Don't know what human nature is.

I don't know what human nature is. 1. Define human nature as human nature.

Human nature is the pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty and the aversion to falsehood, ugliness and ugliness.

Humanity is the humanity that fundamentally determines and explains human behavior.

Zhang Ronghuan, a contemporary anthropologist, made a complete interpretation of human nature in April 2009: human nature is the free expression of truth in human beings. When people rationally release the freedom of human nature, their conscience will give them equality in will, their desires will return to the expression of goodness, and the feelings of love will arise. People will get some satisfaction in personality, physical satisfaction is happiness, spiritual satisfaction is happiness, and this personality (physical and mental) satisfaction is happiness. Humanity is full of love. When truth is expressed as love in human body, love is the source of legal spirit, love is the function of human conscience, and love is the yearning, response and giving of truth, goodness and beauty. Love is the highest expression of truth in human beings, because everyone has truth, and truth is the same essence of human beings and the universe, which shows the rising truth of life. The essence of human nature, that is, everyone has the truth, and truth is the same essence of man and the universe. As an existing person, he will not lose the truth, and the truth embodied is truly equal. This is the first time in human history that human beings and the universe have the same status, and the truth of human beings and the truth of the universe develop equally. People can spread the meaning and rhythm of life to the whole universe through the promotion of personality.

1, philosophical definition

In reality, human nature is human nature.

Marx's definition is that "human nature is not an abstract thing inherent in a single person, but, in reality, it is the sum of all social relations" (Selected Works of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin, Central Compilation Bureau, 2nd edition, June 1995, p. 56).

In fact, human nature includes not only the relationship between people, that is, the relationship between individuals and others, that is, external factors, but also the personality of each individual. Therefore, the sum of all social relations is an important aspect of human nature, but it is not all. Plus personal personality, such as selfishness and freedom.

2. General definition:

1 is human nature. People occupy space and food in order to survive. From the perspective of other things, there are two views: good and evil (arising from the gain and loss of interests); From the perspective of man himself, there is no good or evil (he lives not because of goodness; It didn't end because of evil); From the sociological point of view, the word human nature has been endowed with various behavioral norms, which are in line with the behavioral norms of a certain interest group and are called "human nature". At the same time, from the perspective of another interest group, it can also be called "non-human nature". The sages formulated various "good" codes of conduct. Smart people-strongmen will never stick to the words of sages, but let ignorant people follow. Foolish people are ordinary people-from literate and brainless literati to kind people. From a sociological point of view, a strongman is inhuman. A strong man is just an animal in his bones: ruthless, heartless, mercenary, without the sense of shame of ordinary people. The so-called tyrant also; Viper and beast, the devil also; So do thieves and prostitutes. The sense of shame of ordinary people is ridiculous to strongmen. However, strongmen should shout benevolence, righteousness and morality, pretend to be a gentleman on the surface, and let ignorant people keep up with the rules and treat them as good people. -the nature of this strongman is not classified as human nature academically, but is called * * *. In fact, relative to human nature, sometimes the word * * * is far from expressing the viciousness of such people. (qtmdrydd2008)

"2" Humanity: the cruel side of humanity: you can simply understand it as: the nature of animals. The benevolent side of human nature. You can simply understand it as: the vegetative side. Human nature = animality+botany. Humanity = biology. If you can find that people are very contradictory, then this formula must be the basic formula of human nature. 1+ 1.

"3" Humanity: As the name implies, it refers to humanity. Human nature has two meanings. One is as a neutral word. In China culture, the view of human nature and the theory of good nature represented by Mencius, and the theory of evil nature represented by Xunzi. One meaning refers to the positive qualities that people should have, such as kindness and kindness, which are similar to human nature in English. Generally speaking, human nature has the latter meaning.

"4" Humanity is really an ancient topic, and it is also a topic with many answers. Confucius said that human nature is similar and acknowledged, but did not say what human nature is; Mencius said that human nature is good, Xunzi said that human nature is evil, Gao Zi said that there is no distinction between good and evil, and he also said that it is pornographic, and so on. Most of the sages in China expounded human nature from the perspective of social ethics. After the Renaissance, the European bourgeoisie regarded human nature as desire, rationality, freedom, equality and fraternity. Most of them explain human nature from the perspective of human's essential existence and natural rights, because they oppose the feudal system's bondage to personality.

