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What is the biggest doubt about Pearl Harbor?
This should clarify two issues.
1. Did Japan take the initiative to attack Pearl Harbor?
Yes, there should be no doubt about it. Then there is no scapegoat.
2. Does the United States know that Japan attacked Pearl Harbor?
This has always been the focus of debate. If the United States didn't know that Pearl Harbor was attacked, there would be no such thing as "scapegoat". In fact, it was indeed Japan's successful attack on Pearl Harbor.
If the American high-level officials got the information of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in advance, or even said that China had the information, they immediately notified it to the United States, but the American decision-makers held back and made it a fait accompli, and then declared war on Japan and won the support of the American people to participate in World War II. For the United States, there are two tricks, one is to accompany and the other is to resist risks. Even then, Japan is still the chief culprit of Pearl Harbor, because the battle was planned and implemented by the Japanese themselves, and it was also successful. The United States did not order him to do so, so there was no scapegoat.
Thank you. Pearl Harbor is a Japanese devil. They are too ambitious. They think the world is so big, all of them. It is no exaggeration to provoke the United States.
Roosevelt, a clever plan, directed and carried out a painful plan? The conspiracy theory about Pearl Harbor incident is not new in the circle.
Quite a few people firmly believe that the reason why the Japanese joint fleet was able to sneak attack on Pearl Harbor was entirely because the US military "released water". Because in their view, the whole Pearl Harbor incident was the bitter plan of Roosevelt and the top directors of the US military, and the Japanese army was just a used pawn.
In order to prove that this is really a conspiracy, they searched everything, forgot to eat and sleep, thought hard ... and finally worked out a perfect "logic line"
First of all, Roosevelt had the motivation to take risks! Before Pearl Harbor broke out, there were actually two completely different voices in the United States to participate in World War II. One voice is to fight for war and safeguard world peace; Another voice is that it's none of your business.
Roosevelt naturally supported the war, otherwise he would not have made excuses, churned out the lease bill and the destroyer base agreement, and blatantly supported Britain and Canada. It is worth mentioning that Roosevelt was willing to intervene in World War II not only because of the lofty slogan of "world peace", but also because of the interests of the United States.
First of all, Britain is the largest trading partner of the United States, and Canada is a neighbor of the United States under its federal system. There are many interests disputes between them. In addition, Britain and the United States are both English-speaking countries, and there are even a large number of British people who have a deep sense of cultural identity. Therefore, in the United States at that time, there were many businessmen and British groups on the side of Britain. Even during the British air war, many American soldiers helped Britain as volunteers.
Of course, from Roosevelt's point of view, as a politician, he naturally looked further. Roosevelt hoped to use the opportunity of World War II to enhance the international status of the United States. At that time, although the United States was already the largest industrial country in the world, its international status was far inferior to that of Britain and France. In Europe, the voice of the United States is simply not heard.
Of course, participating in the war is of economic interest to the United States. The Great Depression that broke out in the 1930s dealt a heavy blow to the American economy. Although it was restored by Roosevelt's New Deal, there are still many sequelae. Therefore, starting a war can at least stimulate domestic demand and transfer domestic contradictions, thus alleviating the pressure of the Great Depression, which is what those arms dealers are happy to see.
Therefore, on the whole, it is very attractive for the United States to participate in World War II. However, it is not so easy for Roosevelt to go to war, even if he is the president of the United States. Because in American law, only Congress can really decide whether the United States will participate in World War II.
In the Congress at that time, quite a few members were against the war, especially Republicans, who pursued isolationism and did not want the United States to interfere in European affairs. Their views are not unreasonable. On the one hand, the United States is far away from Europe and lives alone. Its special geographical position makes it unnecessary to worry about the spread of war.
Secondly, American trade is not only aimed at Britain and France, but also at countries like Germany and Japan. From the businessman's point of view, it is very necessary to remain neutral. If the United States enters the war, it will be regarded as a hostile country by Germany and Japan. By then, the United States will not only lose a number of trading partners, but also its merchant trade will be hit by the enemy.
Of course, the most crucial point is that as early as World War I, the United States had a lesson. At that time, Europe was in chaos. American President Wilson, who pursued internationalism, led hundreds of thousands of American soldiers into the European continent, trying to play the role of savior, thus enhancing the international status of the United States. But at the Paris Peace Conference, the United States was pushed out by Britain and France, and finally returned to North America angrily. However, a large number of American soldiers were killed because of this war that had nothing to do with the United States, which aroused the war-weariness of the American people.
