Wu Jun. Guan Yu, the former Shu general guarding Jingzhou, seized the fighter plane, leaving Nanjun (governing Jiangling, now Hubei) as the satrap, Mi Fang as the shoujiang, Fu Shiren as the public security (now northwest Hubei), and led the main force to attack Jingxiang in the north (see the battle of Fancheng). In November, Guan Yu lost Jingzhou because of carelessness (see the Battle of Jiangling). 1February, Guan Yu led a few cavalry to break through Maicheng and was beheaded by Wu Jun. Jingzhou fell and Guan Yu was killed, which was undoubtedly a heavy blow to Liu Bei and fundamentally destroyed Zhuge Liang's strategic attempt to explore the north.

In the twenty-fifth year of Jian 'an (220), Cao Cao died of illness, and Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Han Dynasty and established the State of Wei.

In the 26th year of Jian 'an (22 1), the ministers advised Liu Bei to be emperor and inherit the Han Dynasty, but Liu Bei disagreed. At this time, Zhuge Liang exhorted him: "When Haing Wu Han, Geng Yan and others advised Sai-jo to be emperor for the first time, Sai-jo gave up and counted four. Geng Chun said:' Heroes all over the world are clamoring, and he still has hope. If you don't listen to the discussion, the scholar-officials will all belong to the Lord, not from the public. "sai-jo is so sincere, he agreed. Today, Cao Shi usurps the Han Dynasty, and there is no owner in the world. The great king, Liu Miao, rose from the world and today is the throne, which is also appropriate. Scholar-officials who have worked hard with you for a long time also want merits and demerits, such as pure words and ears "("the reflection? " Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang Chuan ").

So in April of this year, Liu Bei changed his name to proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Han, also known as Shu or, and named the title "Zhangwu". Zhuge Liang was appointed Prime Minister and Xu Jing was appointed Stuart. The strategy book says: "I am not made at home, flattering the big system, working hard and complaining, not daring to be healthy, thinking for the people, I am afraid I will not be satisfied." Yu! The Prime Minister clearly knows what I mean, so he won't help me, help publicize the light, light up the world, and let you enjoy it "("The Three Kingdoms? "Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang Chuan ")! As the prime minister, Zhuge Liang is in charge of all government affairs and holidays of Shangshu.

In July of the first year of Zhangwu (22 1), Liu Bei decided to attack Sun Quan. Zhao Yunhe and some other civil and military ministers remonstrated that the urgent task of Shu is to map Guanzhong as soon as possible, control the upper reaches of the Yellow River and Weishui River, and crusade against Cao Wei, not against Sun Quan. Once Wu and Shu go to war, fortunes are unpredictable. But Liu Bei refused to accept these opinions and made up his mind to retake Jingzhou and avenge Guan Yu. Before he left, Zhang Fei was assassinated by the Ministry. Zhuge Liang took over as the captain of Li Si.

Due to Liu Bei's improper command, he was defeated by Lu Xun, the general of Wu State, in the battle of Yiling in the second year of Zhangwu (222). The Shu army suffered heavy losses, losing more than 40 thousand people, ships, equipment and water steps. Liu Beidao fled to Baidicheng (now east of fengjie county, Sichuan).

The fiasco of Yiling made Liu Bei feel ashamed and angry. Coupled with the fatigue of the army, Liu Bei can't afford to stay in Baidicheng. In the spring of the third year of Zhangwu (223), Liu Bei was dying in Yong 'an Palace. Call Zhuge Liang from Chengdu, entrust the affairs to Zhuge Liang, and say to him, "You are only ten times as talented as Cao Pi, and you will be able to settle down in the world and eventually achieve great things. If the heir can supplement it, supplement it; If you are incompetent, you can take it yourself. " Zhuge Liang said with tears: "I dare to use all my strength to report the Loyalty Day and then die!" " "Liu Bei also wrote a letter warning Liu Chan:" If you work with the Prime Minister, you will be like a father "("Three Kingdoms? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang Chuan "). No one can compare this!

Soon, Liu Bei died in Yong 'an Palace at the age of 63. In May, Liu Bei's Zigong was transported back to Chengdu and buried in Hui Ling and Zhaolie, posthumous title.

