Write a composition about northeast folk customs.

Changbai Mountain is the hometown of ginseng, a world of ice and snow. Therefore, the folklore of Changbai Mountain is related to ginseng and ice and snow.

Snowboat sled, to put it mildly, is also called sled. It looks like a car, but it has no wheels. It slides on the ice and snow on two log bases. There are sledges, big and small, pulled by people and animals. The small one is pulled by people, called a small sledge; The beast pulled a big sleigh. Because of the different animals used, it can be divided into horse sledge, cow sledge, dog sledge and deer sledge. Among them, the horse sledge has the largest load and the fastest speed. If it runs on the icy road, it is as fast as a truck.

According to the statistics of Changbai Mountain Meteorological Station, the average number of snow days in the whole year exceeds 140. In winter, the mountains are covered with snow, and the deepest part exceeds 1 m. Even on the main roads with frequent traffic, it has always been covered with snow and ice. So it is the easiest way to use sledge as a means of transportation in winter. Walking on that icy road, the big wheels often slip; The sliding sledge gives full play to its advantages. Therefore, people call it "the boat of snow".

Ploughs are generally made of basswood and elm with strong toughness. Before making, soak the finished material in water for a period of time, then take it out and bake it on the fire, and bake it at a 45-degree angle in the middle by the power of fire baking. Some interesting gardens are used as sleigh shafts, small ones can be pulled by people, and large ones can be used to trap animals. The straight part below is added with columns to make a trunk, which can carry people, people and goods.

At present, on the Changbai Mountain tourist route, the station has designed a big sledge with a canopy, hides and charcoal pots for passengers, sitting inside, roasting charcoal fire, eating venison roasted on the fire, knocking on pecans buried in the brazier, and looking at the enchanting world of ice and snow wrapped in red makeup through the small window, which is really the most rare enjoyment in life.

The farmer's treasure, Wula, has also been written as a kind of shoes that farmers must wear in winter. Everyone has seen the movie "outsmart Tiger Mountain". This is the pair of shoes worn by Orion Lao Chang in the play. There is a mystery about the shape and performance of monorail roller:

There are big and small, farmers' treasures. There is no meat in the skin, but grass in the stomach. Wrinkled face and many ears. Let go, tie it and run.

It is a large overshoe sewn with rough pigskin or cowhide, with high waist, many folds on the front and two rows of buttons sewn on both sides. The local name is Ural, so the riddle says that "the face is wrinkled and the ears are many". The inside of Wula is covered with a special kind of grass, covered with cotton cloth, and then the shoes are tightly wrapped with ropes through two rows of buckles, so that even if you walk in the snow nest, you won't pour some snow into the shoes, and you won't seep in when you walk in the mud. Therefore, people who work in the mountains can't move in the snow unless they wear Ura. The grass flocculated in Ura is called Ura grass. In the meadow or hillside under Changbai Mountain, there are clusters of slender grass like ponytails, which are dark green in spring and summer, and dark red like camel hair after drying up in autumn, which looks very beautiful. This kind of grass is rich in fiber and has strong toughness. After repeatedly beating with a wooden stick, it becomes very soft and fluffy, and it is warmer than wearing anything. People will not freeze their feet when walking in cold snow and ice. I often see people coming home from snow-covered nests, pulling their feet out of the grass and steaming. Therefore, people in the mountains regard this grass as a treasure, which is juxtaposed with ginseng and mink, and is collectively called the Three Treasures of Kanto. Shen Xiangyu, a famous poet in the Qing Dynasty, once wrote two Odes to Yucao, four of which are very vivid:

Let the snow and ice invade his shoes and follow his feet everywhere. Xian Qin is willing to report it to a person regardless of whether the map of Tai Shi is drawn or not. "

He also has a small preface before the poem, saying, "People sew leather to make shoes, attach leather rings and sew hemp ropes. This is the most convenient way to trudge. Mandarin is called wula. Grass is used in it. I don't know what its name is. It was born warm, and its spine turned it into cotton. It can keep out the cold in Wula, hence the name Wula grass. "

There is also a more famous poet Jin Hajj (he has a close relationship with Wei Yuan, the sequel to A Dream of Red Mansions) who wrote a poem praising Wulachu:

"The name of grass is unknown, and farming in the village is the most convenient. Exposing mango shoes invaded Mix, frosting Ge Lvchun's cold feeling. The water chestnut in the mountain has different names, so the king can donate it without staying. There are several places in Ye Ping that are green, and I intend to follow Xie Wei to the peak. "

The last sentence comes from Li Bai's Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu. Li Bai said that he was wearing Xie Lingyun's clogs in the Southern Dynasties, and it was not difficult to climb Tianmu Mountain in Li Bai's dream even if he wore Ulla.

