"I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left and Long Biaoyuan sent this message" by Bai He (Li Bai)

After six issues of sharing, we followed Li Bai’s Emeishan Moon and left Sichuan. In this sharing, we will continue our journey following the bright moon written by Li Bai and enter a new province-Guizhou.

Appreciation of Li Bai's "I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left and Longbiao was far away and sent this message"

Attached: "Poems and Books Youyou" poetry channel anchor Baihe's new annual channel introduction

" "Poetry and Books Youyou" platform, channel and anchor introduction and Lily's past sharing collection

Pingqishi Qijue "I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left and Long Biaoyuan sent this message"

Reciting, reciting and Chanting is a good way to understand the rhythm and rhythm of poetry in sighing and chanting! While reciting, you can unknowingly imprint the poems you read deeply into your mind, and at the same time truly feel the beauty of the poems.

In the picture, the characters that enter the tone are represented by the small black dots in the lower right corner. See if you can quickly find all the characters that enter the tone. After finding all the characters for the entering tone, you can play the game "Standard Ping and Ze": draw a horizontal line (or draw an open circle below) above all the flat tones, that is, the first and second tones. This symbol means flat, but not thousands. Please note that some characters with the first or second tone are actually characters with the entering tone and should be marked as oblique tones! Then draw a vertical line (or draw a solid circle below) above all the oblique tones, that is, the third, fourth and entry tones. This symbol represents oblique. It doesn’t matter if you don’t know how to mark it yourself. You can find each symbol that represents equal and oblique in the picture I shared, and mark it on your poem accordingly. However, I highly recommend that you try it yourself and compare it with the photos.

After six issues of sharing, we followed Li Bai’s Emeishan Moon and left Sichuan. In this sharing, we will continue our journey following the bright moon written by Li Bai and enter a new province-Guizhou.

Many people know that Sichuan and Chongqing were the countries of Shu and Ba in ancient times, so we still often call them the land of Bashu. But I’m afraid I can’t recall that much about what kind of country Guizhou was in ancient times. I shared in the issue of "Early Departure from Baidi City" that after the defeat of King Yong Li Lin in the first year of Qianyuan, Li Bai was sentenced to "Changliu Yelang" as a rebel. Although this "Yelang" was just a person in the Tang Dynasty, The name of the county, but this name comes from the ancient Yelang Kingdom whose jurisdiction is mainly in Guizhou.

Speaking of the name Yelang, I am afraid that the first thing many people think of is the famous idiom "Yelang is arrogant". This idiom dictionary comes from "Historical Records·Biographies of Southwest Yi". In 122 BC, the Silk Road opened by Zhang Qian to the Western Regions was constantly invaded and blocked by the Xiongnu. Zhang Qian told Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that there were many small countries in the southwest, so Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent envoys to search for another road to the Western Regions. The envoy first arrived at the Dian Kingdom. We know that today's Yunnan Province is called Dian for short. The Dian Kingdom is an ancient country centered around the Dian Lake area in Kunming City, Yunnan Province. The King of Dian said to the envoy: "Which one is the Han Dynasty or our Dian Kingdom?" Bigger?" Later, when the envoy arrived at Yelang Kingdom, King Yelang seemed to have discussed it with the King of Dian, and asked: "Which one is bigger, the Han Dynasty or my Yelang Kingdom?" The envoy from the Han Dynasty couldn't laugh or cry, because the Dian Kingdom and the Dian Kingdom were bigger. Although the Yelang Kingdom is not small, compared with the Han Dynasty, its size is not worth mentioning, especially in terms of economic, political and military strength. It is like a child and a giant standing together. But because the Yelang Kingdom and the Dian Kingdom do have a large sphere of influence in the local area, and the local geographical environment is blocked by many mountains, which makes traffic there blocked, so those small countries do not know that there is a Han Dynasty beyond the mountains that is bigger than they imagined. That's why when the first Han Dynasty envoy arrived at Yelang, there was a joke about "Yelang's arrogance". In the Qing Dynasty, Pu Songling used the words in "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio? Concubine Jiang": "The wild clouds driving the cannon cart made Yelang arrogant; relying on the evil spirit of the greedy wolf, he regarded He Bo as the most respected person...", "Yelang was arrogant. "This expression became popular because of its use by literary figures.