"5" Humanity is the unity of purpose and wisdom, and it is the process of using one's own wisdom to achieve one's own purpose. The task of art criticism is to find and name such a concept of human nature in works. [Edit this paragraph] 2. Related entries 1. anthropology

Basic concept: Humanism is a new science about human existence, essence and the law of its generation, movement, development and change. Humanism first takes people themselves as the research object, and integrates people into nature and the universe to make an overview. Man is the dialectical unity of body and spirit. The essence of spirit is also material. The material existence forms of man and nature are basically the same. Man and the universe are essentially the same. The meaning and value of life lies in the contribution to others, society and mankind. Only by establishing a correct outlook on the world, life, values, time and space and development can people embark on the road of true and complete freedom and liberation. In essence, anthropology is a frontier discipline that spans sociology, psychology and anthropology. It is a science that comprehensively studies people's social attributes, physiological and psychological attributes and comprehensive characteristics, as well as the laws of their occurrence, development and change. Humanism in a narrow sense is a comprehensive humanities and social science, which mainly studies human nature (human essence), the meaning of life and the code of conduct of human beings. It is an organic ideological system with the theory of human nature as the core, the outlook on life (life value theory and code of conduct theory), the theory of rule of man (self-cultivation theory and political theory of governing people) and the theory of human social ideal as the content.

1. Does human nature exist?

(a) whether the same kind has the same nature? Is this nature abstract and universal?

People may never reach a consensus on this, but my understanding is that the same kind does have its commonness, universality but not abstraction. It is this universality that restricts them from "choosing" their own way of life.

From a big perspective, every specific individual, group, class, nation, country, etc. in history, reality and even in the future has its own characteristics. In that case, how can there be a universal humanity to restrain their behavior? It seems ridiculous.

However, if you only pay attention to the leaves of towering trees, you won't find them growing on branches; If you only see a branch, you won't find the big branch behind it. Only by looking for branches along the leaves and drying them along the branches can you finally find that they all originated from the trunk. By extension, they all come from the roots, from the earth, from the Milky Way and from the universe. ...

It is really ridiculous to study leaves with the method of studying the universe and the knowledge gained from it; However, it is equally ridiculous to see only the leaves and deny that they all come from the trunk. It is impossible for people who study philosophy to develop high-performance computers with their own philosophical knowledge; But people who study computers should not deny the necessity of philosophical research. The purpose and angle of the cover make it.

Different observation angles and research purposes are not only necessary, but also necessary; However, it is absurd to use this angle and purpose to deny another angle and purpose, and to use the conclusion drawn from this angle and purpose to deny the conclusion drawn from another angle and purpose.

The key to the problem is to choose appropriate research methods and perspectives for different and necessary purposes.

(2) Does human beings have the universal humanity as mentioned above? Yes

Although Marxism recognizes the existence of human nature, it denies the existence of universal abstract human nature: only from the perspective of human sociality and class nature can we get a correct explanation of human nature, thus asserting that there is no super-class human nature in class society.

I think different classes do have different behavior characteristics, values and even beliefs. If we only examine human nature from this level, human nature must be due to its class nature, so abstract human nature at this level does not exist. However, a few more steps forward, we will look for it from a more primitive place: don't these human natures with different classes have some * * *? A simple truth is that any existence, as long as it exists as a class, there will always be something * * *. Since human beings exist as a class, they must have the characteristics of * * *. And in these * * * characteristics, there are always some or some main aspects that fundamentally determine human behavior, thus forming a kind of human nature. From this, I think human nature does exist in the universe.

Everything in the world has its original foundation, and vivid social consciousness is ultimately subordinate to social existence. As people of the same kind, is there no * * * humanity?

Second, what is human nature?

Let's discuss it along the following lines:

Let's first examine whether things (including low-level animals except people) are sexual. I think there is: although there is no spirit, things have their nature, and the nature of things (physical properties) lies in "seeking my existence." A simple logic is: if the essence of existence is not to exist, then how does this existence "exist"? Why don't flowers grow in the desert? Why do flies have those eyes? Why don't rabbits eat grass near their nests? Why do foxes eat chickens and tigers eat people? Why ... in a word, it all depends on their requirements for survival. The nature of all things "seeking my survival" is thus contained in all kinds of creatures. It is the fixed nature of things and fundamentally determines and explains their "behavior". Therefore, physical attributes are for my survival.

The simple fact that man evolved from the hierarchy of things determines that human nature must have something in common with physical properties, so human nature should be related to "seeking my survival" And "begging for my survival", which represents the whole content of physical properties, is far from enough for people, because people and things are fundamentally different.

