The good things about bridges

1. The concept of bridge

Bridge: qiao, upper tone (second tone), ten strokes, left and right structure. Mubu. Wubi: STDJ.

Definition:

1. A building erected on the water or in the air to facilitate traffic; such as an overpass.

2. It is a metaphor for people or things that play a role in communication.

3. Surname.

What this entry is going to express is the first meaning of bridge.

A bridge is an elevated man-made channel. It consists of upper structure and lower structure. The upper structure includes the bridge body and deck; the lower structure includes piers, abutments and foundations. They hang high and lie low, and come in various shapes. Some of them are located high in the mountains and wild ridges, simple and elegant; some span between rocks and streams, adding to the splendor of the mountains and rivers; some are located on the thoroughfares of busy cities, with ingenious shapes; some are multi-purpose bridges and are ingenious. No matter the wind or rain, no matter the scorching heat or winter, they always help pedestrians, carriages and horses cross the river in obscurity.

2. The significance and characteristics of the bridge

The main purpose of building a bridge is to solve the traffic problem across water or valley, so that transportation vehicles or pedestrians can flow unimpeded on the bridge. From its earliest or most important function, a bridge should specifically refer to a road across water and air. Therefore, the annotation of the jade seal in the field of Shuowen Jie is: "The word "Liang" means using wood to cross the water, which is now called a bridge." It shows that the original meaning of bridge refers to the passage of wood on the water, and the extension behind it means that it is built on the cliff. There are overpasses such as "plank roads" on the cliffs and "flying pavilions" built between pavilions and palaces.

China is a country with many mountains and rivers. In ancient times, it was a world leader in both bridge construction technology and the number of bridges. For thousands of years, bridges have become an indispensable part of people's social life. However, due to the vast territory of our country, from south to north and from east to west, there are great differences in geographical climate, cultural customs and the development level of social productivity. Therefore, each based on their own actual conditions and needs, over a long period of time, they created a variety of bridge forms and gradually formed their own characteristics. Specifically, they have the following characteristics:

(1) Regionality. Our country has a vast land, and the bridges between the north and the south and the east and west have formed their own relatively independent styles and characteristics due to the influence of the natural geography and human society where they are located. For example, in the northern Central Plains and the Yellow River Basin, the terrain is relatively flat and there are few rivers and water areas. People mostly rely on mules, horses, carts or push carts to transport supplies. Therefore, the bridges here are mostly wide and majestic stone arch bridges and stone beam bridges to facilitate the passage of ships under the bridges. In the northwest and southwest areas, the mountains are high, the rivers are strong, the valleys are deep, and the cliffs are steep, making it difficult to build bridge piers. Therefore, rattan is often used. Use strips, bamboo ropes, logs and other mountainous materials to build rope suspension bridges or outrigger wooden beam bridges; the coastal areas of Lingnan, Fujian and Guangdong are rich in hard granite stones, so stone bridges are everywhere; and in Yunnan minority areas, bamboo is used In abundance, unique bamboo bridges of all kinds can be seen everywhere. Judging from the style of the bridges, the bridges in the north look rough and simple like the people in the north; the bridges in the south look smart and light like the people in the south. Of course, this is also closely related to physical geography. For example, rivers in the north change greatly due to water flow and are impacted by flash floods and ice, so bridges must be thick and stable; while rivers in the south have gentler water conditions and must be easy to navigate, so The bridge is relatively slender and beautiful.

(2) Diversity. Our country is a country with ancient civilization, a vast territory, rich resources, beautiful mountains and rivers, and great differences in geology and landforms between the north and the south, so the technical requirements for bridge construction are also high. Around the Han Dynasty, the four basic types of bridges: beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge, and arch bridge were all produced. These four types of bridges have evolved according to their different building materials and structural forms: wooden bridge, stone bridge, brick bridge, bamboo bridge, salt bridge, ice bridge, rattan bridge, iron bridge, reed bridge, stone pillar bridge, stone bridge, etc. Pier bridge, overflow bridge, cantilever bridge, covered bridge, wind and rain bridge, bamboo bridge, stone slab bridge, opening and closing bridge, zipline bridge, triangular arch bridge, pointed arch bridge, round arch bridge, continuous arch bridge, solid belly Arch bridges, flat arch bridges, free-arch bridges, rainbow bridges, channel bridges, curved bridges, towpath bridges, cross bridges, plank roads, flying pavilions, etc., are almost all available. All forms of ancient bridges can be found in our country.