After Liu Bei's death, Prince Liu Chan became emperor and was called "the first emperor" and changed his surname. After the Lord named Zhuge Liang the marquis of Wuxiang. Set up the prime minister's office to handle affairs. Soon, he also served as Yizhou shepherd, and the details of political affairs were decided by him.

The first important thing after Zhuge Liang's auxiliary administration was to restore the alliance with Sun Wu. The failure of Liu Bei's expedition to Sun Quan not only greatly weakened the military strength of Shu Han, but also led to the instability of domestic political situation. In order to stabilize the political situation, develop production and restore the economy, we will do our best to deal with Cao Wei. In 223, Zhuge Liang sent Deng Zhi to see Sun Wu. After consultation between the two sides, Sun Quan severed the relationship with Cao Wei and re-established an alliance with Shu Han. Since then, the envoys of Wu and Shu have been in constant contact, which has alleviated the worries of looking east. Diplomatic success provided Zhuge Liang with favorable conditions to concentrate on rectifying internal affairs and pacifying the rebellion in South China.

In the spring of the third year of lite (225), Zhuge Liang led an army south (see the battle between South China and China). The south of Shu and Han, including the south of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, is commonly known as the Central South. At that time, there lived some ethnic minorities called "Southwest Yi". Zhuge Liang once imagined in "Longzhong Dui" that "the south will help foreigners to cross over" and build this place into the ruling rear of Liu Bei Group. After Liu Bei occupied Yizhou, Zhuge Liang chose Deng Zhi, an Anyuan general who was good at dealing with ethnic relations, to govern the central and southern regions, and achieved good results.

The restoration of the Wu-Shu alliance and the stability of the domestic political situation make it ripe to put down the rebellion. Zhuge Liang marched into Nanzhong, and the soldiers were divided into three ways. Zhuge Liang led the main force of the western front to attack Gaoding, who was crossing the river. Doorman Ma Zhong led the East Route Army to attack Zhu Bao; Governor Li Hui led the route army to Lv Yong, Yizhou. Before he left, Ma Su sent dozens of miles to join the army. Zhuge Liang asked: "Although * * * has been working for many years, we can pay more attention to good rules now" ("Zi Tong Zhi Jian? Volume seventieth "). He said: "South China relies on its dangers and stays away, and it will not last long. Although it is broken today, it will be heard tomorrow. Today, when the masses overthrew the Northern Expedition, they were strong by thieves. He knew that the official power was weak and his rebellion was rapid. If we try our best to eliminate future troubles, it is neither kind nor hasty. The husband uses the way of fighting, attacking the heart as the top, attacking the city as the bottom, taking the heart as the top, fighting for the bottom, and willing to be convinced "("Zi Jian? Volume seventieth "). Zhuge Liang accepted his plan.

The eastern and western wings led by Zhuge Liang and Ma Zhong quickly defeated the rebels and successively recovered Yue Chuang and Yao Si. Then Zhuge Liang commanded the three armies to meet and concentrated on besieging Yizhou, the center of the rebel army. At this time, there was a split within the rebels, and Yizhou came to help Yong Min of Gaoding. Yong Min was killed by Gao Ding's men, and Meng Huo succeeded him as king. Zhuge Liang took advantage of his internal contradictions to capture Yue Yi, kill Gao Ding, and Meng Huo fled south. After Ma Zhong destroyed Zhu Bao, he defected to Zhuge Liang. In May, Zhuge Liang crossed Lushui (Jinsha River at the mouth of Yalong River at the junction of Sichuan and Yunnan) and pursued it.

The story of Zhuge Liang's capture of Meng Huo was later widely circulated. After Zhuge Liang transferred his troops, he did not station a large number of troops, but continued to adopt the policy of wooing and appeasing. In order to change the backward appearance of the southern and central regions, Zhuge Liang sent people here to promote advanced agricultural production technology to the Han areas, advocate the construction of water conservancy and develop production. Later, Nanzhong developed into a relatively stable rear area and a source of financial income for the Shu-Han regime. A large number of materials such as gold, silver, lacquer, cattle and war horses were transported, which supplemented the financial and military needs of the Shu-Han regime. Recruit excellent crossbowmen as an army. When Zhuge Liang was alive, the southern and central regions remained relatively stable, which was inseparable from Zhuge Liang's good at adjusting ethnic relations.

