What words are confused between Minnan and Mandarin?

Minnan international phonetic alphabet

First, the basic vowel is: A I U E O.

note:

1)a i u is similar to Mandarin;

2) The pronunciation of e is like the vowel of the word "ge", which is the same as the pronunciation of /e/ in English;

3) The O sound is similar to the vowel O in Mandarin, and there are many similar pronunciations, such as the vowel of the word "Qiaozai".

The vowels of the word "falling" of "landing", and so on;

4) these vowels can be combined into most vowels, such as iu, in, ing and ang, and the rules are similar to those of Chinese pinyin;

5) Intermediate sound: the difference is /ao/ to be written as /au/

In Mandarin (except ui) with /u/ as the intermediary, such as wow /ua/, /u/ should be changed to /o/, that is, /oa/

In other words, the usage of o and u is opposite to that of Mandarin:

For example: I /goa/, how much/loa-choe/;

6) Nasal sound: The characteristic of our language is that some words are nasal, such as "Tian /tiN/" and the English letter T, which are different.

Sample, where there is nasal sound, add the letter n at the end of the syllable;

7) The pronunciation of the word "black" is a bit like the first syllable in English order, which is not in Mandarin, so we write it as /ou/

8) Rusheng vowels: Rusheng in Minnan dialect can be said to be the most completely preserved in the national dialect. It is also the most popular place for foreigners to learn Minnan dialect.

The hard part;

9) About /i/, /it/, /ik/, /ip/, /ih/ allophone:

/I/I'm similar to the official uniform (there must be a difference, I don't know the specific difference)

/it/is the "one" of our Minnan dialect "1234". You can feel the root of your tongue tighten after pronunciation.

/ik/ is the vowel of the word "Li /lik/" in Xiamen dialect.

/ak/ The word "wo" for watering flowers, read /ak/, (the word "forced" in Quanzhou dialect is /lat/)

/ip/ was the last one to keep my mouth shut.

/ih/ is the abbreviation of I, and its pronunciation is very short. (the word "duck" in Quanzhou dialect)

Second, the initial consonant part:

It is quite different from the initials of Chinese Pinyin, but it conforms to international habits and is easy for foreigners to understand.

Basically, there is

P is equivalent to B in Chinese Pinyin. If it's P in Chinese Pinyin, plus H, it becomes /ph/

B has no Mandarin, and outsiders think it is M. For example, the wife "Mou" (the word is "Sun") /bou/ in Minnan dialect has a different pronunciation from Mandarin.

T is equivalent to D in Mandarin. If it's an aspirated sound, add H and it becomes /th/. Read Chinese pinyin T.

Ch is equivalent to Z in Mandarin (sometimes equivalent to J, such as ji, jiu, we write chi, chiu). Breathing sound plus h

S is the same as S in Mandarin, and Hexiu in Mandarin is written as si and siu.

L is the same as Mandarin.

M is the same as Mandarin.

N is the same as Mandarin.

Ng is the initials of "misunderstanding" and "error"

G There is no vowel "i"/goa/in Chinese Pinyin.

About /t'/ and /t/

Our Mandarin is not voiced (actually, so is Minnan dialect in Xia Quan). In other words, our Mandarin, especially

The (t) of (t') is silent. The /d/ in English is not in our words. The difference between /t'/ and /t/ lies in whether there is hair in the mouth.

If you are angry, just put your hand on your mouth and feel it when you say these two words.

The difference between t/ and d/ is whether the throat vibrates, /d/ does vibrate, /t/ does not vibrate.

Minnan language church Roman characters

(colloquial word Peh-oe-ji)

& lt me > letter

Aa Bb Cc Ee Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk

Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Ss Tt Uu

< second > consonant (initial)

p-ph-b-m - t-th-l-n

-[p'] - [m] - [t]-[t']-[l]-[n]

Humility-Dress in cotton-Know shame-Leave Nepal

k-kh-g-ng-h-ch-chh-s-j

[k]-[k']-[g]-[？ ]-[h]-[ts]-[ts']-[s]-[dz]

Mean-deception-doubt-coldness-hope-ignorance-poetry-children

(1). The consonant J is only found in various counties and cities of Zhangshu (except Zhangpu County) and Taiwan Province Province, but it is rare in Huian, Yongchun and Tongan District of Xiamen. Today, Xiamen and Quanzhou are mostly merged into the consonant L, and Zhangpu is merged into G. 。

(2).h, P, T, K are also used as entering rhyme symbols. When they are used as entering rhyme symbols, they only play a blocking role and make no sound.