(3) Versatility. When building bridges in ancient my country, craftsmen paid great attention to maximizing the effectiveness of the bridge. They not only considered adapting to local conditions and practicality, but also considered making the bridge as multi-functional as possible.

For example, most of the arch bridges in the south of the Yangtze River are flat at both ends and have a high arch in the middle, which not only creates a beautiful arc in shape, but also facilitates boating. The corridor-style bridges that are widely seen in the south more fully reflect the multi-purpose characteristics of a bridge. In the south, it rains more and the sun shines more, so bridge builders built corridor houses on the bridge. This not only provided pedestrians with a place to take a break from the wind, rain and sunshine, but also increased the weight of the bridge to prevent the bridge from being washed away by floods and played a role. Protect wooden beams and iron cables from corrosion by wind and rain. In particular, many such covered bridges are used as markets, accommodations and commercial activities because they are important points for people to pass by. For example, the Xiangzi Bridge in Chao'an County, Guangdong Province is more than 500 meters long. It is known as "one mile long bridge, one mile city". There is a section of pontoon bridge that can be opened and closed in the middle of the bridge to facilitate navigation; a corridor is built on the bridge. There is a market behind the house and building, and the shops are lined up there. From morning to dusk, it is bustling and bustling, and you can't even hear the roaring tide and the wide river. Therefore, there is a joke among the people: "Go to Xiangqiao and ask for Xiangqiao" < /p>

(4) Public welfare. Since its birth, bridges have appeared as a social property belonging to the people. Traditional buildings in our country are generally private, except for bridges (except in private gardens). (excluding bridges), whether they are built by the government or privately, they are all owned by the society. Therefore, for thousands of years, loving bridges and protecting roads has become a good custom, and "building bridges and paving roads" is a charitable act that benefits the public and is favored by the people. Therefore, bridge repair or bridge construction has a broad mass character. Looking at historical records, there are roughly four ways of building bridges in our country: one is private construction, that is, one family builds a bridge independently; This type of construction is most common by raising funds and reporting to the government for support, such as the famous Zhaozhou Bridge and Quanzhou Luoyang Bridge, which were all built in this way; the third is official-initiated private construction, initiated by local officials and gentry. They pledged money and assigned officials or business gentry to take charge of the completion. These were mostly larger bridges; fourth, they were all funded by the government. Therefore, ancient bridges were built all over the country, even in remote areas. , the most widely distributed, ranking first in the world

3. The occurrence and development of bridges

Before man-made bridges, many natural bridges were formed due to the influence of crustal movement or other natural phenomena. Natural bridge forms. Such as the stone beam bridge across the waterfall in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang, the stone arch bridge (Xianren Bridge) formed by natural erosion in Guixi, Jiangxi, and the "single-plank bridge" formed by naturally fallen tree trunks by the river. Or the natural "suspension bridge" formed by the entanglement of vines on both sides of the river. Human beings were inspired by these natural bridges, and they continued to imitate nature in the process of survival. At first, they probably used a piece of wood to live on a small river, or to live in a clan. Some single-plank bridges were built on the trenches around the group (the reason why the bridge was originally called "beam" may be because of the cross beams), or in narrow and shallow streams, stones were used to cushion one after another. The stone pedals above the water form a simple "jumping pier" stone beam bridge (this original bridge style is often imitated in the back garden, and is called "Tingbu Bridge" or "Stepping Bridge"). These "single-plank bridges" and "jumping pier bridges". "It is the most primitive bridge built by mankind. Later, with the development of social productivity, it continued to evolve from low-level to high-level, and various span-span bridges gradually emerged.

The bridges in our country are roughly It has gone through four stages of development. The first stage is mainly the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, including the previous historical era. This is the founding period of the ancient bridge. In addition to the original single-plank bridge and Tingbu Bridge, the bridges at this time mainly include beam bridges and bridges. There are two forms of floating bridges. At that time, due to the backward productivity level, most of them could only be built in areas where the terrain was flat, the river was not wide, and the water flow was gentle. The bridges could only be small wooden beam bridges, and technical problems were easier to solve on the water surface. On wider rivers with faster currents, pontoons are often used.