After Zhuge Liang put down the rebellion. Reassemble, train and practice martial arts, and wait for an opportunity to make a large-scale northern expedition.

Cao Wei's Northern Expedition and the unification of China are the established goals in Zhuge Liang's Longzhong Dui. After the fall of Jingzhou, the conditions for sending troops to the Northern Expedition were no longer available, but Zhuge Liang did not give up the plan of the Northern Expedition. At this time, the northern expedition, although it is impossible to unify Cao Wei, can play the role of both offensive and defensive.

In the fourth year of Jianxing (226), Wei Wendi Cao Pi died of illness, and his son Cao Cao acceded to the throne. The news came that Zhuge Liang thought it was a good time to attack Cao Wei. So in the spring of the fifth year of Jianxing (227), 200,000 troops were stationed in Hanzhong, ready to attack Wei (see Zhuge Liang attacking Wei). Accompanied by veteran Zhao Yun, Wei Yan, Wu Yi, and young Masu who joined the army.

Before he left, Zhuge Liang made careful arrangements for government personnel, but he was still not at ease about Chengdu's politics, especially about his mediocre and incompetent late ruler Liu Chan. So, he gave Liu Chan a memorial, which is a masterpiece that has been passed down through the ages-"A Model"

In the spring of 228, the sixth year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang made his first Northern Expedition (see Zhuge Liang's Attack on Wei). General Zhao Yun and General Deng Zhi were sent to occupy (now south of Baoji, Shaanxi Province), feint Huan (now north of Meixian County, Shaanxi Province) and contain Wei Jun's main force from the road. Wei Mingdi Cao Cao sent Cao Zhen to lead the troops to the right, and heavily defended the city. Zhuge Liang personally led an army to attack Qishan (now the mountainous area in southeastern Gansu). Shu army ranks neatly, rewards and punishments are strict, and orders are clear. Nan 'an (now Longxi, Gansu), Tianshui (now Gangu, Gansu) and Andang (now Zhenyuan, Gansu) surrendered to Shu one after another, and Jiang Wei, the general of Tianshui, also surrendered to Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang's attack shocked Wei's ruling and opposition parties.

Therefore, Wei Mingdi led an army of 50,000 troops, personally sat in Chang 'an, Du Shi, and sent General Zuo Zhang Heling to attack the Shu army. When Zhuge Liang heard that Zhang He was marching westward with a great army, he sent Ma Su as a pioneer to guard the street kiosks at the throat (now Longcheng Town, southeast of Zhuanglang, Gansu, now southeast of Shuidong). Ma Su was familiar with the art of war since he was a child. He was very talented and skillful in strategizing, and was highly valued by Zhuge Liang. However, Liu Bei felt that Ma Su was exaggerating. On his deathbed, he said to Zhuge Liang, "Ma Su exaggerates and can't make more use of it." ? Shu Shu? Masu Chuan)? Zhuge Liang disagreed and often talked with him about the art of war, sometimes staying up all night.

After Ma Su arrived at the street pavilion, he became familiar with the art of war. The whole campaign did not follow Zhuge Liang's operational deployment, nor did it listen to General Wang Ping's dissuasion. He gave up the street kiosks without authorization and set up a village on the mountain, thinking that the high attack on Wei Jun was unstoppable. Zhang He took the opportunity to storm Shuzhai and cut off its water source. The Shu army was defeated by Wei Jun because of lack of water and lack of morale. Ma Ji lost the street pavilion, threatening Zhuge Liang's main flank and destroying the whole battle plan. The Shu army was routed from the street pavilion, and Wang Ping restrained all the troops from covering each other and retreating, which made Wei Jun afraid to pursue. At the same time, Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi also got off to a bad start. Zhuge Liang saw that the whole strategic deployment was disrupted and it was not appropriate to fight again, so he had to give up the three counties in Longxi, forcibly move more than 1,000 counties in Xixi and withdraw his troops back to Hanzhong.

