The relationship between Wei and Jin demeanor and medicine and wine

The relationship between demeanor and articles, medicine and wine in Wei and Jin Dynasties

—— Guangzhou Summer Academic Lecture in September.

What I am talking about today is such a topic written on the blackboard.

It is not easy to study the history of China literature. There is too little information on ancient times and too much information on present. So far, a relatively complete history of China literature has not appeared. Today's topic is a part of the history of literature, and it is also a very difficult place to study because of too little information. Because we want to study the literature of a certain era, we should at least know the author's environment, experience and works.

At the end of the Han Dynasty, Wei Chu was a very important era, which changed a lot in literature, because it was after the Yellow Scarf Rebellion and Dong Zhuo Rebellion, and after the partisan struggle, then Cao Cao came out. -But when we talk about Cao Cao, it is easy to think of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and it is easier to think of treacherous court officials on the stage, but this is not the real way to observe Cao Cao. Now when we look at history, the records and judgments in history are sometimes extremely unreliable, and there are many places that we can't believe, because usually we know that a certain dynasty has a long time, and there must be many good people in it; One dynasty is a little shorter, and there are almost no good people among them. Why? Because the time is long, historians belong to the same dynasty, of course, they compliment the figures of the same dynasty, but the time is short, and historians belong to other dynasties, so they casually denounce the figures of different dynasties. Therefore, in the Qin Dynasty, there were few good people recorded in historical books. Cao Cao's history is also quite short, and naturally he can't escape the practice of being spoken ill of by future generations. In fact, Cao Cao is a very capable person, at least a hero. Although I am not a client of Cao Cao, I have always admired him.

It is easier to study the documents at that time now, because some people have already done the work: on the one hand, there is the Complete Compilation of Ancient Three Dynasties, Qin and Han Dynasties, Jin and Southern Dynasties compiled by Yan Qing and Ke Jun. Among them, all Chinese, all three countries and all jindun are useful.

On the one hand, there is Ding's poem "All Han, Three Kingdoms, Two Jin Dynasties, Southern and Northern Dynasties". Ding is a doctor, and he is still here.

The literary criticism about this era is the History of China Medieval Literature edited by Liu. This book is Peking University's lecture. Mr. Liu died. This book was published in Peking University.

The above three books are of great help to our research. Let us see that the literature of this era is indeed a bit extraordinary.

If what I said today is detailed in Mr. Liu's book, I will be a little bit; On the contrary, I will talk about what Mr. Liu outlined in more detail.

After Dong Zhuo, Cao Cao was authoritarian. Under his rule, the first characteristic is that he is still punished. His legislation is very strict, because after the chaos, everyone wants to be an emperor and everyone wants to rebel, so Cao can't help it. Cao Cao himself once said, "Without me, I wonder how many people would call themselves emperors!" He didn't lie about this sentence. So it affects the article and becomes a sober style. -it means that the article should be concise and rigorous.

In addition, there is another feature, that is, it is relatively easy to get rid of. Why does he want to do business? Nature also has a lot to do with the atmosphere at that time. Because everyone in the party thought they were clean before the disaster of the party occupation, but if they talked too much about "clean", they would become stubborn, so at the end of the Han Dynasty, the act of cleaning up was sometimes very ridiculous.

For example, when celebrities visit him, ordinary people should say a few words first. If these words are not correct, they will often be treated with arrogance, told him to sit outside, and even refused to see him.

Another example is a person whose fault lies with his brother-in-law. Once he went to his sister's house for dinner, he wanted to return the meal money to her. She refused, so he left the money in the street after going out and paid it. It doesn't matter if a person is so angry. If the country is so stubborn, what will it be? Therefore, Cao Cao, who is well aware of this drawback, should stand up against this habit and advocate communication. Easy means casual. This advocacy has influenced the literary world and produced a large number of articles that can say whatever they want.

What's more, because of the abolition of stubbornness after the integration of ideas, heresy and foreign ideas were fully accommodated, so ideas other than Confucianism were continuously introduced.