The second stage is mainly from the Qin and Han Dynasties, including the Warring States and the Three Kingdoms, and is the period of creation and development of ancient bridges. The Qin and Han Dynasties were a dazzling development stage in the history of Chinese architecture. At this time, not only bricks, an artificial building material, were invented, but also arch structures with masonry structural systems as the theme were created, thus creating prerequisites for the emergence of arch bridges later. The emergence of iron tools during the Warring States Period also promoted the multi-faceted use of stone in construction, so that new components such as stone pillars, stone beams, and stone bridge decks were added to the bridge on the basis of the original wooden beam bridge. Not only that, its great significance lies in the fact that the stone arch bridge came into being. The creation of the stone arch bridge played an epoch-making role in the history of ancient Chinese bridge construction in terms of practicality, economy, and aesthetics.

The great development of stone beam and stone arch bridges not only reduces maintenance costs and extends the service life of the bridge, but also improves the scientific level of structural theory and construction technology. Therefore, the use of building stones and the emergence of arch technology in the Qin and Han Dynasties was actually a major revolution in the history of bridge construction. Therefore, judging from some literature and archaeological data, around the Eastern Han Dynasty, the four basic bridge types of beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge had all been formed.

The third stage is dominated by the Tang and Song Dynasties, including the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Sui Dynasty, and the Five Dynasties period. This was the heyday of the development of ancient bridges. The national power of the Sui and Tang Dynasties was stronger than that of the Qin and Han dynasties. The Tang and Song dynasties achieved stability and unity for a long time. Industry and commerce, transportation and science and technology were very developed, making it the most advanced country in the world at that time. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, due to the migration of a large number of Han noble officials to the south, the economic center moved from the Yellow River Basin to the Yangtze River Basin, which led to great economic development in the southeastern water network area. The great economic and technological development in turn stimulated the great development of bridges. Therefore, many world-famous bridges were created at this time, such as the open-shoulder stone arch bridge-Zhaozhou Bridge pioneered by stonemason Li Chun in the Sui Dynasty, the stacked-beam wooden arch bridge-Hongqiao invented by Feizi in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the raft-shaped foundation created by Memorizing , the Wan'an Bridge in Quanzhou with oyster-planted piers, the Xiangzi Bridge in Chaozhou, Guangdong, which combines the stone beam bridge of the Southern Song Dynasty with a retractable floating bridge. These bridges enjoy a high reputation in the history of bridges in the world, especially the Zhaozhou Bridge. Similar bridges appeared seven centuries later in other countries in the world. Throughout the history of bridges in China, almost all major inventions and achievements, as well as bridges that can compete with the world's number one, were created at this time.

The fourth stage is the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. This is the saturated period of bridge development, with almost no major creations and technological breakthroughs. The main achievement at this time was the repair and transformation of some ancient bridges, and many construction instructions for bridge construction were left behind, providing a large amount of written materials for future generations. In addition, some arduous projects such as the Wannian Bridge in Nancheng, Jiangxi Province and the Panjiang Bridge in Guizhou during the Ming Dynasty were also completed. At the same time, many cable bridges have been built in the Sichuan and Yunnan regions, and cable bridge construction technology has also improved. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, that is, in 1881, with the opening of my country's first railway, another technological revolution in the history of my country's bridges ushered in.

4. Types and forms of bridges

The types of bridges, if divided by the main materials for building bridges, include wood, stone, brick, bamboo, rattan, iron, salt, Ice bridge and so on.

Wooden bridges are the earliest form of bridges. Almost all bridges in my country before the Qin and Han Dynasties were wooden bridges. Such as the earliest single-plank bridges and wooden pillar-beam bridges. Floating bridges appeared around the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and column-arranged wooden beam bridges and outrigger-type wooden beam bridges appeared around the Warring States period. However, due to the characteristics of wood itself, such as pine, which is perishable and is subject to the strength and length of the material, it is not only difficult to build bridges on wide rivers, but also difficult to build strong and durable bridges. Therefore, the Northern and Southern Dynasties began to Replaced by mixed wood and stone or stone bridges.

