The expression form of drum

When it was formed, there was a wide debate and a lot of controversy. Some people think that it originated in the Northern Song Dynasty and was initiated by Zhao Lingchou, the king of Anding County at the end of the Song Dynasty. Some people say that it originated in Yuan Dynasty and developed from Yuan Qu. Some people think that it originated from the ancient capital and was born in the reproduction of the lyrics of Beijing octagonal drum.

According to textual research, Mu Shaotang, a Gansu scholar, first proposed that Lanzhou Drum Tower was built in the Northern Song Dynasty. The first batch of entries in Gaolan Guci collected by him in the fifth volume of A Brief History of the Qing Dynasty in Gansu and Ningxia are annotated as follows: "Zhao Lingchou, king of Anding County, was the founder of Guci in the late Song Dynasty". Then there is Mr. Zhang, who wrote in Notes on Ancient and Modern Lanzhou: "Drum is named after drum. The drum custom in Lanzhou is elegant and complicated, and one person sings solo, and there is still a lingering sound of Nanyin." However, both scholars talked about "drum words", but did not explicitly say whether "drum words" were Lanzhou drum words or Lanzhou drums, so the formulation was rather vague. It was Mr. Li Haizhou who really put forward this theory. He thinks: "The drum popular in Lanzhou was originally called drum words, also called ditty. It was created by Zhao Lingchou, the king of Anding County at the end of the Song Dynasty, that is, Su Shi called Zhao, founded the drums of the Shang Dynasty, and composed The West Chamber. " After liberation, he wrote: "Lanzhou Drum may have originated in Song Dynasty and flourished in Yuan and Ming Dynasties." So as to make this argument specific and clear, but he did not list several bases and did not elaborate further, which really could not convince readers. It was Mr. Wang Zhengqiang who made a systematic study of Lanzhou Drum and made a conclusion with detailed facts. In his book Research on Lanzhou Drum, he objected to the theory that it originated from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and thought that "although Lanzhou Drum has some Qupai of Yuanqu, it cannot be said that it originated from the Yuan Dynasty in general, or that Yuanqu is the direct ancestor of Lanzhou Drum. This is like the age of trees is not equal to the time of making wooden tools, and the kiln of bricks is not equal to the date of building completion. " When talking about the origin of Qupai Quben, he said: "For its 48 Qupai, even including various variations of each Qupai aria, we can not only find out its own context from the octagonal drum and Hu Mei and other similar local folk arts, but also find out a local folk tune." To this end, he put forward the argument that "Lanzhou Drum should be produced after the formation of Beijing Octagonal Drum and Shaanxi Hu Mei, and it should be said that it came from other places, not someone local". When talking about the formation of Lanzhou drum, he said: "Lanzhou drum, born out of Beijing octagonal drum, began to sing slowly in local entertainment places around the light year of the Qing Dynasty, that is, around 1830."

Gushu Qupai and Its Singing Form

The literary works of Lanzhou Guzi are vast and have a long history. According to Mr. Li Haizhou, someone once got 1.350 songbooks with ancient ballads. At present, his collection is only nearly 200 volumes. However, in modern times, there were only over 100 songs sung by Song Di. Compared with other folk art, Lanzhou drum pays more attention to leveling and even rhyming. A songbook, a verse. Lanzhou drum can't change its rhyme as frequently as fast-writing and tanci, but it's a Song book, and it only uses one rhyme from beginning to end, and it doesn't change its rhyme or rhyme in the middle. According to the theme, it can be divided into two categories: Wen Qu (singing softly) and Wu Qu (singing hard). Soft singing is widely used in Wen Qu. Wen Qu, also known as "love song", mainly focuses on talents and beautiful women. Such as Great Kindness, Exclusive Flowers and Little Nun Down the Mountain. Rigid lip-synching is generally used to sing Wu Qu. Wu Qu is also called "hero song", such as Song Wu Beats Tiger, Yan Qing Beats Time, Nihe Rescue, Respecting Morality, Visiting Caotang, etc. Traditional plays are mainly heroes, folk stories and historical legends. The words are profound in meaning, rigorous in format and euphemistic in narration. For example, the lyrics in Love Debt say, "From that day on, I was worried about my slave every day. I'm too lazy to photograph my diamond glasses for you. I am too lazy to go to the dresser for you. I'm too lazy to change your dress. I'm too lazy to put embroidered shoes on you. Who is to blame for my appearance? Who is responsible for my spirit? You don't care about my marital love. Why don't you come back? Last season, when the peaches and plums were not in bloom, you said you would come back as soon as you left. Today, the begonia withered, and the Huang Ju flower was defeated. The golden wind of buttonwood leaves blew all over the steps, and when I looked through the autumn water, I couldn't see the abomination. Why don't you sit alone and cry? Why didn't your heart turn? Because you are too bad, you will see when you will be heartless. "