(3) International phonetic symbols are in brackets.

< third > vowel (vowel)

1. Basic vowel

a e o o？ /You look at me

[a] [e] [o] [？ ] [ i ] [u] [ε] [ш] [γ]

A Xie wo Wu yi Wu ya pig pot

(1). The first six vowels are the basic vowels of Xiamen, and Zhangzhou plus ee. Quanzhou sound increases ш and γ.

2. Intermediate phonology

Je T'aime, Je T'aime

[Amnesty International] [AU ][ia][ua][iau][uai]

Aiouye wayaowai

oe ui io iu iou

[ue][ui][io][iu][i？ ]

Words speak louder than words (here)

3. Rhyme of nose and tail

I'm Ian Ann Ann.

[m][？ ] [One] [In] [Ian] [United Nations] [User] [Morning] [Instant Messaging]

Youyang nunnery is crooked because of the warm smoke.

I'm oang) (om).

[iam][ me? 】【a？ ][? 】【ia？ 】【ua？ ] [? m]

Yan (Feng) (Sen)

(1) "Feng" is a Tongan sound and "Sen" is a Zhangzhou sound.

4. Nasal rhyming

Ann in Ann in Ann in Ann.

[a~] [i~] [e~] [？ ~] [u~] [ia~] [ua~] [ue~]

Full of round babies and disgusting saddles.

I work in the kitchen.

[iu~] [me? ~][ui~][au~][ai~][uai~][iau~]

Yang 'aoxian (Guan) Temple

( 1).aN=a？ ; iN=i？ ; eN=e？ ; ..., the rest are the same; (2) "Mi", "Yang" and "Huang" are Zhangzhou sounds; "Idle" is a Tongan sound;

(3) "Ai", "Ao" and "Meow" are onomatopoeic words.

Input prosody

Ah-ah-oh-ah-ah-ah-ah-ah-oh.

【a？ 】【e？ 】【o？ ][? 】 【 me? 】【u？ 】【ia？ 】【io？ ]

Duck-buttock-learning-(membrane)-(turtle)-(er)-page-medicine

Ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah

【iu？ 】【ua？ 】【ue？ 】【ui？ 】【ai？ 】【au？ 】【iau？ 】【uai？ ]

Yi-Fire-Narrow-(Blood)-Duck-(Hail)-Hong-Ai

ahN-auhN-ihN-ouhN-aihN-ehN-oaihN-MH

【a~？ ]【au ~？ 】 【 I ~? ][? ~? ]【ai ~？ ][e~？ 】【uai~？ 】【m？ ]

(Qi)-(Xing)-Qi-Qi-Qi-Qi-Qi-(Mo)

ngh-ap-ak-at-ek-ip-it-ut

[? ][ap][ak][at][ik][ip][it][ut]

(Rub)-Pressure-Wo-Containment-Benefit-Yi -b- Wu

iap-iak-iat-ok-iok-oat-op-

[iap][iak][iat][？ k][uat][？ p]

Night-(Xuan)-Night-Nothing-Moon-Meaning-

(1). "aih duck" is a Tongan sound; "op" is Zhangzhou sound;

(2) "AI" stands for all onomatopoeic words, with sounds but no words.

Tone of Minnan dialect

Name adjustment: Yin Ping Yin Shang Yin De Yin Cheng Yang Ping Yang De Yang Cheng.

Adjustment value: 44 53 2 1 32 24 22 4

Tone symbol: no tone, no tone-'

Code 1 2 3 4 5 7 8

Example 1

Kim Kim Kim Kiki Kipki? Mikenkip

kim kim2 kim3 kip kiam5 kim7 kip8

Gold is forbidden to be salty.

Example 2 Kun kún küt k? Kungu

kun kun2 kun3 kut kun5 kun7 kut8

Jun pao gu skirt jun slippery.

Example 3 tong tóng tóng Tok t? ng tō ng to 'k

Tong Tong 2 children 3 children 5 children 7 children 8

Dongdang Dudong Tong Du Dong

Example 4 PE pé peh pé peh pé peh pé pe 'h

pe pe2 e3 peh pe5 pe7 peh8

Let the filth fly and climb twice as white.

Example 5

chan chán chán chat ch？ exactly

Chan Chan 2 Chan 3 Chat Chan 5 Chan 7 Chat 8

Zeng Zhan praised the festival and gave it to him.

