In history, what aspects did Zhuge Liang's political talents show? What is his military talent?

(1) achievements in harnessing Sichuan

According to Chen Shou's "History of the Three Kingdoms"? Zhuge Liang Biography records that "Liu Bei died, his children were young and weak, and everything was smart." Therefore, Wu Dong is connected with the outside world, while South Vietnam is in inner peace. Legislation was applied, the army was organized, and the skills of machinery and tools were studied to the extreme. Strict science and education, rewards and punishments must be believed, no evil is not punished, no good is not obvious. As for officials, you can't rape them. People are self-indulgent and don't clean up their inheritance. The strong do not invade the weak, and the weathering is severe. "Thus, even if he is as serious and critical as Chen Shou, he is full of praise for Zhuge Liang's governance of Sichuan. In the priceless History of the Three Kingdoms, he used some words to describe Zhuge Liang's achievements in managing Sichuan.

(2) the consequences of governing Shu.

According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, when Shu died, "there were 280,000 households, 940,000 men and women, 102,000 armour soldiers, 40,000 officials, more than 400,000 meters, 200,000 gold and silver, and 200,000 silks, and the rest were called the foundation." There are 940,000 men and women, but Zhuge Liang has raised nearly 200,000 troops. There is a saying that "the advantages have been exhausted, and the disadvantages have been exhausted" in the "Model", and it has touched the public year after year. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang's burden on the people is absolutely not light. The early construction of Shu used harsh laws, but there was no rebellion in Shu!

(3) Zhuge Liang's memory

Pei quoted Xiangyang Ji: "When Xiao Chu died, everyone tried to build a temple, but the court refused to listen to the ceremony, and the people sacrificed to the Tao because of the season." It is obvious that people miss Zhuge Liang. According to the first chapter of the legendary swordsman, Chuantou was wrapped in white cloth and dressed in a blue robe, which was his deep love for Zhuge Wuhou. Therefore, under the Millennium, white cloth still does not go first. On the other hand, it can also be seen that Zhuge Liang won the hearts of Shu people in governing Shu.

To sum up, it can be seen that Zhuge Liang is successful in governing Shu, and Zhuge Liang's political ability is very strong. This point has also been recognized by various experts and scholars.

Two. Military aspects:

There is a lot of controversy about the military.

(1) Battle of Chencang.

This is the most controversial war in the military. It was in this first world war that Zhuge Liang, with tens of thousands of people, could not attack Chencang City, which was guarded by thousands of soldiers led by Wei General Zhao Hao. Because of this war, Zhuge Liang's military ability has been questioned to a great extent. In fact, there were similar examples in the Tang Dynasty. According to the old Tang book? "Biography of 54 Cases of Khan" contains: "In eight years, President Han attacked Shibao City with 100,000 herdsmen from Shuofang and Hedong." According to modern research, there are about 63,000 people under Geshuhan, and there are only a few hundred Tibetan defenders. At the cost of tens of thousands of casualties, Tang Jun finally occupied Shibao City as scheduled, and captured 400 Tubo generals such as Iron Blade Sinoro. With the national strength of the Tang Dynasty, Ge Wei, a generation of famous soldiers, was the commander in chief, and attacking a stone castle city guarded by only a few hundred people still cost tens of thousands of casualties. There are still more than 400 prisoners on the other side. Please note that it was tens of thousands of people who captured Shibao City! However, this war not only did not damage Geshuhan's reputation, but increased his rank and title. Relatively speaking, Zhuge Liang can't attack Chen Cangcheng, but it has become a reason for us to question his ability! Are we asking too much of Zhuge Liang? Besides, at this time, according to Zhang's research on the history of the Three Kingdoms? On Zhuge Liang, he thought the war was a hasty invasion and inadequate preparation. Zhuge Liang took the opportunity to send troops this time because Wei Bing's main force in Guanzhong moved to the east after the war of Shi Ting in Wu Wei, and Guanzhong was relatively empty. Compared with the hasty invasion of Shu, Wei Jun made full preparations. As early as Zhuge Liang's first withdrawal from the Northern Expedition, Cao Zhen, a famous Wei soldier, predicted that Zhuge Liang would send troops from Chencang, so he dispatched general Zhao Hao to defend the city early. Therefore, the Second War was actually an unfair war. It is an inevitable fact that the Shu army lost its right time, place and people. In addition, Zhuge Liang beheaded the famous Wei on his way home, which was not a complete failure.

(2) Wei Yan took Chang 'an directly.

When studying the History of the Three Kingdoms, Mr. Zhang agreed with Mr. Chen Shou's evaluation of Zhuge Liang's "short plan". The main reason was the first Northern Expedition, because Wei Yan's plan to attack Chang 'an was not adopted, which led to the failure of the Northern Expedition. I think geographically, Wei has three military points: Qishan, Xiangyang (near Wancheng) and Hefei. Qishan is near Chang 'an and Xiangyang (or Wancheng) is far away. These three areas are heavily stationed all the year round, even though Wei Yan laid Chang 'an and defended Tongguan in the east. Wei can also directly attack Tongguan from Luoyang or Hebei, Qinghai and Xuzhou, or enter Guanzhong from Bingzhou along the route of Cao Cao and Ma Chao. Sima Yi stationed in Wancheng can also be transferred from Wancheng to Tongguan to reinforce Guanzhong. If so, Wei will be in danger. It is precisely because Wei can go hand in hand in three ways! (Wei Bing * * * 500,000, Shu soldiers 65,438+100,000, the strength is very different, Shu army is siege) Zhuge Liang denied Wei Yan's proposal. Another reason for agreeing with Wei Yan's proposal is that Han Xin's marching route is the same as Wei Yan's, and Han Xin succeeded. However, this idea fails to see that the situation when Han Xin marched into Guanzhong was different from that when Zhuge Liang marched into Guanzhong. Han Xin marched into Guanzhong because Xiang Yu's main force was in Jianghuai, and there were no reinforcements in Guanzhong, or even if it was urgent, it didn't arrive immediately. Moreover, there are many forces against Xiang Yu in China, and the people in Guanzhong took refuge in Liu Bang. Zhuge Liang faced a unified north, and Wei's influence was deeply rooted with the efforts of three generations of Cao Cao and his son. (Although the residents in Guanzhong area are not very supportive of Cao, let alone Liu) So, I think Zhuge Liang's strategizing is short-lived, and it is not enough to deny Zhuge Liang's extraordinary military talent.