Stone bridges and brick bridges. Generally speaking, it refers to a bridge whose deck structure is also made of stone or bricks. However, bridges made of pure bricks are very rare. They are usually constructed of a mixture of bricks, wood, or masonry, while stone bridges are more common. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, stone pier and wooden beam span-type bridges appeared. In the Western Han Dynasty, they further developed into stone pillar-type stone beam bridges. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, single-span stone arch bridges appeared. In the Sui Dynasty, the world's first open-shoulder single-span bridge was created. Hole curved stone arch bridge, Li Zhaode built a boat-shaped pier porous stone beam bridge in the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty was a period of vigorous development of large-scale stone bridges, creating stone beam bridges spanning several miles across the intersection of rivers and seas, such as Quanzhou's Luoyang Bridge and Ping'an Bridge, as well as large-scale stone bridges such as Beijing's Lugou Bridge and Suzhou's Baodai Bridge. arch bridge.

Bamboo bridge and rattan bridge. Mainly found in the south, especially in the southwest. Generally it is only used on narrow rivers or as temporary crossings. In the early days, it was mainly a kind of cable bridge. In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the bamboo zipline bridge was called "Zuo Bridge". Later, bamboo cable bridges, bamboo pontoon bridges and bamboo plank bridges appeared. Iron bridges, in ancient times, included iron cable bridges and iron pillar bridges. The former belongs to the cable bridge type, which is more common, and appeared around the Tang Dynasty; the latter belongs to the beam bridge type, and is actually a hybrid bridge of wood and iron, which is very rare, with one example seen in Jiangxi.

Salt Bridge and Ice Bridge. Mainly found in special natural environments. The former is mainly found in the Qinghai Salt Lake area, and the latter is mainly found in the cold northern areas.

If divided by the structure and appearance of bridges, there are four basic types: beam bridges, pontoon bridges, cable bridges and arch bridges.

Beam bridge. Also known as flat bridge and empty span bridge, it is a bridge with piers as horizontal distance supports, and then the beams are erected and the bridge deck is flat.

This is the most commonly used type of bridge, and it appeared earlier than other bridge types in history. It comes in the form of wood, stone or a mixture of wood and stone. In the pre-Qin Dynasty, beam bridges all used wooden pillars as piers. However, this wooden pillar and wooden beam structure showed its weaknesses very early and could not adapt to the development of the situation. Therefore, they were replaced by stone pillar and wooden beam bridges, such as the multi-span long bridges built in the Qin and Han Dynasties: Wei Bridge, Ba Bridge, etc. Around the time of the Han Dynasty, pile foundation technology was invented, and stone bridge piers appeared, indicating that bridges composed of wood and stone could span wider rivers and withstand the impact of raging floods. However, because the wooden beams on the stone piers were not resistant to wind and rain erosion, bridge houses were built on the bridge to protect the bridge body. This bridge type (covered bridge) was later more common in the south, but it was first seen in the Yellow River Basin. Small and medium-sized stone beams or stone slab bridges are convenient in structure, durable in materials, and labor-saving in maintenance. They are the most popular bridge shape among the people. Especially after the Southern Song Dynasty, they became very popular in Quanzhou, Fujian, and many long stone beams were created. bridge. If a beam bridge has no piers in the middle, it is called a single-span beam bridge; if there is a pier in the water so that the bridge body forms two holes, it is called a double-span beam bridge; if there are more than two piers, it is called a multi-span beam bridge.

Floating bridge. Also known as pontoon bridge, floating boat, or floating truss, it is also called "war bridge" because it is easy to erect and is often used for military purposes. Bridges on the water) are linked together on the water, and the boats are covered with planks for people and horses to pass. If a bridge in the strict sense is marked by a span and piers, then it is not a bridge in the full sense. Floating bridges are mainly built in places where the river surface is too wide, too deep, or where there are large fluctuations, making it difficult for ordinary wooden and stone column beam bridges to help. There are many pillars or iron cows, iron mountains, stone gates, stone lions, etc. on both sides of the pontoon to tie the cables. The Tianjin Bridge built on Luoshui River in Luoyang in the first year of Sui Dynasty was the first pontoon bridge to use iron chains to connect ships. Floating bridges are still commonly used in southern my country such as Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Guangxi and other places.

The advantages of pontoon bridges: First, construction is fast. In the second year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1852 AD), the Taiping Army besieged Wuchang and built two pontoon bridges across the Yangtze River in just one night. Second, the construction cost is low. Zou Shouyi of the Ming Dynasty once compared stone bridges and floating bridges in "Repairing the Fenglin Floating Bridge": "If you use a stone beam bridge, it will cost a thousand gold, but if you use a floating bridge, it will cost five hundred gold. It can be determined according to needs. "Third, it can be opened and closed at will, and it is easy to dismantle and erect. The disadvantage is that it has a small load capacity, fluctuates with the waves, and has a weak ability to withstand floods. It often needs to be dismantled in time and needs to be taken care of. The management is cumbersome. The boat, bridge deck and mooring cables need to be repaired and replaced frequently, and maintenance is required. Expensive. Therefore, the final destination of many floating bridges develops into wooden beam bridges, stone beam bridges or stone arch bridges.