Zhuge Liang returned to Hanzhong, beheaded Ma Su with tears, killed the general, dismissed General Huang's attack, promoted Wang Ping to General Kou, and sealed the pavilion. Zhuge Liang thought that he was also responsible for misusing Ma Su, so he wrote to his master, saying, "I am weak, well-founded, loyal to the three armed forces, and I am afraid of the situation, so I disobeyed my orders in the street pavilion and left my post. It's all because of my improper arrangement. I know I don't know anyone, and I care about many things. I am in charge of handsome in spring and autumn, and I am a minister. In order to supervise the blame, please lower yourself to the third class "("Reflection? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang Chuan "). So the late Lord demoted Zhuge Liang to the right general, still acting as prime minister, and all the original part-time jobs remained unchanged. Zhuge Liang was not reconciled to the failure of the Northern Expedition, but made great efforts to encourage the troops to speak martial arts and prepare for the new Northern Expedition.

In December of the same year, Zhuge Liang led Wu and Wei to fight, Wei Jun's main force moved eastward, and Guanzhong's troops were weak. The second time he sent troops to the Northern Expedition, he left for three passes (now southwest of Baoji, Shaanxi) and surrounded Chencang (now east of Baoji, Shaanxi). Chencang terrain is dangerous, easy to defend but difficult to attack. Zhao Hao, commander of Wei Shoujiang, is also ready. When the Shu army could not attack, Zhuge Liang sent his fellow countryman Chou-heung to surrender and was rejected. Zhuge Liang used tens of thousands of Shu soldiers, and Chen Cang's garrison was only 65,438+10,000. And judged that Wei Jun on the Eastern Front needed help, launched a storm and attacked the city with ladders and cars. Wei Jun shot a ladder with a rocket and smashed a car with a rope and a stone mill. Ladders and cars were burned and damaged. The Shu army also built a 100-foot-high well site (wooden building) to shoot arrows at the city, covering the soldiers to fill trenches with earth and prepare to go directly to the city. Wei Jun built a heavy wall in the city. The Shu army dug tunnels to attack the city, while Wei Jun turned tunnels into tunnels, dug tunnels horizontally in the city and blocked them. Both sides refused to attack and defend day and night for more than 20 days. General Cao Zhen of Wei sent Fei Yao to save Chen Cang. He also sent generals and He Wei to stop the Shu army. Zhang He traveled day and night, and Zhuge Liang had already retreated for lack of food before he arrived in Chencang. Wei led the cavalry in pursuit, and Zhuge Liang returned to the army to engage with him, defeating Wei Jun and beheading him.

In the seventh year of lite (229), Zhuge Liang made the third Northern Expedition. Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (now Chengxian, Gansu) and Yin Ping (now Wenxian, northwest, Gansu) in order to consolidate Hanzhong, expand its territory and enrich the sources of military resources. These two counties were successively returned to Shu and Jieting after the war. Guo Huai, the secretariat of Wei Yongzhou, led the troops to rescue him. Zhuge Liang led the main force to Jianwei (now Chengxian West, Gansu Province) to stop him, and Guo Huai was forced to retreat. The Shu army occupied Wudu and Yin Ping counties. Zhuge Liang stayed and returned to Hanzhong by himself.

The late Lord wrote to Zhuge Liang: "The crime of the battle of the street pavilion lies in Ma Su. You led me to bring disgrace to oneself and obeyed my will." . The year before last, Yao Shi smashed Xinmeile Co., Ltd.; At this age, Guo Huai fled; The surrender of Bian and Qiang, the revival of the two counties and the ferocity of Weizhen are obvious. Today, Fang was harassed, but Yuan Xie was not an owl. You have been entrusted with a great responsibility. You are doing the heavy work of the country, but you have lost yourself for a long time. That's why you beautify Hong Lie. Now that you are prime minister, you still don't resign "("introspection? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang Chuan ").

