What was the relationship between Qin and Han Dynasties and Rome, which led to a similar ending?

Stepping on the earth, the unification and conquest of Qin, Han and Rome was different from that in the 3rd century BC. This is a century full of disputes and wars. The east and west of Eurasia, Qin and Rome are all experiencing the same changes and struggles! The East of the world, the fierce Qin Shihuang after VI, stood on the shoulders of ancestors and laid the territory of the Qin Empire with a series of hearty victories!

Ten years have laid the foundation for the sigh of later poet Li Bai.

The king of Qin swept Liuhe, eyeing up, he Xiongzai! Swords make clouds, and princes come to the West. ?

In the west of the world, the soldiers of the same powerful Roman legion are also pursuing the pace of their predecessors, galloping the Apennines, drinking horses in the Mediterranean and expanding the territory of the empire.

Finally defeated the Macedonians, the savage Gauls, conquered the Republic of Egypt, became an empire, and made great achievements across Asia, Europe and Africa!

The history of the East and the West is so similar. Almost at the same time, two distant empires developed at the same time, which finally changed the history of East and West for thousands of years!

So what are the similarities and differences between such a powerful empire?

One: Traceability

Daqin Empire and Roman Empire, almost the same starting point of birth, took a long time to form!

Originally, they were weak city-states and vassals!

Qin, the predecessor of Qin State, was not in the sequence of enfeoffment system in Zhou Wuwang's Western Zhou Dynasty.

Not even a vassal state, but a tribe that herded horses for the king of Zhou. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was almost dispensable, and it was also in the early years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty that it was awarded the title of the hometown of Zhou Dynasty for helping Zhou Ping move eastward!

And this reward, the hometown of the Zhou Dynasty, has long been occupied by the enemy dog Rong of the Zhou Dynasty, and this reward is just empty talk about white teeth!

This is the case in the state of Qin. With the empty check of the Zhou dynasty, through our own efforts, we have achieved the cornerstone of the kingdom!

The newly founded State of Qin was poor and weak, and had no prestige for later generations. Throughout the spring and autumn period, it was regarded as barbarians by the eastern countries and was not included in the mainstream sequence of Central Plains civilization.

In times of crisis, seek the way to be strong, and strive to stand up and despise your eyes!

Facing the supercilious look, Qin people finally achieved the hegemony status in the Spring and Autumn Period after countless efforts.

However, the times have changed, and the former superpower, Jin, was divided into three. During the Spring and Autumn Period, it entered the Warring States Period. In the face of Wei, who initiated the political reform and completely destroyed the Central Plains, Qin's weakness and powerlessness were fully demonstrated, which also gave Wei the impulse to swallow and destroy Qin!

The courage of the old Qin people has become synonymous with incompetence in the face of the changes of science and technology and the times. How? What should we do?

Qin Xiaogong, who is looking forward to the reform and powerful country, met Shang Yang and talked about emperor's way, kingly way and bullying!

Before, there was a filial piety meeting with Shang Yang, and after three talks, there was a Liu Beihui Zhuge.

Like a duck to water, the story will always be a historical cycle, and the feats of saving the country and strengthening the country will become legends with the unity of the monarch and the minister.

The state of Qin became powerful and out of control.

Wei, once a strong enemy, once bowed to his knees and once despised his own eastern countries. Under the great martial arts of the Qin Empire, they had to seek self-protection together. But this is not a problem for Qin, which thoroughly reformed its political system and gave priority to the development of agriculture.

The great cause of reunification has finally come true after hundreds of years!

On the other hand, the Roman Empire actually had the same fate as the Qin Empire!

Tracing back to the source, the Roman Empire was just a small city-state on the Tiber River, with no more than 10,000 soldiers and no more than 1,000 soldiers. Saying that it is a city-state is actually flattering it!

The new Rome was even more desolate than the Qin Empire, which was despised only and not in danger of national subjugation, while Rome was constantly attacked by Volschi and Aquinas!

Growing up in violation is the only way for every great nation, and so is Rome.

The weak are destroyed, the strong strive for strength, and those who rise up first!

Rome belongs to those who rise up against it. They are not afraid of strong enemies and strive hard. After sweeping the surrounding city-state tribes, they began to March on the Apennine Peninsula. After defeating summonette. Finally control almost the whole of Italy and become a powerful country in the Mediterranean region that can no longer be ignored!

Then there is the hegemonic war with Carthage, the biggest enemy of Rome's rise!

If Rome is the Qin Empire, then Carthage is the Wei State facing Rome!

Without me, whether we are invincible or have enemies is a question.

Three times in a row? Punic war? Rome finally won the final victory and cleared the biggest obstacle to hegemony. From then on, Rome embarked on the road of external expansion, and the last empire was established!

Two: the style of war

In the classical imperial era, the key to combat effectiveness was population, which was determined by grain output and territory, so the difference of national strength became the contrast of population, especially in the world of great struggle, which was even more obvious. Being kind to the enemy was cruel to yourself!