For the above reasons, there are also strong voices against participating in the war in the United States. If Roosevelt wanted the United States to go to war, he first needed to appease these voices.
At this time, the Pearl Harbor incident broke out, and the Japanese fleet crossed half the Pacific Ocean to reach the Hawaiian Islands, which severely damaged the Pacific fleet at the doorstep of the United States, causing more than 2,000 American naval soldiers to die. The humiliation of being beaten at home and the grief of losing the lives of our compatriots undoubtedly ignited the anger of the American people. Roosevelt declared war on Japan the next day, and everything came naturally.
It is worth mentioning that in the whole Pearl Harbor incident, many doubts were exposed by the top US military.
First of all, long before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States obtained a lot of information about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. For example, 194 1 1 7, Japan's plan to attack Pearl Harbor has just been released, but it has not been officially approved, and the degree of confidentiality is relatively low. It was known by the US ambassador to Japan, Gru, and it was immediately reported to the Ministry of National Defense, but it was endorsed as a rumor.
194 1 In September, the US military deciphered a telegram sent by Japan to the consul in Honolulu, asking about Japan's berthing of the American fleet at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu. A month later, the US military deciphered the Japanese telegram again, which was also about the US fleet at Pearl Harbor Base. 194 1 year165438+1At the end of October, Japanese warships disappeared from American radio monitoring.
Most notably, on the eve of Pearl Harbor in19412, China's intelligence officer Chi Buzhou intercepted the Japanese secret telegram, correctly guessed the time and place of the Japanese attack, and reported it to the US in time. As a result, it was ignored by the United States, and everything remained the same at Pearl Harbor, so that it was unprepared for the Japanese attack.
In addition to intelligence confusion, the operation of the US Pacific Fleet has also been questioned. On the day when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, all the carriers of the Pacific Fleet left the port, so they survived. In the future Pacific War, the US military relied on the strength of these three aircraft carriers to deal with the Japanese army at a disadvantage. And in the Midway naval battle, the weak defeated the strong and reversed the war situation. Combined with this result, the coincidence that the three aircraft carriers were not in Hong Kong at the beginning seems strange.
Based on the analysis of the above arguments, we finally come to the conclusion of the risk of Pearl Harbor incident. That is, in the Pearl Harbor incident, President Roosevelt got the information in advance, but he deliberately sat still and waited for Japan to attack Pearl Harbor, so as to defeat the anti-war factions at home and gain the reason for going to war with Japan.
Specifically, it should be such a story: 194 1 At the end of the year, the Japanese joint fleet entered Pearl Harbor, and the American intelligence agencies discovered Japan for the first time and reported the information to the White House. However, Roosevelt disagreed with such important information. He didn't remind the Pacific fleet to take preventive measures, but asked the commander of the fleet, Lieutenant General Chimel, to leave most of the ships of the fleet in the port and only transfer them from the aircraft carrier. In the end, the Japanese army successfully attacked Pearl Harbor, and Roosevelt got an excuse to get mad.
This story shows that, on the surface, there seems to be no problem and it is well founded. But it can't stand scrutiny.
First of all, the so-called risk "motivation" itself cannot be used as evidence. It's like a crime. The so-called motive can only be used as the basis of reasoning, but not as evidence of crime. Even if Roosevelt had a motive to take risks, it doesn't mean that he would do so.
Secondly, the so-called intelligence loophole and the departure of the aircraft carrier can actually give a reasonable explanation. For example, negligence in intelligence reports is not intentional blindness. Because the intelligence analysis between countries itself is a huge and complicated process. At that time, the United States interrupted its trade with Japan and imposed economic sanctions on it, while the Japanese army also targeted Southeast Asia, and the two sides were at loggerheads. Therefore, the US military and Roosevelt receive a lot of military information about Japan every day. This kind of information is true or false.
It is indeed possible for the U.S. military to get all kinds of information about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, but they are all submerged in other information and have not received due attention. In other words, the United States failed to identify Japan's true intentions from the chaotic intelligence. After all, according to the actual situation at that time, the most likely place for Japan to attack was the Philippines, not Pearl Harbor. After all, Pearl Harbor is really too far away. It is located in the Hawaiian Islands in the East Pacific between Japan and the United States, about 3500 nautical miles from Japan.
It is hard for the us military to imagine that the Japanese fleet can cross 3500 nautical miles without being discovered. In addition, even if it comes, the Pacific fleet in Pearl Harbor will be waiting to be afraid, and there is no need to be afraid. After all, the tactics of air strikes against aircraft carriers at that time were still at a relatively unfamiliar stage.