Non-slip overshoes-ice-tied shoes Farmers who work in the field in Changbai Mountain area, especially those who go hunting and chopping wood in the mountains, not only wear Ula, but sometimes wear ice-tied shoes. Because the snow on some hillsides has become slippery and hard by the sun and wind, it is difficult to climb, especially when running along the running water on the river in early spring, the river is as smooth as a mirror and very difficult to walk. Therefore, when people go to these places, they should put popsicles outside Wula. The shape of popsicles is similar to that used by mountaineers today, but the workmanship is extremely rough.

Before liberation, people often used rice pants (that is, the skin wrapped on rice sticks) to make felt-like shoes. After receiving it, sew a piece of leather on the outside of the sole, and put cotton wool or wula grass inside, which can be worn at home, and you are not afraid of touching mud when you go outside (because there is a skin under it, water can't penetrate). Mi Bao is the main food in Changbai Mountain. Every family has mibao pants, which can be made without spending a penny. Therefore, almost everyone, whether adults or children, wears these Mi Bao Woz shoes.

Dog skin hats are also a must for Changbai Mountain people in winter. Because it is cold, snowy and windy, it is impossible to wear an ordinary cotton hat when going out in winter. You must wear an animal skin hat. But rabbit skin is brittle and not wear-resistant; Dog skin is tough, dog hair is long and the price is not expensive, so most people wear more. Some people with slightly richer families wear hats made of fox skin, badger skin and otter skin, which of course has greater cold protection effect.

The baby's dream boat-rocking the car People have almost heard of the three monsters in Guandong: "The window paper is pasted outside, and the big girl is holding a big tobacco bag to have a baby hanging." These three monsters are the same as the three treasures of Kanto (ginseng, mink, wulasao) and the three unique things of Kanto (catching fish with sticks, scooping fish, and pheasants flying into casserole). Although it refers to the northeast, it is not a unique custom of Changbai Mountain, but it is more distinctive. Because Changbai Mountain is located outside the wicker, it was closed in the early Qing Dynasty. Due to the sparse population, inconvenient transportation and closed economy and culture, this unique living custom naturally formed. Let's just say that there is enough paper outside, because it snows heavily in Changbai Mountain. If you stick enough paper in the room like in the customs, the snow will inevitably fall on the window lattice, blocking the indoor light. And when the spring melts, enough paper will be soaked and water will flow into the house. Therefore, local residents pasted enough paper outside the window and sprinkled some soybean oil on the paper. Snowflakes fall on it because they are smooth and don't pile up. As for the big girl with a big pipe, that's extreme. Generally speaking, it is very cold in winter in Changbai Mountain area, so it is difficult for people to go out for outdoor activities. Generally, they just put a charcoal hot pot at home, especially for the elderly, women and children. Because there is nothing to do, most people smoke in front of the charcoal fire basin and have no cigarette paper, so they have to use cigarette bags. Some women also smoke, but most of them are elderly and married women, but few girls smoke.

Hang up after giving birth, that is, children in mountainous areas sleep in the cradle. The weather in Changbai Mountain area is cold, and the heating in the room depends on heating the kang, so people can fall asleep when lying on it. Children who sleep on the kang are bound to get sick because of the big fire, so it is appropriate to sleep in the cradle. The cradle of Changbai Mountain is slightly different from other places. People here call it "rocking car", also called "leisurely car". Shaped like a boat, with round ends, decorated with flowers, grass and carp, tied to the beam with four ropes. While working, mothers can push the "rocking car" with their hands to put their children to sleep. The northeast folk song "The moon is bright and the wind is calm, and the leaves shine on the window lattice" is sung by these women while shaking their cars.

Mountain God Festival: Because Changbai Mountain is rich in ginseng, although people were forbidden to dig in the mountains in the early Qing Dynasty, the number of people who dig privately increased year by year. Especially in the late Kangxi period, a large number of farmers in Shandong and Hebei went bankrupt. In order to make a living, these ruined farmers crossed the mountains to the old forest in Changbai Mountain and sneaked into the restricted area to dig. Going into the mountains to dig ginseng, commonly known as "releasing mountains", is a very hard and dangerous labor. It is necessary to avoid the arrest of the government and fight against the harsh natural environment, so five, seven or even more people are needed to organize collective action. Leaders are called "leaders", and there will be "second leaders" when there are more people. When entering the mountain, the team leader led the group to worship the mountain god (commonly known as the old team leader), burn incense and sacrifice, kowtow and make a wish. The prayer said: "The mountain god always puts his head on the mountain, and his disciples go up the mountain to get the goods." Please show me the way, let me see the world, get big goods and make a fortune. When I come back, I will kill the chicken and the pig for your wish. "