Rope bridge. Also known as suspension bridge, rope bridge, suspension bridge, etc., it is a bridge suspended with bamboo ropes, rattan ropes, iron ropes, etc. as the backbone. They are mostly built on steep banks and dangerous valleys where the water flow is fast and it is difficult to build bridge piers. They are mainly found in the southwest region. The method is to build a house on both sides of the bank, with a rope-tying column and a rope-twisting column in each house, and then use a number of thick ropes to tie them flat, and then lay wooden boards across the ropes, and some also add one or two ropes on both sides. as a handrail. It first appeared in the Qin and Han Dynasties. For example, Qin Libing built a Zuo Bridge in the southwest of Yizhou (now Chengdu), Sichuan, also known as "Yili Bridge", which was a bamboo cable bridge. Famous existing ones include the Luding Iron Cable Bridge and the Guanxian Bamboo Cable Bridge built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Crossing the cable bridge feels very thrilling, just as the ancients described crossing the cable bridge: "A person is suspended in mid-air, crossing a ravine. If he doesn't stop for a moment, he will fall into a bottomless valley." Zhimeng, a monk in the Tang Dynasty, said: "If you can't see the bottom, you will be shadowed. "In fact, it is actually safe to cross the bridge, just as "Xu Xiake's Travels" commented on the Panjiang Bridge in Guizhou: "It seems to be floating when you look at it, but it is still standing when you practice it."

It appeared relatively late in the history of bridges in our country, but once the arch bridge structure was adopted, it developed rapidly and became the most vital bridge type among ancient bridges. Even today, it still has broad prospects for continued development. Arch bridges can be divided into stone arches, brick arches and wooden arches. Among them, brick arch bridges are extremely rare and are only occasionally used in temples or gardens. The most common one is the stone arch bridge, which can be divided into single arch, double arch and multiple arch. The number of arches depends on the width of the river. Generally, the arch in the middle should be particularly tall, and the arches on both sides should be slightly smaller. According to the shape of the arch, it can be divided into five sides, semicircle, pointed arch, flat arch, etc. The bridge deck is usually paved with stone slabs and the bridge sides are made of stone railings. The image of the arch bridge was first seen on the portrait bricks of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was produced by the development of the outrigger wood and stone beam bridge and was influenced by the shapes of tomb arches, water pipes, etc. Documentary records can be found in the "Shui Jing Zhu" of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The earliest existing object and the most representative one is the Zhaozhou Bridge designed and built by Li Chun in the Sui Dynasty.

For the issuance of certificates for stone arch bridges, after the Ming Dynasty, especially in the Qing Dynasty, it was popular to use whole coupons, that is, "barrel issuance".

In addition, other special shapes include flying pavilions and plank roads, channel bridges and towpath bridges, as well as curved bridges, fish pond flying beams and Fengshui bridges.

"Flying Pavilion", also known as Pavilion Road, Fudao, is an overpass. Cross passages between pavilions in ancient palaces. "Sanfu Huangtu": "On the west side of the palace (referring to the Central Palace in the late Han Dynasty), a flying pavilion was built across the city to build Zhang Palace, and a chariot road was built up and down." The palaces of the Qin and Han Dynasties were connected by pavilion roads, because there were Tao, so it is called Fu Tao. Qin Shihuang's Pavilion Road leads from Epang Palace to Lishan Mountain, with a pedestrian bridge and a vehicular bridge under it. It can be called the earliest overpass in China. "Plank Road", also known as Zhange, Qiaoge, is a single-arm wooden beam bridge. In steep areas of the mountainous areas, there are wooden roads.

"Channel Bridge" is both a water diversion channel and a bridge for pedestrians. That is to say, a ditch was built on the bridge to divert water. For example, the Huiyuan Bridge in Hongdong County, Shanxi was built in the Jin Dynasty. Therefore, there is still a slang term among Shanxi people: "bridge on water, water on bridge". "Towpath Bridge" is a long ribbon-shaped bridge parallel to the river built to facilitate fiber pulling. It is more common in canal areas in Zhejiang. Some are one to two kilometers or even five or six kilometers long. For example, there is a "hundred-hole Guantang" towpath bridge in Ruanshe, Shaoxing. It was built during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. The bridge is more than 380 meters long and has 115 spans. The bridge deck is made of three strips. It is made of stones, with a flat bottom connected to the water.