Therefore, whether it is the Qin Empire or Rome, foreign wars have a common feature, and that is cruelty!

Only one person can understand the cruelty of Qin people, and that is Tian Lei, the god of war. His nickname is Man Tu!

The battle of yique defeated the allied forces of Korea and Wei, and beheaded 250 thousand!

The battle of Changping defeated Zhao, beheading 400 thousand!

Yancheng cut off water, irrigated the city and flooded the Chu army, drowning 200 thousand!

The Battle of Huayang defeated Wei Jun, beheading 1.3 million;

As for other people who died in small battles, I won't describe them one by one. It can be said that it is synonymous with the cruelty of Qin tyrannical Jianghu!

The Roman Empire is also in a foreign struggle!

The famous First Punic War was a national war of aggression against all countries. On the African battlefield alone, the number of Roman legions killed was as high as hundreds of thousands, and the enemy's losses were not too much, so was the battle on land and the duel at sea!

In the vast Mediterranean, nearly 700 five-paddle warships from both sides competed with each other and staged a grand naval battle in the classical era!

According to the ancient Greek historian Polibbi Wu:

The war lasted uninterrupted for 24 years. This is the longest, least intermittent and most cruel war I know. ?

Isn't that war, which lasted for 24 years, better than the Warring States period?

Facing the cruelty of big countries and small countries, Qin and Rome have the same expression!

The Roman empire completely conquered the weak nations, and it was a Roman tradition to be treated as slaves when defeated!

Rome occupied Kapuya, the whole city was occupied by slaves, Rome occupied Sardinia, and more than 80,000 people became slaves!

Destruction and slavery both express the same way that Rome and the Qin Empire succeeded, that is, weakening each other and destroying each other's population in the war. This is the best way of war!

Third, the national policies of the Qin and Han empires and Rome.

In the above-mentioned pursuit and conquest, the Qin Empire and Rome have numerous similarities, but after becoming the most powerful country in the future, they realized a completely different attitude!

The different attitudes of Qin, Han and Rome towards other countries or nations determined the continuation of civilization and the continuation of the country!

In the era of Qin empire, no matter for the conquered countries or nations, there is a remarkable feature, that is, there is no discrimination!

This is related to China's ancient traditions and cultural heritage.

Although the six eastern countries have different names and different characters, they are all homologous in the cognition of the ancients, and they are all life forms of Chinese civilization. Therefore, the choice of the conquered Qin Empire is also very direct, that is, the land of the six countries is directly set as counties and counties and brought into the central management system!

No matter which nationality you belong to, you belong to Qin after being brought into the central management system. Such a non-discrimination policy has given the foundation for national unity!

The subsequent Han Dynasty went further and implemented this policy in the Western Han Dynasty? Make up for family and people? Strategy.

It is the performance of this trend!

So-called? Make up for family and people? Is it to include all residents (except princes and slaves) in the household registration, and? Qi Min? It is also easy to understand, giving all residents the same equal status!

In this way, with the efforts of the rulers of Qin and Han dynasties, people of all ethnic groups and regions have been in-depth exchanges, and integration and reunification have become a trend!

This is true not only for the old places of the six eastern countries, but also for the newly conquered areas in the Qin and Han Dynasties.

When Qin Shihuang opened up Lingnan, he set up counties such as Guilin, Elephant and Nanhai, and relocated mainland residents to enrich the border counties and assimilate ethnic minorities!

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he helped Dongou people attack Fujian and Vietnam. In the face of Dong 'ou people's move to China, Emperor Wudi accepted it gladly.

The centripetal force of the national contract is thus formed!

On the other hand, the Roman Empire was completely different!

In the process of the Roman Empire's external expansion, the conquered areas were managed by provinces. Within the provinces, the social status of Roman residents and indigenous people is unequal, and the Romans have many privileges as conquerors!

Although the perfection of Roman law was widely praised in later generations, this perfect law was limited to the Romans and did not include others!

Roman citizens are the beneficiaries of the law. They have the right to participate in political power and military service. However, other provinces and cities, no matter how rich you are and how much you contribute, are conquered. You can neither participate in politics nor be a soldier. There is no transfer of rights, only the exploitation of wealth. How do people in the Roman Empire other than Roman citizens see the hope of existence?

And the attitude of the Romans on this issue is also very interesting!

According to Cicero, a Roman politician, it is:

Rome's occupation of Asia freed the local people from the disasters of internal conflicts and external wars. They should be happy to exchange part of their income for permanent peace? .

This sentence came from the mouth of a Roman politician, which made me see the feeling that the underworld collected protection money from businessmen in later generations!

For non-Roman citizens, even if you offer me peace, no one will feel uncomfortable without the same rights and wealth!

Political injustice is accompanied by Roman discrimination against foreigners!

This is also the words of Cicero, a Roman politician:

The Romans are the best race, and no other nation can compare with the Romans. Sardinians are savage bastards, Jews are doomed to hard work, and Gauls are arrogant and unbelieving.