According to its organizational procedures and connection forms, Lanzhou Drum Qupai can be divided into two major cavity systems: Drum and Yuediao. They always include 48 kinds of qupai, most of which are derived from two to five kinds of subtle changes in their uses, word forms and tunes, which constitute very rich and complex professional knowledge for expressing emotions. Such as the sadness in Border Pass and Soyaro, and the joy and joy in A Little Oil, Taiping Year, Yangko and Urgent Appeal. There are also various uses to describe the plot, such as "poem signing", "pomegranate flower", "wind blowing" and "broken bridge", which are enough for people to use at their discretion in a fairly affluent range. Qupai is elegant and melodious, ethereal and free-spirited, quiet and serene, which is suitable for expressing various thoughts and feelings such as happiness, anger, sadness and joy.

The traditional Lanzhou drum singing method generally adopts the form of sitting singing, with one person singing and everyone helping. In 1950s, professional groups made it into a drum drama "Three Difficult Grooms" for singing, but unfortunately it didn't persist for various reasons. Until the 1990s, Gaolan Drum once again boarded the elegant hall of the National Art Festival.

Drum is mainly composed of three strings, supplemented by dulcimer, banhu, erhu, guzheng, pipa, flute, bangzi, bell, octagonal drum and porcelain dish. The triad method is adopted, namely 15 1. There are three methods to determine the chord besides cross-chord: one is the flat chord determination method, that is, 563, which is a special chord for flat tuning, such as Entering Lanfang, Four Great Scenery and Embroidered Pocket; The second method is to determine the chord of the sea string, that is, 152. This string, also called "Three Wonders", is only used to accompany "The Black Dragon Crys at the Sea", so it is called the sea string; The third is the official tuning method, that is, 5 14, which is only accompanied by the tune of "Crying Five Tables". These three tuning methods are relatively old, and few people can sing flat and sea tones, so they are almost lost. Generally, the pitch is determined according to the actor's range. Generally, the commonly used keys are D key (commonly known as oral key) and bE key (commonly known as one key), and individual actors can also set F key, C key or C key (commonly known as Fanzi key). Artists also use soft keys and hard keys to express keys with ascending and descending symbols, such as bE keys, which are called hard keys. The Formation, Development and Distribution of Gaolan Drum

Tongzhi and Guangxu periods in Qing Dynasty were the heyday of Lanzhou drum. Not only teahouses and wineries in Jincheng have become a common practice, but also nearby villages are often used as wedding and birthday songs. In particular, the spread of non-professional artists expanded to suburban counties outside Lanzhou. As the first county in Gansu Province, Gaolan County naturally became one of the areas where Lanzhou drums were formed, developed and spread. Wang San (1858—1899) of Shuifu Village, Shuifu Township, got to know the drummer Zhu Ye (whose name is unknown), worshipped Zhu Ye as a teacher, and invited Zhu Ye to teach in Shuifu. The disciples he brought out were Wang Xiyuan, Wang Keyuan and Wang Keyuan. Wei (1904- 1987) in Nanzhuang Village, Ishikawa Township has more opportunities to contact Liu Erqi because her stepmother is from Ishikawa. In the winter of the 23rd year of the Republic of China (1934), Liu Erqi held a temple fair to rebuild Wuquan Mountain. He introduced Ishikawa, Wei Zhiping and Wei Jianjing to Wuquan Mountain to listen to drums. Since then, he has devoted himself to learning drum art, often going in and out of teahouses and restaurants, focusing on three strings, playing flat strings, sea strings and crossing strings, knowing a lot of cards and being quite famous in Jincheng. Wei (1898- 1963), an old stork village in Shuifu Township, was once a teacher who learned to sing drums. 1956 was received by Governor Deng Baoshan. Niu Deqian (1947- 1989) loved drum art all his life, and he could play and sing. He studied under Luo Wanyuan, a famous artist in Lanzhou, and sang in teahouses in Baitashan, Huangmiao and Shuangchengmen, which was well received. Peng (1922- 196 1 year) was born in Fengdeng Village, Zhonghe Town. Singing drums in Lanzhou in his early years was ridiculed by some people. Because of this, he is determined to learn the drum set well. He specially worshipped Cui Xiaolin, his uncle in Cuijiazhuang, Anning, Lanzhou, as a teacher. He learned to sing drums and learn silverware making techniques, and he was proficient in both aspects. 1955, when singing in Baita Mountain again, it was well received by famous drummers. Yang Lianyuan (who died before liberation), majiawan, Heishikawa Township, not only played the piano and sang, but also invited friends. He often sang in Shuifu, Shui Yuan, Shichuan, Yanchangbao, Baitashan and other places for several days, bringing out more than 20 disciples. The above six people are the main figures who introduced drums to Gaolan County.