To sum up, we can say that Wei Chu's articles at the end of Han Dynasty are clear. In Cao Cao himself, he is also the founder of reform articles, but unfortunately his articles are rarely circulated. He is very courageous, and his articles are quite effective in conveying information. He has no scruples when writing a composition, and he can write as he wants.

So Cao Cao said the same thing when he was seeking talents. It doesn't matter if you are unfaithful and unfilial, as long as you are talented. This is something that others dare not say. When Cao Cao wrote a poem, he actually said that "Zheng Kangcheng was drunk and exhausted", which led to the fact that not long ago, others dared not use it. Another thing, for example, when people die, they often write some suicide notes, which is very fashionable for celebrities. At that time, the decree had a certain format, saying a lot about where to be buried after death, or next to celebrity tombs; Otherwise, his legacy not only failed to follow the format, but also talked about the clothes left behind and the treatment of prostitutes.

Although Lu Ji commented that he "provoked dust and slandered the queen king", I think he is a shrewd man anyway. He can make a big fuss about himself, and he has a way to collect all the alchemists and scribes in the world, so as not to make trouble for him outside. So there are many alchemists and scribes in his tent.

Emperor xiaowen Cao pi and his eldest son inherited his father's business and usurped the throne of the Han dynasty. He also likes articles. His brother Cao Zhi, as well as Ming Di Cao Cao, all like articles. But by that time, Yutong Extension will be even more gorgeous. Pi wrote Dian Lun, and now all the books are lost. It says "Poetry is beautiful" and "Prose is based on Qi". The bits and pieces of Dian Lun are all in the books of Tang and Song Dynasties. A whole paper can be found in Selected Works.

Later, some ordinary people were very dissatisfied with his opinion. He said that there was no need to teach poetry and fu, and opposed those opinions that encouraged poetry and fu at that time. From the perspective of modern literature, an era of Cao Pi can be said to be "the conscious era of literature", or as modern people say, it is a genre of art for art's sake, so Cao Pi's poems are very good, and because he is mainly "qi", he is stronger than gorgeous. To sum up, Wei Chu's articles at the end of the Han Dynasty can be said to be "clear, bright, colorful and strong." On the literary proposition, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi seem to be different on the surface. Cao Pi said that articles can be remembered for thousands of years; But Zijian said that the article is a path, which is not enough. In my opinion, Zijian is probably against his will. There are two reasons. First, Zijian's article is well done. A person is probably always dissatisfied with what he has done and envious of what others have done. His article is well done, so he dares to say that it is a path. Second, the goal of Zijian activities lies in politics, which is not very successful and the article is useless.

In addition to Cao Cao and Cao Pi, there are seven other people: Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Serina Liu. They are all very good at writing articles, and they were later called "seven sons of Jian 'an". Seven people's articles are rarely circulated, and now it is difficult for us to judge; However, it is probably nothing more than "generosity" and "gorgeous". Gorgeous is advocated by Cao Pi. Generosity is because so many relatives and friends died in the chaos, so writing is bound to be sad, passionate and "generous".