Because of this arrogant and discriminatory speech, there is a saying in mainstream Roman society.

Glory belongs to Greece and greatness belongs to Rome.

From such values, we can see how contemptuous the Roman Empire was of other peoples!

Fourth, the cultural policies of the Qin and Han empires and Rome.

The same conquerors, Rome and the Qin and Han empires, also have such a world of difference in the construction of ideological and cultural fields!

As we all know, Qin and Han Dynasties belonged to the period of the First Empire of China, and it was the period when the cultural foundation of China's great unity was formed!

There are many important events in this!

For example, Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's suggestion? Same book? And the subsequent implementation? Cars on the same track? , unified measurement, so that the original chaotic text weights and measures of the Warring States and the Seven Heroes era are unified, and the equator is overhauled throughout the country to improve the central control!

For example, during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu's suggestion was adopted. To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone? .

China has a unified Confucian ideology, which ultimately influenced the whole history of China civilization and was also the source of resilience and centripetal force in China culture.

For example, the establishment of the county system in the Qin and Han Dynasties was repeated in the Han Dynasty, but it was adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty through the efforts of several emperors. Grace order? Sweep the enfeoffment system out of the history of China!

After so many examples, a centralized Central Plains dynasty was established.

On the other hand, how did the Roman Empire do it?

The Roman Empire was not as developed in ideology and culture as the Qin and Han Dynasties, but it was a mess!

(1) First of all, in words.

The eastern part of the Roman Empire is a Hellenistic world, and the common language and culture are Greek and Greek culture!

The western part of the Roman Empire is the Latin world, and the common language and culture are Latin and Latin culture!

The latter two mainstream languages and cultures did not become the orthodox languages and cultures of the Roman Empire. The final direct result is that the Roman culture to which Rome belongs is almost marginalized in the huge empire, with little influence!

Without complete cultural and written identification, how can people have centripetal force?

(2) Followed by religion.

Compared with the Han Dynasty's ideological exclusive admiration for Confucianism!

Religion in Rome can be described as a hundred flowers blossom. Today, there is a famous building in Rome called Pantheon, which is the embodiment of this phenomenon!

When a country is conquered, your god is invited to the Pantheon. When there are more and more gods in Rome, the separation between religion and ideology in Rome becomes more and more obvious. Who refuses to accept, who does everyone listen to? This is a problem!

Although the development of Christianity later eased this trend, what is Christianity? Four emperors * * * rule? During this period, he became the leader of history and the official religion of Rome, but he didn't save the whole Roman Empire, just the country of the Eastern Roman Empire!

(3) Third, let's look at the political system.

The political composition of the Roman Empire was the provincial system, which had obvious characteristics of autonomy around the river. That's understandable. In the classical era, if the central government did not delegate power, management was a false proposition. If an order is handed down, it will be calculated according to months or even years. How to rule!

Although decentralization is inevitable, excessive power is the root of instability. If Rome had studied the Han Dynasty, established a county system and divided the big provinces into small regions, perhaps they would not have fought endlessly because of the independence or unrest of the provinces!

The governors of Roman provinces were almost local emperors in the imperial era, with soldiers, money and administrative power. The result of this trinity is that if the princes are loyal to Rome, of course, there is no problem. If they are not loyal to Rome, they will be in big trouble!

(4) Finally, let's look at Rome's unreasonable inheritance system.

The regime succession system of the Central Plains Dynasty has a set of etiquette norms and codes of conduct!

In the Zhou dynasty, after the establishment of the eldest son inheritance system, this piece was almost inherited from the throne, unless there was almost no turmoil in the special period!

And the Roman Empire's inheritance system is a mess!

The eldest son inheritance system? Are you telling a joke?

There are all kinds of inheritance systems. Brothers and sisters and sons inherit their father's business (adopted by Augustus), abdicate (five wise emperors) and donate money to succeed to the throne, but it is unexpected that it is impossible.

Rule ethics, what is that?

Under such a chaotic inheritance system, the chaos of the Roman Empire goes without saying.

To sum up, after all, the causal linkage, the general difference between Rome and the Qin and Han empires has emerged!

Although Qin and Rome had almost the same historical track in the early days of imperial conquest, different styles in the subsequent ruling period also gave different colors to the mainstream civilizations of the East and the West!

As the famous historian Mr. Qian Mu said!

Rome is like a huge lamp hanging in the room, while Qin and Han Dynasties are like many lamps in the room.

What does this mean? Tell us!

The lamp of the Roman Empire was bright enough to light up the whole room, but as long as the lamp went out, the whole room would be dark and there would be no more light!

Although the lights of the Qin and Han Dynasties were not so bright, when they were fused together, even if one light went out, the room was still bright!

This surviving light is a continuation of civilization.

When the lights in Rome went out, the Roman Empire ceased to exist. Even if the lights went out in the Qin and Han dynasties, there was still fire left, so the civilization of the Central Plains still existed. Although it is dark and bright, the twilight era and the bright light era echo each other from afar, but it has never dimmed and civilization has never died!