"Curved bridge" is a unique bridge style in gardens, so it is also called garden bridge. Bridges, paths, and corridors are all passages for visitors to enjoy the scenery in the garden. "Scenery is better than a curve." Therefore, bridges in gardens are often made with folded corners, such as the Jiuqu Bridge, to form a folded line that swings back and forth and looks left and right, thereby extending the scenery and enlarging the landscape. Curved bridges are generally composed of stone slabs and railings. The stone slabs are slightly higher than the water surface and the railings are low, making the bridge seem to be separated from the water surface and the space seems to be separated but not separated. It has a particularly implicit and endless meaning.

5. Bridge Materials and Structure

The structure of bridges, except for the more primitive single-plank bridges, Tingbu bridges and pontoon bridges, is generally composed of a span-span part and a span-span support part. , that is, the bridge pier and the bridge body.

(1) Beam bridges can be divided into wooden beam bridges and stone beam bridges according to the materials used and construction conditions. "Wood beam bridges" include wooden beams and wooden pillar bridges, wooden beams and stone pillar bridges, wooden beams and stone pier bridges, and wooden brace bridges. Among them, "wooden beam and stone pillar bridges" are developed from the original wooden bridges such as wooden beams and wooden pillars.

"Stone beam bridge" includes stone beam and stone pillar bridge, stone beam and stone pier bridge, stone outrigger bridge (similar to wooden outrigger bridge), three-sided stone beam bridge, overflowing stone beam bridge, and stone slab flat bridge (Most commonly seen in garden "curved bridges" and "towpath bridges"). Among them, the "stone beam and stone pier bridge" is the most common. This kind of bridge goes a step further than using stone piers and wooden beams, and avoids the shortcomings of wooden beam bridge decks that are prone to decay and often require repairs.

There is also a type of bridge that is combined with a pontoon bridge, which is the "opening and closing bridge". The middle pontoon can be opened and closed as needed. Such as the Xiangzi Bridge in Chao'an County. Its east and west ends are stone beam bridges, and eighteen wooden boats are used to form a pontoon bridge in the middle to connect them to facilitate the drainage of floods and the purpose of "passing through huge ships and discharging wooden rafts".

(2) Arch bridges, according to their structural conditions and the arc and arrangement of the arches, can be divided into: steep and flat arch arch bridges, pointed arch and round arch arch bridges, continuous arch and fixed-end arch bridges Arch bridges, single-hole and multi-hole arch bridges, solid-web and hollow-web arch bridges, Hong Bridge, etc. The arcs of its arches include semicircles, horseshoes, full circles, pot bottoms, egg circles, ellipses, parabolic circles and folded edges. The arrangement forms include parallel and horizontal connections. Among them, the horizontal connection type is the most used and is derived from There are two types of bordered horizontal coupons and framed horizontal coupons.

(3) Cable bridges, according to the use of ropes of different textures, transitions and structural forms, can be divided into bamboo cables, iron cables, rattan cables and zipline bridges, city defense suspension bridges, as well as single cable and double cable bridges. , multi-cable mesh bridge, parallel multi-cable bridge, etc.

6. The Art and Literature of Bridges

The natural beauty of landscapes is a favorite of Chinese writers and artists. As Dong Changqi, a great artist of the Ming Dynasty, said, "Poetry takes mountains and rivers as its environment, and mountains and rivers also form poetry's environment." A bridge is a building erected between mountains and rivers. It has stood in nature for a long time, and has become an embellishment and beautification of the landscape. A natural member. Wherever there are mountains and rivers, there will naturally be bridges. The bridges themselves are also a fusion of practicality and art, such as the straightness of the bridge, the soaring air of the cable bridge, the charm of the pontoon bridge, the shadow of the arch bridge, etc., which originally swayed the style of art. Therefore, the British Mr. Joseph Needham said: "There is no Chinese bridge that is less beautiful, and many of them are extremely beautiful.