During the reign of Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty, Zeng Pu once again used the phrase "A hungry tiger wants to fight, and a night man is arrogant. If our country does not launch a big campaign, exert its power, and rely on empty words from other countries to dissuade them, how can they be willing to do so" What about giving in?" Vernacular novels spread more widely, and this expression was particularly in line with the public psychology at that time. "Yelang is arrogant" finally evolved into an idiom. Within a few years, it was included in "Cihai" and various dictionaries, and became popular in the Chinese world. A fixed expression that no one knows. Since then, Yelang people have been despised for thousands of years because of a single question and they will always bear the bad reputation of arrogant people.

But to be honest, it was quite aggrieved for King Yelang to take the blame. First of all, Yelang Kingdom is located in the remote southwest region, with high mountains, rivers and ravines. Due to inconvenient transportation and little communication with the Central Plains, it is normal for the powerful people to be unknown. Sima Qian also said in "Historical Records" that "because of the incomprehension of the Tao, each thought he was the master of the same state, and did not know the vastness of the Han Dynasty." Secondly, "Which of the Han Dynasty is bigger than me" was first said by the King of Dian, and the "Historical Records" only said "At night "The same goes for Marquis Lang", that is to say, King Yelang just said something similar to King Dian. So why don't people say "Dian is arrogant"? This is because most Chinese idioms have four words. "Dian is arrogant" is not as nice as "Yelang is arrogant", and is not as smooth to pronounce as "Yelang is arrogant".

In addition, if we understand the history of Yelang Kingdom, we will know that Yelang Kingdom has certain capital to be proud of "who is bigger than Han and I".

The Yelang Kingdom was the first country established by the ancestors of ethnic minorities in China's southwest region. The southwest region belonged to the Pu area during the Xia and Shang Dynasties. "Guoyu" says: "The Chu cockroaches began to rise to Pu", and "Historical Records Zhengyi" records: "Pu is in the southwest of Chu". During the Warring States Period, "Huayang Guozhi" recorded that "King Qingxiang of Chu sent General Zhuang Qi to trace the Yuan River and go out of Qielan to attack King Yelang", "Qielan defeated King Yelang and surrendered again". At this time, people knew that there was a country called Yelang in the southwest. Zhuang Qi conquered Yelang and finally established the Dian Kingdom near Dian Lake in Yunnan. Yelang also entered a period of being affiliated with the Dian Kingdom. But not long after, the Qin State unified the six countries, and its military peak pointed directly to the southwest, and soon conquered Yelang. In order to manage this area in depth, Qin also built a five-foot road there.

After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, the Yelang Kingdom became independent. "Historical Records" records: "The Qin Dynasty was destroyed when it was more than ten years old. All countries abandoned this country until the rise of the Han Dynasty." In other words, the small countries in the southwest were restored one after another under the inactive environment of the early Han Dynasty. In today's Guizhou area, the Yelang Kingdom was formed as a loose tribal alliance composed of many small countries. It was called Yelang Kingdom precisely because Yelang Kingdom was the largest and therefore the dominant one. There are mainly 17 of these small states, which come from the same ethnic group and have the same culture. So when we talk about Yelang, there is a broad sense and a narrow sense. Yelang in the broad sense refers to the Fang Kingdoms in southern Sichuan and northern Yunnan, while Yelang in the narrow sense refers to the Yelang Kingdom among these Fang Kingdoms. "Historical Records? Biographies of Southwest Yi" clearly records: "There are many kings of Southwest Yi, and Yelang is the largest." "Yelang is near the Zangdao River, and the river is wide enough to sail a boat for more than a hundred steps." The Zanggao River is now Beipan River. This means that the core area of ??Guyelang Kingdom is located in the western region of Guizhou Province. According to scholars' research, the entire Yelang's sphere of influence probably included most of today's Guizhou and parts of southern Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan. At its peak, the Yelang state had 100,000 elite soldiers.