(3) Zhuge Liang Anguo and the Northern Expedition

Due to Guan Yu's loss and Liu Bei's failure, the elite of Shu Han was lost. Zhuge Liang can quickly pacify the country, pacify the south, and then take Wei by surprise and make a northern expedition in one fell swoop. He can be described as a strategist and a military genius. Wei valued Wu more than Shu, because after the Yiling War, the elite of Shu was lost, which was not enough for fear (Zhuge Liang's first northern expedition showed that Wei was unprepared for Shu). This is why we decided to destroy Wu first and then Shu, and later changed the strategy of destroying Shu first. It's because Zhuge Liang decided to explore the North after seeing that Shu's national strength became stronger. If Shu is not destroyed, not only the border of Wei will be restless, but also the economic recovery of Wei will be greatly dealt a blow. (There is clear evidence in the history of farming in Guanzhong. If Cao Wei can develop Guanzhong, his strength will be greatly increased. Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition was wise. Fighting Wei with the strength of a state, how can you succeed without hard work! Shu Han is not only inferior to Wei in population, but also inferior to Wei in quality. Wei is in a land of four wars, where the people are strong and the soldiers are mostly cavalry. Generally speaking, cavalry is better at fighting than infantry. Therefore, during the Northern Expedition, CCTV's Wuhou Chunqiu introduced many inventions of Zhuge Liang, but it also invented and innovated many weapons. But I think that Zhuge Liang only "strategized" when there was no way. "strategizing" is not his original intention, but to make up for the shortcomings of the Shu army.

During Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition, he used Ma Su to guard the street kiosks, but he lost them. Therefore, many people are controversial about whether to use Masu to guard the street pavilion. I think Ma Su and Zhuge Liang, like father and son, usually have many tricks and need to be reused. Street kiosks are important places. If you want to employ people, you must use familiar people, not Masu, but Wei Yan and others. With Zhuge Liang's caution, you will surely feel uneasy. Zhuge Liang is convinced of Ma Su's ability. Therefore, it is the best choice for Zhuge Liang to guard the street pavilion in Ma Su. (Besides, there are great differences between ancient and modern landforms. It is explained in "Wuhou Chunqiu" that Ma Su had to go up the mountain because of the terrain change of the street pavilion. It can be said that the Shu army was defeated because of the change of geographical position, and the losses were not light. If this explanation is too reluctant, then follow the old saying of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. This statement revealed the lack of talents in Shu. Although Zhuge Liang is outstanding, he is not as wise as Wei. Helpless and use Ma Su also.

(4) Longzhong's right and hospice care

About Zhuge Liang's longzhong right, both ancient and modern times are full of praise. It is often said that the world has been divided into three parts before leaving the cottage. Mao Zedong, the master of the art of war, thinks that Zhuge Liang's longzhong is a taboo for criminals, mainly because the soldiers were divided into two ways and did not concentrate their forces, which eventually led to the failure of Shu Han. Mao Zedong himself fought back against Chiang Kai-shek in the 1947 civil war, that is, the soldiers marched into the Central Plains in three ways, and finally reversed the situation and won the final victory. Therefore, he criticized Zhuge Liang's Longzhong for being unreliable in strategy.

On his deathbed, Zhuge Liang entrusted the Shu-Han regime to Jiang and Jiang Wei. It can be said that Jiang was entrusted with the important task of ensuring peace, thus enabling Zhuge Liang's policy to continue. Jiang Wei did not forget to return to the Central Plains and was sensitive to the military, although he was inevitably defeated in the end (however, without Jiang Wei in Shu Han, the country would die).

To sum up, I think Zhuge Liang is a military genius, but because there are no generals in Shu, that is, there are no generals who are used to taking the lead, Zhuge Liang's talents cannot be fully exerted. When you didn't see me, Sima Yi said, "What a genius!" We call Zhuge Liang not handsome, not Sima Yi not handsome! Therefore, Zhuge Liang is definitely a handsome talent, shorter than taking the lead, and not shorter than keeping a low profile!

According to Guan Siping's "A Study of the Origin of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Chapter II explores the cultural implication and the human depth of the tragedy in Section IV, Zhuge Liang is a tragedy of fate, that is, "doing what you know you can't do", which is what Chen Shou said. Si Mahui said: "Although Wolong has its owner, the timing is wrong." So I finally think that the Northern Expedition is not Zhuge Liang's incompetence, nor is it the wrong time!

Finally, I don't think it's "be flexible, not good at it" as Chen Shou said when commenting on Zhuge Liang Biography. Therefore, we should not only have a good evaluation of Zhuge Liang's political aspects, but also get due respect for his military talents.

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