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The artistry of my country’s bridges is mainly reflected in two aspects, namely modeling style and decorative craftsmanship. Modeling style is mainly reflected in soft curves, rhythmic coordination and majesty. And some small beams and thin bridges in Jiangnan water towns , it is even more reminiscent of the poetic and picturesque atmosphere of "small bridges and flowing water, people's homes"

Bridge decoration is generally not very developed in our country, and is mainly reflected in stone bridges, and its parts are roughly in people's eyes. It is an easy place to stop and observe. For example, the common ones include dragons, phoenixes, lions, elephants, and rhinoceroses, as well as rabbits, monkeys, horses, dogs, clouds, lotuses, grasses, etc. There are also a few reliefs of river gods and warriors. and characters and stories. For example, the head of the river god is embossed on the flower wall of Yongtong Bridge in Zhao County, Hebei Province, the chilong and the lion head are embossed on the railings of Zhaozhou Bridge, the stone lions on the pillars of Marco Polo Bridge in Beijing, etc. . These stone carvings are of exquisite craftsmanship and are often closely related to folk customs and myths and legends, such as the dragon that controls water, the rhinoceros that divides water, and the mythical beast that subdues water monsters, etc., thus forming the unique style of our country's bridge art.

In addition, many bridges in our country often have many ancillary buildings on the bridge or the bridge head. The buildings on the bridge play the role of anti-corrosion and foundation pressing of the wooden bridge, and later become the combination of the bridge and the bridge head. The building serves as a symbol of the bridge's entrance and exit, and also plays the role of setting off, guarding and decorating the bridge.

The Marco Polo Bridge is a national key cultural relic protection unit located in Wanping City, Fengtai District, southwest of Beijing. Yongding River. It was built in the 29th year of Dading in the Jin Dynasty (1189) and rebuilt in the 3rd year of the Ming Dynasty (1192). It is the oldest existing stone arch bridge in Beijing and is 212.2 meters long. meters and 7.5 meters wide. There are railings and pillars on both sides, and 492 large and small stone lions are carved on the pillars. The bridge has 11 holes, and the piers and arches are all fixed in the shape of a boat. , facing the water, there are two pairs of Chinese watches on each end of the bridge, and a stone tablet on each side. One is a tablet for the bridge construction during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and the other is a tablet inscribed by Emperor Qianlong "Lugou Xiaoyue", which is one of the "Eight Scenic Spots of Yanjing". To the east of the bridge is Wanping City. On July 7, 1937, the Japanese army shelled the Marco Polo Bridge and attacked Wanping City. This was the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War. This was the famous "Margou Bridge Incident", and the remains of that year can still be seen on the bridge. Bullet marks.

Zhaozhou Bridge, also known as Anji Bridge, is located on the Qingshui River five miles south of Zhao County, Hebei Province. It is not only the first stone arch bridge in China, but also the largest stone arch bridge in China. The world's first stone arch bridge. The literati of the Tang Dynasty praised the bridge as "the first clouds rise over the moon, and the rainbow flows over the stream."

This bridge was built from 605 to 618 AD in the Sui Dynasty by an ordinary man. Built by Li Chun, a stonemason, it has a history of more than 1,350 years. Over the long years, it has survived countless floods, wind and rain, ice, snow, wind and frost, and eight earthquakes. On the Qingshui River.

The Zhaozhou Bridge designed by Li Chun is 50.82 meters long and 9.60 meters wide. The clear span of the large arch is 37.37 meters long and the arch height is 7.23 meters. He considered that in order to make the slope of the bridge deck small, the ratio of the bridge height to the span should be 1:5, which would facilitate pedestrians and vehicles; the high arch would also facilitate boating under the bridge. He also made two small arches on each shoulder of the big arch, making the entire bridge look particularly balanced and symmetrical, which not only facilitates flood discharge during the rainy season, but also saves building materials. Its structure is majestic, ingenious, and well-organized, and has been imitated by later generations. The bridge deck designed by Li Chun is straight and divided into three sections, with carriages and horses in the middle and pedestrians on both sides, which not only maintains order but also prevents traffic accidents. It can be seen that more than 1,300 years ago, when the technology was very backward, it was really rare that Li Chun, an ordinary stonemason, had such superb skills.

The stone materials and stone masonry techniques used by Li Chun are unique. He used rectangular stones, each weighing about one ton. In the Sui Dynasty more than 1,350 years ago, it was very difficult for Li Chun to transport such heavy stones without cranes and cranes. This fully demonstrates the great wisdom of our country's working people. It can be seen how much effort and price Li Chun paid!