Due to mistakes in tactical analysis, the US military gave a wrong judgment. Therefore, the United States did not know in advance that Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
Secondly, it's really just a coincidence about the departure of the aircraft carrier. At that time, the Enterprise was on its way back to Pearl Harbor. Lexington just left a few days ago, and Saratoga is repairing in San Diego.
You know, in the military thinking at that time, big ships and huge guns still dominated, and battleships were the main force of the fleet. At that time, the world's military powers still tended to develop battleships, so the Germans developed Bismarck, the Japanese developed Yamato, and the United States was Iowa-class, and its tonnage and capital cost far exceeded most aircraft carriers at the same time.
Because the aircraft carrier existed more as an auxiliary ship in the early stage of World War II, mainly for cruising and reconnaissance. At that time, the war between Japan and the United States was just around the corner, so the frequency of aircraft carriers performing tasks outside was higher and the time of berthing at the port was less. As the main battleship, it is anchored in a safer port.
The aircraft carrier really began to appear as the tactical core, in fact, in the Pearl Harbor incident. The Japanese army used an aircraft carrier to carry aircraft. After a long-distance raid and attack on Pearl Harbor, the Pacific Fleet had no chance to fight head-on. However, even if the role of the aircraft carrier is improved, it still cannot completely replace the status of the battleship in a short time.
Therefore, if Roosevelt wants to retain a certain fleet combat strength, he will not choose to transfer from the aircraft carrier, but will choose to transfer from the battleship. However, as a result, all eight main warships of the Pacific Fleet stopped at Pearl Harbor and were attacked by Japanese air. This is even more unreliable, unless Roosevelt or the top of the US Navy already thinks that aircraft carriers are better than battleships.
But if that's the case, why didn't the US military build two more aircraft carriers earlier? You know, after the Pearl Harbor incident, the Pacific Fleet was once faced with the embarrassing situation that there were no soldiers to go out, and was beaten out of the water by the Japanese joint fleet. If it weren't for the poor performance of the Japanese army in the naval battle of midway, it is estimated that the US military would have to endure several more years in the Pacific battlefield.
More importantly, in terms of the historical background at that time, Roosevelt did not need to take risks at all. Because the United States began its embargo and sanctions against Japan at that time, Japan, which lost its supply of resources, had to go to war with the United States in addition to a truce. With such an open plan here, where does Roosevelt need to take any risks?
Therefore, the statement that Roosevelt deliberately sacrificed Pearl Harbor to get his people to agree to an early war against Japan is actually not very reliable. At least there is no reasonable and strong evidence at present.
Pearl Harbor incident may be the bitter plan of President Roosevelt and the upper class of the United States. The purpose is to use the Pacific fleet as bait to win the approval of the US Congress to directly participate in World War II.
First of all, introduce the course of Pearl Harbor incident. Pearl Harbor is located in the Hawaiian Islands, more than 3,500 nautical miles from Japan and about 2,000 nautical miles from the United States. It is the most important base of the US Pacific Fleet. 1940 During the spring and summer, Hitler swept through western Europe and the British army fought hard in the British Isles. Japan's southward movement believes that this is a great opportunity for Japan to seize the Pacific islands and strategic resources. Isoroku Yamamoto, commander of the Joint Fleet, thought that the biggest obstacle to the southward plan was the main force of the US Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor, so Yamamoto made a sneak attack plan.
On February 7, at 65438: 041min, Japanese planes received the message "Tiger! Tiger! Tiger! " Signal, this is the general attack order. The Japanese navy's special mixed fleet made a long-distance raid, and 354 Japanese aircraft launched an attack, destroying and injuring more than 40 American ships and 260 aircraft, resulting in 4000 American casualties.
This incident shocked the whole country. The next day, Roosevelt made a famous national humiliation speech, declaring 65438+February 7th as the national humiliation day. In the afternoon, Congress authorized the government to declare war on Japan. Churchill was very happy after learning the news. He said, "Great, we finally won." It turned out that he only got a lease method, that is, American foreign aid materials and weapons, and the Japanese attacked. Another leader in the East is Chiang Kai-shek, who fought extremely hard in the East.
According to Steirman, a close friend of US Navy Secretary Knox, 12 On the evening of February 6th, US military leaders, including Navy Secretary Knox, Naval Operations Minister Stark, Army Secretary Stimson, Army Chief of Staff Marshall and Commerce Minister, were waiting with Roosevelt for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor!