The mountain season usually starts from Tomb-Sweeping Day to the white deer in the third month of the lunar calendar. At this time, ginseng picking is called "sprout market", and it is also called "broom market" and "red hammer market" in June and July. Since the release of mountains began in the third month of the lunar calendar, people regard the tenth day of the third month of the lunar calendar as the first festival of mountain gods every year. Farmers in the mountains, especially those who dig ginseng in the mountains, burn incense and sacrifice their heads to the mountain gods for their birthdays, and people will make some delicious toasts to celebrate. Sacrifice, there is a set of prayer like singing, saying:

"I live in Laiyang, my surname is Sun, and I have traveled over the mountains to dig ginseng. I ate it for three days, and I'm not willing to dig ginseng! "

Ginseng Festival: In recent years, cities and counties in Changbai Mountain, such as Fusong, Hunjiang and Tonghua, often hold ginseng festivals in July and August every year. At that time, the whole city will be decorated with lanterns, singing and dancing, and carry out a cultural and recreational activity with ginseng as the theme. The content is rich and colorful, with strong mountain characteristics and charm, and there are many wonderful things that outsiders have never seen or heard of. Therefore, a large number of tourists are attracted during the festival every year, and many foreign businessmen take this opportunity to discuss business matters and negotiate various investment and development projects.

Among all the cultural activities held in the Ginseng Festival, the one with the most local characteristics is the activity of imitating ginseng and collecting wind in the deep mountains. Participants in this tourism activity should put on the clothes of mountaineers in those days, put on mosquito hats, carry baskets on their backs, and bring scissors, quick axes, shovels, deer bones, labels, treasure pads, copper coins, red ropes and other instruments, and then lead them into the mountains to dig for treasures according to the preset route. Take the head to the predetermined place, put the head stick through the grass with a Suobao stick in front, put two sticks on the heads of three people next to you, and then put three sticks and four sticks at intervals of about ten meters. The last man is called a side stick. This kind of side-by-side search is called "ladder pressing". According to the old rules of that year, people are not allowed to laugh and play after getting on the bus, but must concentrate on finding it. Anyone who found ginseng shouted, "mallet!" " "This is called' Call Mountain'. When others heard this, they immediately asked, "How many leaves? "This is called Yingshan. Mountain man found himself eyeing, and immediately replied that the third leaf was either a fourth leaf or a fifth leaf.

According to local customs, ginseng is called a wooden stick; Ginseng bird is called mallet bird. Several leaves refer to several clusters of ginseng branches. The higher the leaf quality, the longer the growth period of ginseng and the higher the price. If several ginseng trees are found to grow together, it is called "several products are piles" or "several products are leaves".

After shouting the mountain, everyone rushed over, and the person in charge took the lead in digging ginseng. Before digging, tie the ginseng with two red ropes tied with copper coins (it is said that it is afraid that the ginseng will run away, but in fact it is to get accurate positioning), and then cover the ginseng with a tree stick, so that you can dig the ginseng with a shovel. You should be very careful when you meet ginseng, and you can't break one. If you cut off the ginseng in the beard, it will be less valuable. When all the soil around the beard is removed with deer bones, ginseng will be lifted out by the head, and then someone will peel off the nearby birch bark and wrap it.

The whole process of collecting ginseng is very strict and cautious, and it is also mysterious. The bionic ginseng picking activity must also be done in full accordance with this regulation, so it feels delicious. Moreover, because ginseng has been planted in advance in the tourist route, participants can generally find ginseng, so it is full of fun to operate and will never be disappointed and can't find it.

Manchu customs: Changbai Mountain was the birthplace of the dynasty established by the Jurchen nationality in the Central Plains during the Jin and Qing Dynasties, so many Manchu people lived in it. Since Japan annexed Korea in 1894, many Koreans who are full of national subjugation have crossed the Yalu River and Tumen River to settle in Changbai Mountain, so there are also many fresh people here. After liberation, China government established Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in the northern foot of Changbai Mountain, Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County and Changbai Korean Autonomous County in Shannan. So Changbai Mountain, like Dali in Yunnan and Miao Ling in Guizhou, is a region with rich ethnic customs.

Now, let's first introduce the national customs of Manchu. The clothes worn by Manchu men, women and children are mainly cheongsam (that is, the robes of the banners, which are called "intermediary clothes" in Manchu). Cheongsam was used as a national costume in Qing Dynasty. It is characterized by a round neck, a big belly, four sides open, and buttons sewn on the right belly. The hem of women's cheongsam is wide, which is convenient for intense activities and immediate action. The cuffs are equipped with arrow sleeves (also called horseshoe sleeves), which are very suitable for the life of nomadic riding and shooting people. Manchu women don't bind their feet. In the Qing Dynasty, women all wore "flag shoes", high heels and wooden soles. Because the bottom is different from the place where it is placed, it is divided into "flowerpot bottom" and "horseshoe bottom". The vamp is embroidered with various flower and bird patterns with various lines, which makes people feel fluttering and swaying when walking, just like the willow duckweed swaying in the wind on the water.