Li Chun led other craftsmen to chisel fine diagonal lines on each face of the stone so that the stones can interlock and fasten together. The entire bridge is composed of 28 independent stone arches juxtaposed longitudinally. He thought that this would allow each stone arch circle to carry its own load independently and facilitate repairs.

In order to strengthen the connection between the arch circles, he used nine iron beams to penetrate the back of the arch, and then embedded the waist iron between the arch stones, so that the bridge could be "kept and protected in a clever way and used in the world."

Finally, Li Chun organized skilled craftsmen to carve many exquisite classical carvings on the stone railings on both sides of the bridge, with delicate patterns, vigorous knife skills, flexible carvings, and various birds and animals. The dragon is soaring and the tiger is leaping, as if it is about to fly, and the image is lifelike. It can be called a masterpiece of sculpture art in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. This new type of bridge with arches on top of arches and "open-shoulder arches", such a layout, using such a giant span, and forming such a beautiful shape were the first of its kind in the world by Li Chun. In Europe, the Serret Bridge on the Teck River in France did not appear until the 14th century. However, it was more than 700 years later than the Zhaozhou Bridge in China, and it had long been destroyed by floods. Therefore, the Zhaozhou Bridge built by Li Chun is the only one that has survived for the longest time in the history of bridge construction in the world. It occupies an important position in the world and is quite valuable. This is the pride and pride of the Chinese people.

This Zhaozhou Bridge, which has a long history, unique structure, beautiful appearance and ranks first in the world, embodies Li Chun’s sweat and hard work. Li Chun became the first bridge expert in the history of architecture in China and even the world.

However, no more records were left about Li Chun’s life story. Even people from the Tang Dynasty after the Sui Dynasty only recorded a few words such as "the person who made the peculiar Zhaozhou Bridge was the Sui craftsman Li Chun". In the 13th year of Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty (726 AD), 100 years after the Zhaozhou Bridge was built, Zhang Shizhen briefly mentioned in the "Anji Bridge Inscription": "The Qingshui River Stone Bridge in Zhaozhou is the trace of Sui craftsman Li Chun. Strange, people don't know what they do." This shows that in feudal society, how many creations and inventions of the working people were buried.

What is particularly worth mentioning is that the foundation of Zhaozhou Bridge is very solid. Over the past 1,350 years, the subsidence level of the bridge foundations on both sides has only differed by 5 centimeters, which shows that the location selection of Li Chun Bridge was scientific and reasonable. The Zhaozhou Bridge foundation is built on the white coarse sand layer of the Qingshui River bed. There are neither piles nor other stones. The bridge abutment is only made of five layers of stones. The bridge foundation is very strong and the structure is simple. 1350 years ago, Li Chun dared to use such a natural foundation to bear the entire weight of the bridge. This shows that Li Chun had a profound understanding of engineering, mechanics, architecture, hydrology, geology, etc. Li Chun has so much scientific knowledge, which he undoubtedly obtained and accumulated from labor practice.

The world's tallest bridge - Millau Bridge

France has built the world's tallest bridge, towering 343 meters high among the clouds

December 11, 2004 0816

On December 9, clouds and fog in the Tarn River Valley in France passed under the Millau Viaduct.

The columns of the Millau Viaduct are 343 meters high, making it the tallest bridge in the world.

This bridge is located on the road from Paris, the French capital, to the Mediterranean region. Its inauguration ceremony will be held on December 14.

According to Japan's "Asahi Shimbun" report: France recently built the world's tallest bridge with a height of 343 meters in a canyon where the Taron River flows through in the Millau region in the south.

It is supported by 7 thick bridge piles and towers into the sky. It looks extremely spectacular from the photos. I don’t know whether the driver and passengers were happy to feel they were in the sky or nervous because they were afraid of falling when they passed the bridge.

It is reported that the bridge is part of the road connecting Paris and the Mediterranean coast. French President Chirac will personally attend the opening ceremony on the 14th of this month.

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Gymnastics Terminology

One of the basic terms for the bridge floor exercise movement. Refers to supporting the hands and feet, with the back of the body facing the support surface, and stretching into an arched posture as much as possible. There are bridges where one leg is supported by the other leg; bridges where one hand is supported; there are also forearm bridges, kneeling bridges, etc. Therefore bridges in other postures besides the basic bridge should be explained.