In the eighth year of Jianxing (230), Wei Mingdi saw that Wudu and Yin Ping counties had been occupied by the Shu army and decided to attack Shu. In August, Cao Fu was ordered to lead the main force from Chang 'an to Woods Valley. General Zhang He left and General Sima Yi returned from Jingzhou to Hanshui to Xicheng (now northwest of Ankang, Shaanxi Province), and the soldiers attacked Hanzhong in three ways. Zhuge Liang led his troops to Chenggu (now Chenggu, Shaanxi Province) and Akasaka (now Yangxian East, Shaanxi Province) and ordered Li Yan, a title of generals in ancient times, to lead twenty thousand troops to reinforce Hanzhong. Wei Yan, the general in the north of Zhenbei, and Wu Yi, the commander in chief of Guanzhong, led the light cavalry out of Qishan (now the mountainous area in southeastern Gansu) and into Zhong Qiang (now Linxia in Gansu, Xunhua in Qinghai, Guide) in the west, where they connected with Zhurong, disturbed the rear of Wei and contained Wei Jun. The Shu army defeated Fei Yao, the general after Wei, and Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou in Yangxi (now the northeast of Weiyuan in Gansu). On the March in Wei Jun, it rained cats and dogs for more than 30 days. There were flash floods everywhere, roads were blocked, a large number of soldiers died, military assets suffered heavy losses, and various armies were blocked from moving forward. Counselors Hua Xin, Yang Fu and Wang Su wrote a letter to persuade them to retreat from difficulties as an example. In September, the imperial edict ordered all the troops to return to their units, and the battle with Shu was suspended.

In February of the 9th year of Jianxing (23 1), after two years of preparation, Zhuge Liang made the fourth northern expedition and surrounded Qishan. In order to solve the problem of transporting grain, Zhuge Liang used wooden oxen as a tool to transport military supplies and prepared to fight with Wei Jun for a long time. Wei Mingdi ordered Sima Yi, the general, to be stationed in Chang 'an (now northwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi), while Zhang He, the general of Zuo, and Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, guarded the Shu army. Sima Yi left Feiyao and Dai Ling to lead 4,000 people to guard the pass (now Tianshui, Gansu) and led the main force to the west to save Qishan. Zhuge Liang also divided his troops to attack Qishan and led the main force to meet Sima Yi. Guo Huai and Fei Yao attacked the Shu army, which was broken by Zhuge Liang. The Shu army took advantage of the situation to harvest cooked wheat first and get rations. Sima yi defended according to the danger, and the Shu army retreated to seek a decisive battle. Sima Yi led his troops to Lucheng (now south of Tianshui, Gansu), climbed mountains and mountains, built camps, and fought the Shu army. In May, General Wei Jun requested to go to war, and Sima Yi ordered Zhang He to surround the Peace Department of Shu Army in Qishan and attack it. Since he led the army to attack Zhuge Liang, Zhuge Liang sent generals such as Wei Yan, Gao Xiang and Wu Ban to meet the enemy, and defeated Wei Jun, winning 3,000 armour, 5,000 armour and 3,000 crossbows. Sima Yi surrendered to the camp. It rained continuously in June, making it difficult to transport rations. Li Yan, the guardian of Shu, shirked his responsibility and falsely proclaimed the imperial edict, so Zhuge Liang withdrew his troops. Sima Yi sent Zhang He after him and entered the wooden door (now southwest of Tianshui, Gansu). The Shu army set an ambush on a high place, shot Zhang He, and Zhuge Liang returned to Hanzhong.

After Zhuge Liang attacked Wei for the fourth time, the supply of grain and grass failed to follow the retreat, so he set up a grain depot in Xiegukou and actively prepared for the war. After three years of training and consolidation. In February of the 12th year of Jianxing (234), he led 65,438+10,000 troops out of the Oblique Valley, and made the fifth and final Northern Expedition. At the same time, he sent messengers to attack Wei with Wu. And transport military supplies through mobile horses. In April, Zhuge Liang arrived in Weinan. Sima Yi, the general of Wei State, led the army across the Wei River and built a water barrier. Zhuge Liang turned to attack Wuzhangyuan (now southwest of Meixian County, Shaanxi Province), and Sima Yi sent Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, to seize the northern plain. The Shu army attacked but failed, and the two armies confronted each other. Zhuge Liang often worried that the supply of rations would not be available, and the ideal of reunifying China could not be realized. In order to solve this problem, Zhuge Liang divided his troops into wasteland and prepared for a long-term battle.