It has been 130 years since Lanzhou drums were introduced to Gaolan. There are many singers who can play and sing in Gaolan, which are distributed in four towns today, especially Shuifu, Ishikawa, Zhonghe, Shidong and Blackstone. In particular, the elderly cherish love and regard it as a treasure of folk culture, and their interest in it is no less than that of Mei Jia and Qin Opera. Drum artists go from village to village and spread widely. In addition, amateur self-help classes have sprung up in various villages, and a large number of excellent drummers have emerged, making them popular songs for straight men, women and children.

At the beginning of the 20th century, drums have begun to take shape in Gaolan and become one of the main activities of various festivals. 1922, the material exchange meeting held in Shuifu Village lasted for fifteen days. During the period, apart from the performance of Shaanxi Opera by Shengli Society of Lanzhou Honest Red (Li Duoshan), Lanzhou drummers Zhong Ye, Zhang and Dou Jie were specially invited to sing and exchange skills with local artists. I heard forty or fifty good artists from all over the world, which is unprecedented. The fifties and sixties were the heyday of drum development, and the cultural life in this period was relatively poor. Singing drums has become the only choice for Gaolan folk artists. Leisure, festivals, weddings and funerals, rain and snow are the best opportunities for good families to invite friends and learn skills. A good artist takes a piece of coal, he carries a bottle of oil (kerosene for lighting) and comes to the singing place at night. It is common for them to sing all night for four or five nights in a row. Not only middle-aged and elderly people participate in singing, but also many women and young people fall in love with drums. A concert venue in a larger village simply can't meet the needs of good artists, such as Shuifu, Ishikawa and Zhuangzi Ping. At the same time, several venues are singing, and some good artists living in scattered places have to travel miles or more to sing. There are frequent exchanges between villages and towns. It is estimated that there were more than 1000 singers in the county at that time. During the "Cultural Revolution", the drum was regarded as "four old" and "spiritual garbage", criticized and banned from singing. The venue was turned into a "black society", and many organizers were labeled as "heads of black societies", resulting in a large number of precious materials being burned and musical instruments being handed in. Since then, the drum has been in a static state. Drum resurfaced in the 1980s and 1990s, during which although there were not as many singers as before, they were all really good musicians. In Shuifu and Ishikawa towns, where drums are concentrated, not only the number of singers has increased steadily, but also some common musical instruments such as Sanxian, dulcimer, guzheng and erhu have been added in instrumental music renewal. In recent years, the creative team has created works such as Ode to Gaolan, the leader of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, Gao Jiancheng, the hero of flood fighting, and Crossing a Good Horse in a Thousand Miles in Long Yuan, which have achieved good results in the singing of major festivals. With the strong support and guidance of the county and township cultural departments, the extensive participation and exchanges of fans, the participation of many young people with cultural interests, and the frequent performances of major festivals, Gaolan Drum has made a qualitative leap in instrument configuration, singing level and personnel structure, which greatly improved its popularity and made it go to the provincial capital, the whole country and abroad.