According to the historical data collected by later generations, before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Lieutenant Colonel Safford, an intelligence officer of the US Navy, successfully deciphered the detailed information of the Japanese joint fleet advancing to Pearl Harbor, and passed it on to the Fuehrer through Lieutenant General Stark, Minister of Operations. General Chimel, commander of the Pacific Fleet, secretly telegraphed Roosevelt, asking him to move the aircraft carrier in the harbor to the open sea and train as usual, while all other ships stayed in the harbor. After Chimel received the electricity, Leiden, the communication staff of the Pacific Fleet, also deciphered the Japanese password and sent it to the commander's office. Chimel threw the information on the table and told Leiden not to tell anyone. As a result, when Japanese planes bombed, only American ships and fighter planes were seen below, and no aircraft carriers were seen in the harbor!
Before the attack, the Japanese ambassador got a long telegram from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and was ordered to deliver it to the US Secretary of State Hull. However, the ambassador's staff failed to decode and print this long letter in time and declared war on the United States. Shameless!
In fact, this credential was decoded by the United States before Japan submitted it to the United States. Secretary of State Schell warned Hawaii after reading it. But incredibly, due to the confusion of the internal transmission system in the United States, this telegram was finally transmitted through the civil telecommunications bureau, and the emergency sign was lost on the road. Just a few hours after the attack, a young Japanese postman sent a telegram to the American commander!
The above evidence proves that Roosevelt and others predicted the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. He said to Hopkins, I know our enemies will never make mistakes. If the Japanese attack us, I will mobilize Congress to approve the United States to participate in this war. !
In recent years, western scholars, including American scholars, believe that Roosevelt used the Pacific fleet as bait to carry out risks in order to get rid of the shackles of domestic isolationism. Is the attack on Pearl Harbor really the bitter plan of Roosevelt and other big bosses? The answer to this question is a mystery.
I'm Sasha I'll answer that.
Many people believe that the biggest doubt of Pearl Harbor incident is that three American aircraft carriers are not in the port.
As we all know, the US military completely relied on the aircraft carrier in the subsequent operations, and finally hit the Japanese army hard on Midway Island, which turned the situation around in one fell swoop.
At that time, at the Battle of Midway, the Japanese army had four heavy aircraft carriers, while the American army had only three. There is a gap in combat effectiveness, mainly relying on the intelligence advantages of the US military.
However, if one or two aircraft carriers are bombed in Pearl Harbor, it is absolutely impossible to win the battle of midway by relying on one or two aircraft carriers.
In fact, after the Japanese sank three aircraft carriers, the remaining dragonfly fought back and sank 1 American aircraft carrier.
The Japanese army also has strong combat effectiveness.
Because the U.S. aircraft carrier is not in Pearl Harbor, many people think that the U.S. military has long known about the air strikes, just to make the domestic people support the war, so they pretend not to know.
In this way, the US military will lose a lot in the air raid, and the people will naturally participate in the war.
In fact, this is completely nonsense.
The fact that three US aircraft carriers are not in Pearl Harbor is entirely due to luck.
According to the original plan, "Saratoga" is currently undergoing overhaul and updating equipment in the United States.
This is a long-established plan and has nothing to do with whether the Japanese attack or not.
The Lexington left Pearl Harbor three days before the air raid, that is, on February 5, 65438, and delivered the plane to Midway Island, and escaped by luck.
As for "enterprise", it is even more exaggerated. Set sail for wake island on 165438 1 October 28th, and was scheduled to return to Pearl Harbor on February 7th/day before the air raid.
But at that time, there was a storm in the Pacific Ocean, and the wind and waves were very strong, so the enterprises were forced to slow down.
A few hours after the air raid, the Enterprise returned to Pearl Harbor, and I still don't know what happened.
It can be seen that the luck of these three aircraft carriers is accidental.
Enterprise, in particular, is actually very dangerous. Because in principle, the Enterprise was still within the attack range of Japanese bombers, but General Nan Yun of the Japanese army was timid, so he stopped when he was ready and did not dare to continue searching.
At the same time, American troops suffered heavy losses in Pearl Harbor. Of the eight battleships in Pearl Harbor, seven were either sunk or seriously damaged.
As we all know, the cost of battleships is much higher than that of aircraft carriers, and it takes a long time to build.
The U.S. Pacific fleet collapsed almost instantaneously.
Many people say that battleships are out of date, but you can't just blow them up in the future.