As I discussed before, from the point of view of essential existence, man is a dynamic thing (this "thing" takes the form of physical organization); The essential difference between people and things lies in people's initiative (people's innate, unique and purposeful creative spirit). Therefore, it is decided that human beings should not only pursue survival to realize the existence of their body tissues, but also pursue the realization of their spirit to realize their positive existence. Moreover, with the continuous evolution of human beings, relative to material existence, it will become more and more important to realize and possess human dynamic instinct, and even become the main aspect of "completely possessing human existence". In this case, simply "begging for my survival" (only meeting human material needs) is not enough to explain the whole of human nature, but with the development of human beings and the gradual improvement of their living conditions, its weight in human nature will inevitably decrease. For example, if you feed a pig, it will sleep. Where is he? Eat and drink enough and let people sleep "honestly"?

Then, what are the specific requirements of "the essential existence of complete owners"? It is that people's power instinct and material organization can be realized harmoniously at the same time, or even simply that "material and spiritual products are extremely rich."

First of all, the realization of body organization is relatively simple, as long as there are enough conditions for survival and continuation (attachment: Mencius can't even refute the "food habit" of Gao Zi, but I can tell him that food habit is indeed human nature, but it is not the whole of human nature).

Secondly, it is relatively complicated to fully realize spiritual initiative, because it requires two conditions: first, initiative is a spirit to be satisfied and a product to be enjoyed by it. For example, a music lover will not be satisfied unless you provide him with wonderful music. Secondly, initiative is a kind of creative spirit, which needs an environment where creativity can be displayed. For example, if you set a lot of rules for the creator, he will not be satisfied.

The above two aspects and the two aspects of dynamic realization are interrelated: without survival and its continuation, there is no activity, and active games create better conditions for survival and its continuation; Without a good dynamic environment, there will be no rich spiritual products, and the richness of spiritual products can create conditions for dynamic play. Only by creating them in a coordinated way can human beings develop themselves healthily.

If we use the word "happiness" to express the dual needs that people are born with, then we can say:

What is human nature? Answer: Ask me to be happy.

Is it that simple? It's that simple. Such a simple "seeking my pleasure" is precisely the unchangeable nature of human beings, which fundamentally determines and explains human behavior. So we say that this is human nature. It can even be said that the law of human "seeking my happiness" not only dominates human history so far, but will also be so in the future.

Perhaps, in the eyes of many people, this answer is too simple. But in detail, it actually contains a very rich content. Let's see.

Third, human nature and human existence

People and things exist in essence (we call them "people" and "things" respectively). What is the relationship between human nature and physical attributes?

Things that exist will inevitably seek the persistence of their existence, which is a physical attribute; By the same token, people who exist will inevitably seek better and more lasting existence, which is human nature. Therefore, human nature and physical property are only the external manifestations and inevitable requirements of human existence and material existence.

From another point of view, if there is no physical attribute of "seeking my survival", how can things exist? How to ensure their continued existence? By the same token, without the humanity of "seeking my happiness", human beings could not exist, could not persist and could not exist better. Therefore, human nature and physical property are the basis of human existence and material existence.

I think if we have to investigate who is in harmony with human beings and what is in harmony with nature, we can't get the answer, because such an investigation itself is untenable; Because sex and existence exist in every existence, if we look at all natural things (including human beings) from the perspective of existence, we can see "existence"; If we look at how everything in nature can exist and how it exists, we will see "sex". It's just a different starting point

If we think that "existence" is only an understanding of existence, then "sex" is the law of existence.

What is human nature? What is human heart? Humanity is the origin of mankind! The human heart is the source of human thought!

Human nature and human heart blend with each other, but they exist independently, and this changes!

Human nature can be regarded as an individual in the vast biological world who has achieved his uniqueness through thousands of tempering.

A characteristic of, different from other creatures of * * *!

From China's point of view, human heart is based on human nature (without human nature, it can't be called human), and it is superficial to good and evil, beauty and ugliness, and extends to etiquette, shame and moral tradition! Non-original, hehe

Humanity! What is human nature? Humanity = humanity+sex

People are people.

Sex represents temperament, that is, personality, hobbies and other spiritual aspects.

What is human nature? In a narrow sense, it refers to the essential psychological attributes of human beings, that is, the attributes that distinguish human beings from other animals; Broadly speaking, it refers to the psychological attributes that people generally have, including those of people and other animals. Whether it is the essential psychological attribute of human beings or the attribute of human beings and animals, because they are all psychological attributes of human beings, then this attribute cannot be the result of the day after tomorrow, but can only be the nature of human beings, which is an unconditional reflection.

Human nature is the free expression of truth by human beings. When people rationally release the freedom of human nature, their conscience will give them equality in will, their desires will return to the expression of goodness, and the feelings of love will arise. People will get some satisfaction in personality, physical satisfaction is happiness, spiritual satisfaction is happiness, and this personality (physical and mental) satisfaction is happiness.