Seven children, especially Kong Rong, like to make trouble with Cao Cao. Kong Rong was discussed in Cao Pi's Dian Lun, so he was also drawn into the "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an". It's actually wrong. Very different. But at that time, he was very famous. Kong Rong likes to use satirical style in his composition, and Cao Pi is very dissatisfied with him. Kong Rong's articles are rarely circulated now. It can be seen from what he has that he is not very sarcastic to others, but only to Cao Cao. For example, Cao Cao broke the Yuan brothers, Xelloss took Yuan's wife Zhen Shi as his own, and Kong Rong wrote to Cao Cao that he would cut Zhou and give da ji to the Duke of Zhou. Cao Cao asked about his canon, and he said that it was probably the same at that time, taking today as an example. For example, Cao Cao wants to ban alcohol, saying that alcohol can ruin the country and must be banned. Kong Rong opposed him again, saying that some women also perished. Why can't they get married? Actually, Cao Cao also drinks. Let's take a look at his book How to Relieve Anxiety. "Only Du Kang's poems, you can know. Why does his behavior contradict his argument? There is no other way, because Cao Cao is the commander in chief, so he has to do so; Kong Rong is a bystander, and it is easy to say something free. Cao Cao saw that he had repeatedly opposed himself, and later killed him on an excuse. His crime of killing Kong Rong is probably unfilial. Because Kong Rong has the following two propositions: First, Kong Rong advocates that the mother-child relationship is like something in a bottle. As long as the contents of the bottle are poured out, the relationship between mother and child is over. Secondly, what if there is a famine and my father has some food? Kong Rong's answer is: If his father is not good, he would rather give it to others. -Cao Cao wanted to kill him, so he killed him without hesitation on the grounds that he was unfaithful and unfilial. If Cao Cao is still alive, we can ask him why he said it doesn't matter if he is unfaithful or unfilial when seeking talents. Why did he kill people in the name of unfilial? In fact, however, even if Cao Cao was reborn, no one dared to ask him. If we ask him, I'm afraid he will kill us, too! There was a Mi Heng who opposed Cao Cao with Kong Rong and was later killed by Huang Zu. Mi Fei's article is good, too. He and Kong Rong have been writing articles "mainly based on qi". So we can know here that China's language is slowly growing up, which is the result of the times, not the credit of Cao Cao and his son. But gorgeous beauty is the credit advocated by Cao Pi.

Until Ming Di, the article had a major change, because there was a peace.

Peace enjoys a high reputation and status. He likes to study Laozi and Yijing. As for what kind of person he is? The truth is hard to know and investigate now. Because he is a member of Cao Shi school, Sima hates him very much, so their records are very dissatisfied with the reconciliation. Therefore, there are many legends. Some people say that Yan's face is pink, while others say that he was born white, not pink. But do you want to make peace with powder cake or not? I don't know, either.

But we know two things about peace. First, he likes talking. He is the founder of talking. Second, he likes taking medicine. He is the father of taking medicine. In addition, he also likes to talk about names and reasons. He is in poor health; Therefore, we must take medicine.

What he took was not ordinary medicine, but a medicine called "Wushi Powder".

"Five Stone Powder" is a kind of poison, which was first spoken and eaten. In the Han dynasty, people still didn't dare to eat it, so they made peace or changed their medication strategy and ate it too early. Wushi powder is basically five kinds of drugs: stalactite, stone sulfur, Bai Shiying, Ziyingshi and halloysitum rubrum; Besides, I'm afraid I have to mix some other medicines. But there is no need to study it carefully now. I don't think you want to eat it.

From the book, this medicine seems to be very good, and people can turn weak into strong after eating it. Therefore, Yanhe became rich, and he began to eat. Everybody follow. At that time, the pernicious influence of Wu XIII was similar to that of opium in the late Qing Dynasty, depending on whether you take medicine or not. Now, we can see some in the theories of various pathogens and stages put forward by Fiona Fang in the Sui Dynasty. According to this book, this medicine is very troublesome to eat and the poor can't eat it. If you take it, you will be poisoned if you are not careful. When I first ate it, it wasn't very delicious. Later, the drug effect was obvious, so it was called "San". If there is no "distribution", it will do more harm than good Therefore, after eating, you can't rest, but walk, because walking can "radiate", so walking is called "walking". For example, when we look at the poems of the people of the Six Dynasties, there is a saying: "Go east", which means this. Later, people who wrote poems don't know why, thinking that "going away" means walking, they put the word "going away" into the poem without taking medicine, which is very funny.

I had a fever all over after I left, and then I felt cold after I had a fever. Ordinary chills should wear more clothes and eat hot things. But the chill after taking medicine is just the opposite: wear less clothes, eat cold food and drink cold water. If you wear too many clothes and eat hot food, you are bound to die. So Wu San is cold food powder. There is only one thing that doesn't need to be eaten cold, and that is wine.