Manchu is also a people who love singing and dancing. There are many popular folk songs, ballads and folk dances, such as the snake dance that men often dance with great movements and passionate emotions, and the Li Fen aunt dance that women like to dance softly and freely. As for Aunt Li Fen, there is also a folk legend that there is a beautiful young and kind-hearted Li Fen girl who does good deeds nearby and is deeply loved by people. One day, she went into the mountains to pick mushrooms and unfortunately got lost. She couldn't walk out of the mountains for seven days and seven nights, and finally died of hunger and cold. Any woman who has an unfortunate experience will burn incense after her death, begging her to point out a way to survive from the suffering.

Manchu people believe in shamanism. Shaman, which means "excited" and "furious" in full, is a polytheistic worship formed under the control of the concept of "animism". Shamanism has no temples and shrines, and there are no full-time clergy such as palm teachers and believers. People who believe in this religion spontaneously form a "tea horse" in their own nation, and are responsible for every major activity such as offering sacrifices to heaven and earth, mountain gods, land, ancestors and making wishes. Whoever is in trouble and sick, please invite the "tea horse" to jump at home, so as to exorcise evil spirits and drive away goats. Because people believe that tea horses are messengers who can communicate the relationship between man and god and have the ability to be possessed by gods.

Shamanism has its own unique style of vestments and implements. The most important vestment is the god's hat. The hat is round with a yellow floral cloth cover around it. The hat top is a round hat top bent into nine rows with iron wire. The top of the hat is inlaid with bronze bells and streamers, and the brim is decorated with beads and ears. The robe of god is a big robe made of suede or deerskin, which can reach the knee. Wearing an ochre yellow belt, hanging on the feet, a bronze mirror on the back of the chest, moire and cymbal lace on the neckline and cuffs. The magic drum is an oval drum with only one dough. Drums are mostly deerskin and deerskin. The chicken leg is about a foot long and made of deer thigh bone wrapped in deerskin.

Whenever there are activities such as offering sacrifices and treating diseases, tea horses will put on robes and hold drums in their hands to perform jumping activities for people. Generally speaking, god jumps are held at night. People gathered around a fire, Chama shook his hands and drums, and performed various wonderful actions for the children. Because of the excitement of drums and the clanging of vestments, a rather mysterious atmosphere is created. Chama plays the role of a great god. He danced and sang songs, or talked about the great spirit of God, the virtues and achievements of ancestors, or the sins contributed by patients. At this time, it is necessary to match a "two great gods" to help answer questions with the great gods, rendering the atmosphere more intense and promoting the emotions more intense. Some great gods have to perform some stunts on the spot, or machetes, or walk barefoot in the hay cutter, or eat charcoal. To show their strength. Finally, the rapid rotation, drums like heavy rain, dazzling vestments. Finally, in a thrilling "Li Li" sound, the Great God fainted in the arms of seven or eight big men, and then slowly woke up. This means that God left Chama's mortal body and the jumping activity is over.

Manchu people also have the custom of respecting the elderly. Every time there are major happy events at home, such as marriage, having children, promotion, etc. It is necessary to invite the ancestral tablets out and put them on the altar to burn incense and offer sacrifices, and also invite the old people in the family to come and hold a banquet. Max Zhang, a famous scholar in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, was demoted to the ancient pagoda in Heilongjiang Province for committing crimes. He recorded this religious custom of Manchu in detail in Landscape of Ningguta. He said, "The custom is still a ghost. If you have a disease, you must jump to pray for God. It is called inserting a horse, wearing an iron horse, wearing colorful clothes, shaking your waist, shaking your hand and drumming, jumping, and saying when you come." The shape of a tiger's head and a bear's skin is even more strange. In addition, the gods in the family are tied with silk strips like Buddha's fingers, which are called ancestors. When they 18 years old recommend new things, they will use the jumping gods to sacrifice. If there is something good, they will make a wish. "

The most admired figure of Manchu people is Guan Yu in the Three Kingdoms period, calling him Master Guan, because the historical masterpiece Romance of the Three Kingdoms rendered Guan Yu an extraordinary figure of loyalty and bravery, which conforms to the traditional moral concept of Manchu advocating martial arts and abiding by faith. After the Qing Dynasty entered Shanhaiguan, Guan Yu was revered as the supreme and was named Emperor Xie Tian, and even the most important money events in people's lives were put in his charge.