By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, because the country's strength had greatly increased, it turned its attention to the southern areas that had become independent due to the chaos of the late Qin Dynasty. As the Han Dynasty's rule over the local area continued to deepen, the Yelang Kingdom, which did not want to obey the rule of the Han Dynasty, commanded the allied countries to fight against the Han Dynasty's army. However, when the war ends or the strength of the Yelang Kingdom weakens, some small alliance countries may break away and go their own way, and some will gradually become attached to the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty gradually established a dual-track system of counties and states in the local area. At the same time, the Han Dynasty In order to strengthen local rule, a large number of wealthy families with Han surnames moved in. During the reign of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, Yelang's Fang Guoju Town continued to grow in power along with the Han army in suppressing the rebellion. He gradually became dissatisfied with Yelang's control over him, so a war broke out between the two countries. Because King Yelang was the initiator of the war, the Han court questioned him. King Yelang relied on his military strength and refused to obey. The Han Dynasty simply sent troops to destroy the Yelang Kingdom, which had ruled the local area for more than 300 years.

After having a general understanding of the history of Yelang Kingdom, we may be able to understand why King Yelang asked the seemingly arrogant question when he saw the envoy sent by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Of course, compared with the Han Dynasty, Yelang Kingdom can only be regarded as a small country, but if compared with other small countries in the southwest, Yelang Kingdom is the largest country that the locals know! From the perspective of the Central Plains dynasty, King Yelang is indeed a bit ignorant of the sky and the earth. However, if you look at it from the perspective of the Yelang nation, it cannot be called "arrogant", but a strong sense of national pride. So of course we can still use the idiom "Yelang is arrogant" to vividly express the arrogance and arrogance of arrogant, ignorant, superficial and conceited people, but we should not laugh at and belittle the Yelang people because of this.

What’s interesting is that at the end of the 20th century, farce of “night-robbing” occurred in various places in the southwest. In Guizhou Province, there were Anshun, Tongzi, Liuzhi, Wangmo, Huishui, Changshun and Sandu. They all believe that the center of Guyelang is within their own administrative regions today, and Xuanwei in Yunnan Province and Xinhuang in Hunan also believe that they are within their own regions. All parties can quote classics and even write a bunch of academic papers to rectify their names. Some counties even want to change their name to "Yelang County". On the one hand, this is because the issue of where the territory and central area of ??the Yelang Kingdom is is the most divergent and hotly debated topic among scholars, but on the other hand, it can be said that it is all the poets' fault!

Why do you say that? Think about it, although the idiom "Yelang is arrogant" is well-known, it is not a good reputation after all. But Yelang is the place where the poet Li Bai was once exiled. Although we know that Li Bai walked to Baidi City during his exile and was pardoned before returning. . Moreover, Li Bai's good friend Wang Changling, who was also a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, was clearly exiled to "Yelang West" for eight years. Come and read with me the theme poem I shared in this issue, Li Bai's "Hearing that Wang Changling moved to the left and Long Biaoyuan sent this message" will make it clear.

Let’s first take a look at this title, which has people, places and events like modern news headlines.

Wang Changling, also known as Shao Bo, was a famous frontier fortress poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. I introduced it to you before when I shared his "Out of the Fortress". He and Li Bai, Gao Shi, Wang Wei, Wang Zhihuan, Cen Shen and others were all Deep connections. His poems are famous for his seven-character quatrains. Wang Shizhen's "Yiyuan Zhiyan" said: "The seven-character quatrains that Shao Bo and Taibai compete with for victory are all divine." Therefore, he is known as the "Sage of Qijue" and "Wang Jiangning, the Emperor of Poet". And Li Bai's Qijue can be called a double gem.

"Zuoqian" means to be demoted or demoted. This is a customary saying. The ancient hierarchical system was strict, and left and right were one of the signs of distinction between superior and inferior, and were commonly practiced in various etiquettes. The situation varies from generation to generation. In the Tang Dynasty, officials in the Tang Dynasty actually respected the left. However, when literati wrote poems and compositions, they usually followed the Han Dynasty, and it was customary to use "left migration" to refer to demotion.