After eating, take off your clothes and splash them with cold water; Eat something cold; Drink hot wine. In this way, there are many people who eat Wushisan and few people wear thick clothes; For example, in Guangdong, there are no people wearing suits after one year. You can't wear narrow clothes because you have a fever. In order to prevent skin from being scratched by clothes, it is necessary to wear wide clothes. Nowadays, many people think that the undressing of Jin literati was a symbol of people's advanced life at that time. Actually, I didn't know they were taking medicine. A group of celebrities take medicine to wear take off your coat, and those who don't take medicine will follow the celebrities to make their clothes wider!

Also, after taking the medicine, I wear shoes, not socks, because my skin wears easily and it is inconvenient to wear shoes. So when we look at the portrait of Jin people or the articles at that time, we see that his clothes are wide and he doesn't wear shoes, thinking that he must be very comfortable and elegant, but in fact, his heart is very bitter.

Because the skin is fragile, it is better to wear old clothes than new ones, so clothes can't be washed often. If you don't wash it, you will grow more lice. Therefore, in the article, the status of lice is very high. "Ask lice and talk about lice" was actually handed down as a beautiful thing at that time. For example, if I give a speech here today, it's not good to pick up lice. But it didn't matter at that time, because the habits were different. Just as the Qing Dynasty advocated smoking opium, we are not surprised to see people with high shoulders. Not anymore. If most students' shoulders become a word, we will feel very strange.

In addition, you can also see books such as Yi San and Bao Puzi by Ge Hong.

After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, many people made fakes and fell asleep on the street, saying that they were "giving" to show their wealth. Just like the respectful reading in Qing Dynasty, someone painted his lips with ink, indicating that he had just written a lot of words. So I think it has nothing to do with the theory that clothes are big, clothes are worn out, clothes are scattered, and so on, and then you can learn without eating.

Because you can't be hungry when you are "fat", you should eat cold food quickly, no matter when and how many times a day. Therefore, it affected the "mourning customs" of the Jin Dynasty. -It turns out that in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were many gifts for parents. For example, if you want to visit a person, be sure to ask the names of his parents and grandparents before the visit, so as to avoid it. Otherwise, as soon as his parents died, the host burst into tears-he remembered his parents-and gave you a big boring. Be thin when mourning, don't eat too much and don't drink too much. But after taking the medicine, for the sake of life, I can't mind my own business, so I have to chew and eat, so it becomes a "rude mourning."

At the time of mourning, drinking and eating meat is advocated by the rich and famous, and all people follow it. Because of this, people in society are called celebrities. Eating and distribution originated from making peace. He was accompanied by Wang Bi and two people, both of whom were founders of taking medicine with Yan. The three of them advocated that many people followed. Most of them will make a fuss about it. Besides Xia Houxuan's works, we can also see Wang He's articles. They were all born in Zhengshi, so they are also called "Zhengshi celebrities". But the end result of this habit is just taking medicine, or pretending to take medicine instead of making a fuss. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it became a talk without fuss, which can be seen in the book Shi Shuo Xin Yu. There are many vague theories and few articles, which are far from the three of them. Among them, Wang Bi died in his twenties, and Xiahou Che was also killed by Sima Yi. Because they are related to Cao Cao, they must die. Cao Cao killed Kong Rong, which is also a crime of unfilial.

After their death, many critics accused him of his relationship with Wei. In fact, making peace deserves to be scolded, because he is the initiator of taking medicine. This kind of loose clothing style still existed in Wei and Jin Dynasties until Sui and Tang Dynasties, because there was another "loose medicine prescription" in the Tang Dynasty, which was the prescription of Jiewushi Powder, which proved that people still ate, but only a little less. No one has eaten it since the Tang Dynasty. The reason is not clear. Probably because it does more harm than good, just like opium.