In May, Wu Jun attacked Wei with 654.38+100,000 roads to cooperate with the Shu army. Wei Mingdi sent Qin Lang to lead twenty thousand people to assist Sima Yi, and led the main force to fight back against Wu Jun. In July, Wu Jun retreated. In August, Sima Yi followed Wei Mingdi's instructions of "guarding the city but refusing to defend it" and held a stalemate with Zhuge Liang for more than one hundred days. In the meantime, Zhuge Liang challenged several times, but Sima Yi never got out of the wall. He wants to wait for the Shu army to fight back. Zhuge Liang sent someone to send Sima Yi's Hairpin Phoenix (The Book of Jin? "Xuandi Ji") shame, want to stimulate Sima Yi to play, Sima Yi still does not play. In order to quell the dissatisfaction of his subordinates, Wei Mingdi sent Wei Xin Pi of Wei as a military adviser to stop it. Later, Zhuge Liang came to challenge, Sima Yi would lead troops to attack, and Xin Pi's scepter stood at the gate of the army, so Sima Yi would not send troops. When Xin Pi arrived, Jiang Wei said to Zhuge Liang, "Xin Pi has arrived with his staff, but the thief won't return it." Zhuge Liang said, "He has no intention of fighting, so he has invited someone to show his strength in his ears. Will be in the army, your life will not be affected, if you can control us, please how far to fight evil "(The Book of Jin? Xuandi Ji)!

Soon, Zhuge Liang sent messengers to fight. Sima Yi did not talk about military affairs and asked the messenger, "How does Zhuge Gong live? How many meters can he eat? " The messenger said, "Three or four liters." Then asked about politics, the messenger said, "Twenty penalties have been introspective." After asking for a while, Sima Yi asked people: "How long will Zhuge Liang in Zhu Can live?" (Jin Shu? Xuandi Ji)!

That month, Zhuge Liang broke down from overwork and could not afford to get sick. The late Emperor Liu Chan sent ministers to visit Lifu Province and asked many questions about military affairs. A few days later, Li Fu left and came back, and Zhuge Liang's condition deteriorated. Zhuge Liang said to Li Fu, "I know you are still interested. Although there have been endless words recently, it is even more decisive. " It is appropriate to ask public questions, and it is appropriate to ask public questions (Jiang Wei). "Li fu asked," I really lost the invitation before. If anyone can achieve great things in a hundred years, I don't need to pay back my ears. Who can be appointed after pleading with Jiang Wan? Zhuge Liang said, "Can Wen Wei (Fei Yi) continue?"? Volume 72). Li Fu asked his successor again, but Zhuge Liang stopped answering. A few days after Li Fu left, Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan Army at the age of 54. The seven-year battle of Zhuge Liang attacking Wei is over.

When the Shu army retreated, Sima Yi inspected the fortifications of the Shu military camp and sighed: "The genius of the world is also" ("The History of the Three Kingdoms? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang Chuan ")!

After Zhuge Liang's death, generals Jiang Wei and Yang Yiyi deployed before Zhuge Liang's death, and the whole army retreated calmly. Sima Yi came to chase Wen Xun, and Jiang Wei made Yang Yi return to the flag and beat the drums to fight back. Sima Yi thought that he had been tricked, so he hurriedly withdrew his troops and did not dare to approach. So the Shu army retreated safely, and the people made a proverb: "When Zhuge died, Zhong Dasheng" ("The Book of Jin? Biography of Xuan Di). After the Shu army calmly entered the oblique valley, it ordered to send out an obituary.

The news of Zhuge Liang's death reached Chengdu, and the officials and people were heartbroken and ran around crying. After the Northern Expeditionary Army of Shu and Han Dynasty returned to Chengdu, the late Lord Liu Chan made a memorial to him, saying: "Only if you are endowed with military and civilian skills, honest and sincere, and entrusted with orphans, with my assistance, you will be successful, rich and peaceful; Therefore, the Sixth Division has been reorganized and impressed, and Weizhen has been barren, and will make great contributions to Iraq and Zhou Zhirong. Why don't you hang up? Things are going to be awkward. You're dying! I am heartbroken and heartbroken. Fu Chongde made meritorious deeds, and Ji was born in posthumous title, so he will shine brilliantly in the future and make an immortal publication. Today, the general army is specially ordered to present the seal of the Prime Minister, and you are named the loyal minister Wu Hou. The soul has a spirit, and Jiazi is glorious. Alas! Alas, alas "("reflection? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang Chuan ")!