For more than a century, with the joint efforts of fans, Gaolan Drum has attracted the attention of the Ministry of Culture and relevant departments in the province. From 65438 to 0987, a team of eight people from the Yellow River Cultural Investigation Team of the Cultural Department of the Ministry of Culture learned about Lanzhou Drum in Shichuan. From June 5438 to 10, 2002, experts from the Provincial Art Research Institute made a special trip to Gaolan to learn about the local situation of Lanzhou Guzi, and prepared to receive the Gansu Volume of China Quyi Zhi. There are 469 drummers in Shuifu, Ishikawa, Zhonghe and Blackstone in Gaolan, and there are 206 drummers in Ishikawa alone, who often entertain themselves in the fields. To this end, the Gaolan County Cultural Center also established the Lanzhou Drum Association. Gaolan Drum has made brilliant achievements and participated in many influential and important activities on behalf of provinces, cities and counties. 1956, the whole province's "Hundred Flowers Blossom" cultural performance was held in Dingxi, and the county selected four drummers to participate in the singing. 1982, four artists from Shuifu Village participated in the recording work in the Provincial Department of Culture. During the period of 1984, artists from Shuifu Village completed audio and video recording in Lanzhou University at the invitation of musicians from Harvard University. During the period of 1994, the singers, mainly Shuifu and Ishikawa, participated in a ten-day performance, which was recorded and videotaped by the central, provincial and municipal radio stations and TV stations. In this performance, not only the old artists showed their unique skills, but also many rising stars emerged. 1996, the water diversion faucet created by Gaolan County won the second prize of the city's performance. In 2003, singers from Shuifu Village participated in a cultural temple fair hosted by the municipal government and performed in Wuquan Mountain for six days. Drum-telling is a kind of folk art form that focuses on speaking, sings in speaking, tells stories with drums and is accompanied by suona. Popular in Songzi, Gongan, Shishou, Jianli and other places. The older generation of artists believe that "talking about drums" evolved from "thorns" in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

Hubei Quzhong, also known as Jingzhou Shuogu. It is popular in Shishou, Songzi, Gongan and Jianli counties in Jingzhou, Hubei Province, and also in several counties adjacent to Shishou in Hunan Province. Legend has it that Drum Dance originated from China traditional opera music and was formed during Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty. Early artists were accompanied by China and martial arts scenes in the troupe. When they can't perform, they often get together in small groups and sing in the form of oratorios. Later, it gradually changed to solo. A person has mastered four musical instruments: suona, big drum, single cymbal and awakening wood, and sang at the invitation of farmers after the Spring Festival and autumn harvest. Later, some vagrants knocked on the door, lost the cymbals and awakened the wood. Now, in addition to the one-legged class, there are two or three people performing drum sets on the stage, starting with drum sets and rap, playing suona accompaniment, interrupting or answering words.

Speaking drums mainly means that singing in speaking often ends with two lines of singing after a rhythmic speaking, which is called "singing sand". After closing your mouth, play the melody of the next sentence again with suona, play a drum, and then start the next paragraph. Singing requires "singing like talking, talking like singing, rapping like a board, and speaking according to words." There are four kinds of aria: Xiang Lian, prodigal son, coloratura and cut. Among them, "Guo Gang" was formed by absorbing the music brand of the local opera "Xihuagu"; "Coloratura" includes folk tunes such as flying kites, beating pig grass, begging for money, lotus flowers and 30% off books. In addition, there are brand songs such as "Noisy Taiwanese Songs". Representative traditional songs include Mangdang Mountain, Wang Xier herding cattle, Bailuo Shirt, Double Happiness, Father Collection and so on.

The Daobai of drums can be divided into "scattered white" and "rhyme white", and "scattered white" belongs to the prose style of reading white, also known as "saying table"; "Bai Yun" has a certain rhythm and format, including seven sentences and "5575" sentences.

Singing and speaking drums is often "like singing and speaking, like singing and singing, with sound rap and clear pronunciation", and the transition from bar to bar is called "cutting off the rhyme and leading the way with the next rhyme (which can be changed)". The sentence patterns of segmentation are four, six, eight and ten.

It is said that drums can be adapted from operas and romance novels; Can sing folk stories; You can also sing social jokes and anecdotes. Its musical melody is close to spoken language, humorous and lively, with distinct rhythm.

"Xiang Lian" and "The Return of the Prodigal Son" are the main tunes of singing, and singing is generally composed of repeated changes of upper and lower phrases, so it is more flexible and free to sing. It used to be said that drums were usually told by one person, accompanied by suona and folk music such as erhu, pipa and dulcimer.

Mainly popular in Songzi, Gongan, Shishou and other counties and cities. It is said that drum is a very popular form of quyi, with strong expressive force, but few people can sing it.