The "Longbiao" in the title of this poem is an ancient place name, which is obviously closely related to the "Five Streams" and "Yelang" in the poem, so let's take a look at them together. Longbiao is located in western Hunan and belongs to Hongjiang City under the jurisdiction of Huaihua City, Hunan Province today. "Hunan General Chronicle" says: Longbiao's old city is now Qianyang. Liang County was established, it belonged to Yuanling County in the Sui Dynasty, and it belonged to Chenzhou in the early Tang Dynasty. In the eighth year of Zhenguan it was Wuzhou, in the Five Dynasties it was Mandi, in the Song Dynasty it was Qianjiang City, and in the thirteenth year of Yuanfeng it was established as Qianyang County. The road here is far and remote, and it has been a deserted place since ancient times. Therefore, it is also a place where frustrated officials were demoted. Li Jifu's "Yuanhe Prefecture and County Chronicles" of the Tang Dynasty quoted "Jingzhou Ji" as saying that "it is blocked by streams and mountains and cannot be traced by human beings". During the Tang Dynasty, Longbiao belonged to Wuzhou, and its administrative seat was now Qianyang County, Huaihua, Hunan. There are five important tributaries of the Yuan River in Huaihua, namely Wushui (Xiongxi), Qushui (Manxi), Youshui (Youxi), Yushui (Touxi), and Chenshui (Chenxi). They were called "Wuling Five Rivers" in ancient times. Streams", so Huaihua has been called the "Land of Five Streams" since ancient times. This "Five Streams" can also generally refer to the upper reaches of Yuanshui River in southwestern Hunan, and the hinterland of Xuefeng Mountains and Wuling Mountains. This is why there are "five streams" in this poem.

Let’s look at “Yelang” again. The Yelang Kingdom was destroyed during the Han Dynasty, so “Yelang” in the poem naturally does not refer to the ancient Yelang Kingdom.

So where is Yelang of the Tang Dynasty? After the Han Dynasty, governments of various dynasties set up counties called Yelang in the ancient Yelang Kingdom and its remote areas. The Tang Dynasty set up counties three times, twice in Guizhou and once in Hunan. "Old Book of Tang Geography" records: "In the eighth year of Zhenguan, Longbiao County of Chenzhou was divided into Wuzhou. In that year, three counties, Yelang, Langxi and Sizheng, were established. ... In the second year of Tianshou, it was changed to Yuanzhou , divided into Yelang and Weixi counties. In the third year of Chang'an, Yelang and Weixi counties were established as Wuzhou... In the first year of Tianbao, it was changed to Tanyang County. "It can be seen that Li Bai. "Yelang" and "Longbiao" in this poem are adjacent to each other, sometimes even combined into one, in what is now Xinhuang County in Huaihua, Hunan. From Xinhuang, you can reach Yelang Kingdom by walking up the dancing water. The ancients had a vague understanding of the geographical location. For the Central Plains people, Xinhuang was the main road to Yelang, so they also called this place Yelang.

"New Book of Tang Dynasty: Biography of Literature and Art" records that Wang Changling "moved to the left as Long Biaowei" because he "didn't protect his meticulous conduct". In other words, his offense and demotion were not due to any major issues, but just because of There is not enough discipline in life. In fact, it was just because he offended Li Linfu, the notorious prime minister in history who "speaks sweetly but speaks secretly", so in "Farewell to Xin Jian at the Furong Tower", Wang Changling said to his good friend, "As if relatives and friends in Luoyang ask each other, a heart of ice is in a jade pot", that is, He follows the metaphor of "clear as ice in a jade kettle" in Bao Zhao's "White Head Yin" to show his purity and innocence. Wang Changling was demoted in the autumn of the seventh year of Tianbao and in the late spring of the eighth year of Tianbao. After Li Bai heard about Wang Changling's unfortunate experience in Yangzhou, he wrote this poem full of sympathy and concern and sent it to him from afar.

Let’s enjoy this poem.