Note: (1). No.65438 +0 key (Yin Ping) and 4 key (Yinjin) are not marked;

(2) This form of design does not contain the content of "light tone".

(3) The design of this table does not include the "tone sandhi" part. (4) The sixth tone is formally "Yang Shang", but in fact there is no "Yang Shang" tone in Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwan Province ("Yang Shang" is merged into "Yangqu"), so there is no sixth tone.

Tone changes of Minnan dialect

First of all, this piece of music

1. Word reader tone:

Zhang (Jiang) and Zhou (Qiu); Zhang (Chun) and Pu (Buddha II); Gold (gold), door (mng5); Taiwan Province (tai5) and the East (tang).

2. The last word of the phrase is:

Zhang (chiang7) state (Chiu); Zhang (Chun 7) Pu (Phou2); Kim7 gate (MnG5); Taiwan Province (tai7) East (tang).

3. Read the last word softly:

Liu, Kang, Hang, Qi and Mai.

Second, the general tone sandhi

(A), non-tone sandhi

(1). The fifth sound changes to the seventh sound.

Tong (Tong 5) → Tong (Tong 7) Xue Mao (Guan 5)→ Mao (Guan 5)

(2) The seventh sound becomes the third sound.

Hole number (ho7)→ hole number (ho3) → code number (ho3)

(3) The third sound becomes the second sound.

Dong (tong3)→ Dong (tong2) Cross (koe3)→ Cross (koe2).

(4). The second sound becomes 1 sound.

Ku (khou2)→ Ku (khou) Chu Ruan (nng2)→ Ruan (nng) Foot

(5). 1 sound change 7 tones.

Brick (chng)→ brick (chng7) → acid (sng)→ acid (sng7) is sweet.

(B) Tone sandhi

(6) The ending of entering tone is "-p/-t/-k", with 8 tones changing to 4 tones; The fourth sound becomes the eighth sound.

Shu (siok)→ Shu (siok8) female, France (hoat)→ France (hoat8) country, I (it)→ I (it8) flow.

Combine (hap8)→ combine (hap), punish (hoat8)→ punish (hoat) money, serve (hok8)→ serve (hok).

(7) The ending of entering tone is "-h", which is the fourth tone of this tone and the second tone after tone sandhi. At the same time, the ending rhyme "-h" was released and became "Shu Yunsheng".

Snow (seh)→ snow (se2) water, borrowing (chioh)→ borrowing (chio2) money.

Hioh)→ Xie Dong (hio2-siu7)

(7) The ending of entering tone is "-h", which is the eighth tone in this tone and the third tone after tone sandhi. At the same time, the ending rhyme "-h" was released and became "Shu Yunsheng".

Learn (oh8)→ learn (o3) hall, step (tah8)→ step (ta3) water wheel.

White (peh8)→ white (pe3) color, narrow (eh8)→ narrow (e3) fine.

Initial list:

The pronunciation of Putonghua Pinyin in Minnan dialect is voiced and aspirated (1 means aspirated).

Stop the sound:

P (b) clear 0

P' (slope) p clear 1

B (upper limit) turbidity

T (knife) D is cleared.

T' (drag) tClear 1

K (brother) g clears 0.

K' (section) K Qing 1

Gram (goose) turbidity

Friction sound:

Ts (victim) z is cleared to 0.

Ts' (fuck) c Qing 1

Solar turbidity

Nasal sound:

M (m) m turbidity

Sidetone:

L (ro) l turbidity

Fricative sound:

shuttle bus

river

Note: 1, the example words in brackets are pronounced in Minnan;

2,/*/pronunciation is English pronunciation;

When the initials 3, b, g and l are connected with the nasal vowels, they are pronounced as m, n and ng.

Tone table:

Tone category: Yin into Yang, Yin into Yang, Yin into Yang.

Adjustment value: 55 213 531133 3214.

Example: Zhen Qin Jin Zhen Jin Ji Jin is ill.

International phonetic alphabet: Tsin Tsin Tsin Tsin Tsin Tsin Tsit Tsit Tsit Tsit Tsit Tsit

Summarize several corresponding relationships:

Confusing initials:

Minnan language: p-ph-k-kh-t-th-l-n- b-m

Mandarin: B-P-G-K-D B-P -G-K -D-T -L-N- None-M-M.

Ch[z/j]=z or j, chh [ts] = q; (Minnan initials on the left and Mandarin initials on the right, the same below)

s = x；

B is not equal to B in Mandarin, nor B in Mandarin, nor M, such as' Mom 'bu.