Moreover, before the air attack on Pearl Harbor, countries all over the world had been skeptical about aircraft carrier operations.
At that time, the aircraft carrier did not have all-weather combat capability, and it could only fight during the day, and it could only fight in good weather conditions. 365 days a year, the aircraft carrier can only fight for more than 200 days during the day.
Pearl Harbor Occurred194165438+On the morning of February 7th, Japan dispatched 350 planes to bomb Pearl Harbor. While watching TV, some of our agents deciphered the coded information of Japan and forwarded it to the United States through various channels. However, the United States does not think that sleeping is sad. The Japanese are ambitious and want to eat (occupy) the whole world in one bite, and they are choked to death. This is what Japan is doomed to fail. In addition, the Japanese people fought bravely against China, and in August of 1945 and 15, Japan declared its surrender to the people of China. After eight years in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of China drove away the Japanese invaders.
The idea that Japan is a scapegoat is nonsense and a big joke.
One of the big doubts about Pearl Harbor incident is that the United States was really unprepared before Pearl Harbor incident, so it was so easy to be raided by the Japanese army.
Let's start with America's numbness and dullness. After Japan's all-out war of aggression against China, resources have been insufficient. At that time, neither Japan nor China could find the oil and other resources needed for the Japanese war. Therefore, Japan will definitely grab these resources in the next step, and there are only two ways: north and south. At that time, Siberia had resources and was too far from the northeast. If the Japanese want to occupy Siberia, they must defeat the already powerful Soviet Red Army, which is almost impossible for the Japanese army with insufficient mechanization and no naval support.
Then Japan had only one way to go south, so it invaded Southeast Asia at the beginning of 194 1. At that time, it invaded the British and French colonies and there was no direct conflict with the United States. But everyone with a discerning eye can see that the Japanese are irrational and will definitely continue to expand their aggression and burn the war for the benefit of the Americans. At this time, the United States is still trying to appease and try to reach some kind of compromise with the Japanese through negotiations. Isn't it preparing for war at all?
Re-analysis of intelligence, China has found that in 194 1 year, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its Consulate General in Honolulu suddenly increased, with military intelligence mixed in, so it can be roughly concluded that Japan will attack Pearl Harbor. This information was also sent to the US Naval Command, but it was not taken seriously. Is it because there are a lot of information during the war and it is difficult to confirm them one by one, so these information are not taken seriously?
However, the Japanese raid also played a big role. The Japanese love military adventure and declare war, whether it is the Sino-Japanese War or the Russo-Japanese War. This time, it only continued the tradition of Japanese military adventure.
History is a joke, and everything is ironic. Although Japan is as good as the United States now, Japan will still do it with the United States one day, so the United States will not completely relax Japan now. At present, the eldest brother and the younger brother are using each other, but there must be fundamental psychological contradictions. When things develop to a certain extent, historical events will be ironically repeated. Japan's inherent thinking determines that it wants to expand for 1000 years and 10,000 years, and it cannot do it for it.
After all, the past is the past. The point is to learn from the past and always prepare a shotgun to deal with the temporarily quiet jackal!
The biggest question about Pearl Harbor is whether Japan declared war. There was a discussion after the war, that is, Japan said it was a sneak attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States said it was a sneak attack on Pearl Harbor. The difference is whether to declare war.
An hour after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the officers and men received a telegram from the United States saying that the Japanese might attack Pearl Harbor.
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt denounced the Japanese barbarism in his speech, which aroused the hatred of Americans against the Japanese army. So, did the Japanese army declare war? I don't think so. The Japanese army should have submitted a declaration of war to the US government before launching an attack. In other words, in order to arouse the blood of Americans fighting for their country, Roosevelt used the undeclared war to make an issue of it.
After all, Japanese militarism would not argue with the United States for such a thing at that time. Japan was already a carnival at that time. Originally, Isoroku Yamamoto wanted to destroy the American Pacific Fleet immediately after Japan declared war, so that Americans lost the courage to resist and negotiate with Japan. However, Isoroku Yamamoto was only a young soldier after all. He didn't know that Roosevelt was so resourceful.
Generally speaking, by consulting the records of Japan and the United States and excluding the time difference, the Japanese army launched an attack on Pearl Harbor after declaring war, but Japan never thought that Roosevelt would use an undeclared war to arouse American young people and make them willing to fight for the United States. The success of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor only proves one thing, that is, the arrival of the aircraft carrier era. If the two sides are still in the era of artillery, I am afraid that the Japanese army will not dare to run to the door to die.
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