Military achievements

1. Zhuge Liang is diligent in thinking and pays attention to innovating ordnance and fittings. Developed a ten-arrow crossbow and a wooden bull and a flowing horse suitable for mountain transportation. And improved the steel knife, enhanced the combat effectiveness of the Shu army. Good at the art of war, the deduction of the array method is "eight-array diagram", which is passed down to later generations.

2. In managing the army, Zhuge Liang attached importance to the restraint and training of the army, and advocated the rule of law and stress.

3. When fighting, Zhuge Liang used his troops to assess the situation and was cautious; Strive for a quick decision in every battle; Attach importance to logistics and send thousands of officers and men to renovate Dujiangyan all the year round to ensure the production of rations; Every retreat is very cautious, and measures such as ambush in the mountains are taken to take the initiative and ensure safety.

4. Strategically, Zhuge Liang knew the three points of the world before he was born, and Longzhong Dui was far-sighted in analyzing the form at that time; In addition, he was good at observing the general trend and always insisted on uniting Wu against Cao, which made him win in the struggle with Wei and Wu Dingli.

disadvantage?

1. Human error. First of all, let Guan Yu guard Jingzhou. Guan Yu is arrogant, upright, courageous and foolhardy. Guan Yu's loss of Jingzhou frustrated Zhuge Liang's idea of sending troops to the northern expedition in Longzhong Dui, and made Shu always fall behind in the future wars. Secondly, Ma Su was used to guard the street kiosks, while Ma Su was familiar with the art of war and was good at military planning, which won Zhuge Liang's esteem. However, Liu Bei felt that Ma Su was exaggerating. On his deathbed, he said to Zhuge Liang, "Ma Su is exaggerating and can't be used. Why not observe it? " Zhuge Liang disagreed and often talked with him about the art of war, sometimes staying up all night. The fall of the street pavilion threatened Zhuge Liang's main flank, destroyed the whole battle plan and forced him to retreat.

2. Restrictions on talents. After Zhuge Liang assisted the government, he had to ask himself everything, which seemed admirable, but inadvertently restricted the development of talents. Zhuge Liang should personally handle such a small matter as the appointment and removal of a county official; In the army, "I have reflected on 20 punishments." As a result, after Zhuge Liang's death, talents in Shu failed to meet each other, resulting in the situation that "there is no general in Shu, and Liao Hua is the pioneer".

3. mistakes in using troops. "Zhuge Liang was cautious all his life" and used his troops cautiously. This is Zhuge Liang's advantage and his disadvantage. Caution is the main way to fight, supplemented by strangeness. The combination of odd and right is promising. At that time, Wei Yan proposed that he would lead ten thousand people to attack Tongguan. Zhuge Liang thought the move was hasty and did not agree. After Wargo destroyed Shu, it was a surprise attack. Sima Yi said in a letter to his younger brother Sima Fu, "If you are ambitious, you will not see opportunities. More plans, fewer decisions. If you are a good soldier, you have no right. Although you have raised a hundred thousand soldiers, you will fall into my painting and will be broken. " (Jin Shu? Xuandi Ji). Although this statement is somewhat exaggerated, it also reflects certain facts.

Later generations especially praised Zhuge Liang's strategy and ingenious calculation, and regarded it as the embodiment of wisdom. The novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms deified it, and its plot was widely circulated among the people. Its spirit of "doing one's best, dying before dying" has become the precious wealth of the Chinese nation.

Chen Shou in Reflection? Biography of Zhuge Liang, its evaluation is as follows: Zhuge Liang is also, comforting the people, showing etiquette, stressing official positions, being subordinate to power, being honest and fair; Although those who are loyal to the times will get revenge, those who violate the law and neglect their duties will be punished by their relatives, those who confess their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered. Good without reward, evil without fiber without degeneration; Ordinary things are concise, based on physics, with real responsibility for fame and fortune, hypocrisy and contempt; Finally, people who are afraid and love each other in the national territory, although the criminal law is harsh and there is no complaint, are trying to persuade them clearly. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern the country, and he is a horse of Xiao. But after years of mobilization, it still failed, and the cover strain will be slightly, which is not its strength!