Huangfu Mi, a famous person in the Jin Dynasty, wrote a book called The Biography of Gao Shi. We think he is great. However, he was scattered, and there was an article about the pain of nibbling. Because of its medicinal properties, if you are not careful, you will die, at least it will be painful, or you will go crazy; People who are originally smart will also become demented. So if you want to know the medicinal properties, you will be saved, and many people in the family know the medicinal properties. Most people in the Jin Dynasty were bad-tempered, arrogant, crazy and violent, probably because of taking medicine. For example, a fly disturbed him and even drew his sword to chase him; Even if you speak carelessly, sometimes you are going crazy. But in the Jin Dynasty, infatuation was better, probably because of taking medicine.

At the end of Wei Dynasty, in addition to making peace, a new group called "bamboo forest celebrities" appeared, which was also called "seven sages of bamboo forest". Celebrities take medicine at first, and celebrities in bamboo forests drink. The representative figures of bamboo forest are Ji Kang and Ruan Ji. But after all, bamboo celebrities not only drink, Ji Kang also takes medicine, and Ruan Ji is the representative who specializes in drinking. But Ji Kang also drinks, and Liu Ling is one of them. Almost all of them are against the old ethics.

These seven people have different tempers. Both Ruan Ji have a big temper; Ruan Ji changed very well in his later years, and Ji Kang was always extremely bad.

When Ruan was young, he had green eyes and white eyes for visitors. White eyes are probably completely invisible to the eyes, and I am afraid it will take a long time to practice. I can pretend green eyes, but I can't pretend white eyes.

Later, Ruan Ji actually achieved the point of "not hiding people", but Ji Kang never changed. As a result, Ruan died and Ji was killed by Sima, just like Kong Rong and He. This is probably because of the difference between taking medicine and drinking: taking medicine can become immortal, and immortals can look down on laity; Drinking won't make you immortal, so it's perfunctory.

Their attitude is probably drinking without clothes or hats. If there is such a state in normal times, we call it rudeness, but they are different. You don't necessarily cry when you mourn; A son can't mention his father's name to his father, but among the first-class people in the bamboo forest, the son will call his father's name. Bamboo celebrities don't recognize the moral codes handed down from generation to generation. For example, as we all know, Liu Ling once wrote a ode to wine virtue. He denied the truth stipulated by the previous world. There is such a thing. Once a guest saw him and he was naked. People asked him; He replied that heaven and earth are my house, and the house is my clothes. Why did you get into my pants? As for Ruan Ji, it is even worse. He has denied it since ancient times. "Biography of My Lord" said: "The heavens and the earth are six open, the stars are falling, and the sun and the moon are falling. What if I rise? " He means that the gods of heaven and earth are meaningless and everything is unnecessary, so he feels that the truth in the world is indisputable and God is not credible. Since he is nothing, he is addicted to wine. But he also has a reason, that is, he drinks not only because of his thoughts, but also because of the environment. At that time, Sima wanted to usurp the throne, Ruan Ji had a great reputation, and it was extremely difficult to speak, so he had to drink more and talk less. Even if he made a mistake, he could drown his sorrows and forgive him. Just look at a time when Sima Yi proposed to Ruan Ji, but Ruan Ji was drunk for two months and didn't get a chance to bring it up.

Ruan Ji is good at writing articles and poems. Although his poems are full of passion, many meanings are obscure. Yan Yanzhi in the Song Dynasty said that he didn't understand many things. Now it is even more difficult for us to understand his poems. He also said immortals in his poems, but he didn't believe them. Ji Kang's thesis is better than Ruan Ji's, with novel viewpoints, which are often opposite to the old saying. Confucius said, "It's better to keep pace with the times, isn't it?" Ji Kang's book Nature is Difficult to Learn says that people are not easy to learn. If a person can't do anything and has food, he will just wander around and don't like reading, so people nowadays are eager to learn because of habits and needs. And Guan Shu Cai Shu, because he suspected the Duke of Zhou and led the Yin people to revolt, was punished and has always been regarded as a bad person. Ji Kang's "Treating Cai" also objected to the meaning handed down from generation to generation, saying that both of them were loyal ministers, and the suspicion of Duke Zhou was because the places were too far apart and the news was not well informed.