"When all the poplar flowers have fallen, the child cries, and I hear the dragon marking the road crossing the five streams." "Yanghua" is catkins. "Zigui" is the cuckoo bird, also known as the cuckoo. According to legend, its cry is sad and mournful. In my previous sharing, I have mentioned more than once the allusion of the king of Shu, Du Yu, turning the cuckoo into a cuckoo and the cuckoo crying blood. These two sentences mean: In the season when the poplar flowers have fallen and Zigui is crying, I heard that you were demoted to the rank of Captain Long Biao. I heard that the wild and remote Long Biao can only be reached by passing through Wuxi. The first sentence of "Yanghua has fallen" is "Yangzhou flowers have fallen". Scholars have different opinions on whether it is "all the Yang flowers have fallen" or "Yangzhou flowers have fallen". Judging from the season, "the poplar flowers have fallen" is late spring, which is consistent with "Zi Gui's cry". Zhu Guangqian said: "Zigui is a cuckoo, with a sad and shrill song, which can easily make travelers think; falling poplars often symbolize separation in old poems, so Su Shi's poem about poplars in "Shuilongyin" has a poem about poplars. It seems that they are not poplars, but the dots are separated people. The sentence "tears." Therefore, it is believed that the first sentence highlights the poet's feeling of sadness and regret when he heard that Wang Changling moved to the left. However, some scholars believe that it is more reasonable to write "Yangzhou Flowers Fall and Zigui Cries". The poem seems to use place names to connect the poems. Yangzhou, Longbiao, Wuxi, and Yelang are respectively the place where the poem was sent, the place where he was demoted, and the place where he passed through. The four place names are cleverly embedded in the poem, which is close to the wild land where the place was demoted. It connects the itinerary of the poet and his friends with the wilderness and remoteness of the place. It is very appropriate and subtle, just like the "Moon Song of Mount Emei" I shared with you in the last issue. Moreover, the first sentence of this poem is clearly written in Yangzhou, and the season is late spring. It can also use the loneliness of "falling flowers" and the sadness of "Zi Gui's cry" to express the concern, sadness and grief of hearing that a friend has been demoted. Maybe it’s preconceived, but I think it’s better to say “the poplars are crowing when they fall”, because as Mr. Zhu Guangqian said, poplars are a fixed intention in the poem, giving people the impression that “his family is a heartless thing. The feeling of wandering "flying south and flying north" is consistent with the situation of a friend being demoted and helpless expressed in this poem: it can also be seen how a talented poet like Li Bai blends into the scene. In the scenery of late spring, I only selected the wandering poplar flowers and Ziqi Qixing, who shouted "It's better to go back". He wrote about the scene and emphasized the season. The feeling of wandering and the hatred of parting were naturally integrated into the scene, rendering a beautiful scene. A desolate and sad atmosphere.

Since the first sentence has already seen the love in the scene, the next sentence directly narrates the incident, "I heard the dragon passed the five streams", which not only points out the origin of the sorrow, but also shows the move of friends. The remoteness of the banishment and the difficulty of the road are not expressed in words of sorrow, but the meaning of sorrow is obvious.

Next, "I send my sorrowful heart and the bright moon, and follow you until the end of the night.

If we just talk about sorrow, it will be straightforward and unconventional, and it will be combined with the scenery and language, which has no reason but is interesting. Kondo Yuancui also quoted Pan Jiatang in "Li Taibai's Poems": "In the first half of the sentence, spring has just ended, and I can already feel sad; the land is also very far away, and I can feel even more sad. The concluding sentence follows the next sentence, and my heart is with the moon, The moon also follows the wind, making it very illusive."

When Li Bai wrote this poem and sent it to Wang Changling who was "Longbiao of Yelang from the left to the west", he probably would not have thought that many years later he would also be "Yelang of Changliu", although that Yelang was not like this. Yelang, but I think Li Bai would have thought of this poem he wrote on the way to being demoted to Yelang. I wonder what he felt at that time. The unfortunate encounter of the two great poets left us these two poems that have been praised throughout the ages, and also left such a poetic and picturesque cultural heritage to the remote and wild Yelang at that time. No wonder various places in Guizhou and Hunan are competing for this modern people. What I yearn for is the bright moonlit Yelang written by the poet Li Bai!

1. Have you ever heard of the idiom "Yelang is arrogant"? Can you tell me this idiom story?

2.Have you heard of Yelang Kingdom? Can you tell us the story of this ancient country?

3. Have you read Wang Changling’s poems? Can you share one with everyone?

4. Can you tell us how the poet Wang Changling was demoted to Longbiao?

5. Expressing love by the moon is a common writing technique in ancient poetry. Can you share another poem about expressing love by the moon?

6. Have you ever heard of the news that various places are competing for the hometown of a celebrity or a place related to a celebrity?

"Supplementary Notes on the Classification of Li Taibai's Poems in the Yuan Dynasty"

Tan's composition "Records of Li Bai, the Most Young and Dangerous Boy in the Tang Dynasty"

Li Changzhi's "The Biography of Li Bai"

Zhu Guangqian's "Two Farewell Poems about Li Bai"

Zhang Qi's "Li Bai's creation time, place and variant texts when I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left and Long Biaoyuan sent this message"

Qiuxiang "lt; I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left, and Longbiao was far away, so I sent this gt; I lost some pieces"

Wang Yongxiang "lt; I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left, and Longbiao was far away, and I sent this to gt; point out flaws"

Of course, there are also various Baidu...