However, because of their great fame, most people learn from Wang Bi, Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and others, but what they learn is nothing more than superficial, and they are really inside, but they don't know it. Because we only learn their fur, there is a lot of boring talking and drinking in society. Many people just talk about drinking, and their inability to do things will affect politics. It is unrealistic to play "empty city tricks". So is literature. Ji Kang and Ruan Ji are addicted to alcohol, and they can also make a fuss about it. Later, when they arrived in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the legacy of empty talk about drinking was still there, but there was no masterpiece handed down from generation to generation. Liu Xie said: "Ji Kang's teacher's heart is based on criticism, and Ruan Ji's life is based on poetry." This kind of "mind learning" and "making qi" are the characteristics of articles in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. After the spirit of Zhengshi and Zhu Lin celebrities was destroyed, no writer dared to teach their minds and make them angry.

In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the atmosphere changed. Social thoughts are much calmer, and Buddhist thoughts are everywhere. By the end of the Jin dynasty, I was used to troubled times and usurpation, and my article was more peaceful. Tao Qian is the representative of peace articles. His attitude is to drink and beg casually, and talk and write articles when he is happy, without complaining. So now some people call him "pastoral poet". He is a very peaceful pastoral poet. His attitude is difficult to learn. He is poor, but his heart is calm. If there is no rice at home, go to someone else's door to beg. He was so poor that a guest came to see him without shoes. The guest brought him shoes from a servant, so he put out his feet and put them on. Even so, he didn't care, or "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely." This natural state is really not easy to imitate. He is in rags, but he is still picking chrysanthemums under the east fence. He looked up by chance and saw the Nanshan leisurely. How natural. Now rich people live in the concession, hire gardeners to plant dozens of pots of chrysanthemums, and then write poems, which are called "appreciating chrysanthemums in autumn". They think they meet the lofty ideal of roundness, but I don't think so.

Tao Qian was at the end of the Jin Dynasty, just like Kong Rong and Ji Kang at the end of the Han Dynasty, almost at the time of the Li Dynasty. But he didn't show impassioned expression, so he won the title of "pastoral poet". But in Ji Tao, there was an article about wine, which was about politics at that time. In this way, we can see that he is not forgotten and unmoved by the world, but his attitude is much more natural than Ji Kang's Ruan Ji, and he is not noticeable. Another reason, as I said before, is habit. Because people at that time didn't feel strange when they saw it, and the Han, Wei and Jin dynasties followed one after another, the times were not far away and there were many changes. Now that I'm used to it, I don't feel anything. Naturally, Tao Qian is more peaceful than Kong Rong Ji Kang. For example, if you look at the epitaph of the Northern Dynasties, the promotion of official positions is often written in great detail. Looking closely, he experienced two or three dynasties, but it didn't seem strange at that time.

Personally, even in the past, there were no so-called "pastoral poets" and "mountain poets", and their poems were completely above politics. Nothing is completely beyond the human world. Since beyond the world, of course, there is no poetry. Poetry is also a personnel issue. If you have poems, you can know that you have not forgotten the world. For example, Mozi loves everything and Yangzi is for me. Mozi certainly wants to write a book; Andy will definitely miss it. This is for me. Because if you make a book for others to read, it will become a "person".

This shows that Tao Qian will never surpass the world. Moreover, he should pay attention to politics and never forget "death", which is always mentioned in his poems. If you study it from another point of view, I'm afraid you will become a different person.

From the end of the Han Dynasty to the end of the Jin Dynasty, the relationship between some changes in articles and drugs and wine was probably the same as far as I know. But I have little knowledge and no detailed research. I'm sorry to waste so much time in such hot weather and rainy days. Now this topic is finally finished.