Human nature is formed under certain social system and certain historical conditions. It is that everything a person encounters produces his own reflex conditions (emotions). Therefore, nature does not always stay at "the beginning of life, human nature is good", but is influenced by social environment. Humanity is the humanity that fundamentally determines and explains human behavior.

Humanity is an inherent attribute that distinguishes people from other species. The reason why people become people is that their attributes are essentially different from those of other species.

Human nature has both positive and negative aspects. According to people's world outlook and values, human nature has different manifestations.

Human nature has both good and ugly sides. These are all determined by people's different outlook on life and values.

There are always people who say that human nature is selfish, that people are afraid of death, that people are not for themselves, and that the sky will suddenly perish. Whether "the beginning of life" is "good nature" or "innate evil" is debated endlessly, which makes people unable to agree.

In fact, to understand this problem, we must first understand what is forbidden. If people don't know what it is, what can we talk about human nature?

Don't think that what is a person is a simple question. In fact, being a man is not easy. Aren't there many people who lament "it's difficult to be a man"? The difficult thing is that people are different from animals, and animals live a little easier than people. Will it be easier to live without doing things under the skin of human feelings?

Some people say that people are also animals. This is not true. People and animals have something in common, but people are not animals. Humans and animals are essentially different. People are driven to evolve, and this evolution process is quite long, I don't know how many millions of years. According to the myth of China, after thousands of years of practice, animals can become people. If it is, it should be considered soon.

According to the history of social development, people evolved from apes. Apes have gone through millions of years and hardships to become apes; I don't know how many years it evolved from an ape-man, nor how many hardships and twists and turns it went through before it evolved into an adult. Do you think it's easy to go from ape to man? How can you say that people are the same as animals? Some people insist that people are just like animals, probably because they haven't practiced enough and haven't gotten better. Should they show their true colors?

People who have evolved for a long time are of course fundamentally different from animals. Then of course, human nature is different from animal nature. If people are animals, then human nature is * * *. Is this not a joke?

Some people say that newborn babies know how to nurse. Doesn't this mean that human nature is selfish?

This is another misunderstanding of the concept of people! The person we are talking about is of course an "adult" in the general sense. Do you know the word "grow up"? "Grow up" can be "adult"! In China, in the past, girls were 14 years old and boys were 16 years old. Now, they are 18 years old before they have citizenship. Of course, this does not mean that children are not people, but it can show that people are social and must be "adults" to join the society, exercise social rights and assume social responsibilities and obligations. To talk about human nature, of course, it can't be represented by the characteristics of babies, but only by adults. In this sense, "adult" means "becoming a person".

It took millions of years for animals to "evolve into adults"; It takes more than ten years for a baby to grow up. So being a man is really not easy!

People are evolved from animals, and their physiological structure is similar to natural instinctive behavior. Everyone should eat, drink and sleep. So what is the difference between humans and animals, and what is the difference between humanity and animals? The difference is that besides instinct, people also have ideals and sentiments, personal dignity, thoughts and feelings, spiritual soul, social responsibilities and obligations, and people's ideological will can dominate instinct.

The newborn baby knows nothing. But adults will cultivate his self-control from an early age, starting with controlling defecation, and gradually let him form self-control and grow up. If a child lacks self-control and is always willful, people will say how does the child grow up? If he looks like this, people will say that this guy is not human!

So when we say human nature, of course, we mean the characteristics that are different from animal attributes, that is, the social attributes of human beings. But some people just want to confuse right and wrong, reverse black and white, insist that the natural attribute of animals is human nature, insist on controlling natural instinct is against human nature, advocate that people live to satisfy the desire of natural instinct, advocate that human nature is selfish, and say that China is not as good as the West in human nature, and so on. If western countries talk about human nature again, they won't let you pee anywhere in the street, nor will they let you hold a woman? But dogs are ok. Isn't human rights inferior to dog rights? Then you might as well be a dog! It can be seen that the so-called human nature cannot refer to natural attributes.

If people can't control their instinctive desires, they are no different from animals. Isn't that a pile of walking dead? Is that still a person? Even people are not, where is human nature? No wonder * * * is regarded as human nature!

Normal people have * * *, but they can also manage their own * * * and don't do immoral and illegal things. Having the will to control it is the embodiment of human nature and the brilliance of human nature, which embodies the greatness of biological evolution. But some people say that sex is human instinct. Why control it? The desire to control is against human nature, and it is in line with human nature to mess around casually. So is this animal-like behavior human nature or * * *? Didn't someone say "primitive society is good"? Because you can fuck around, why should you evolve into an adult?

Of course, people's self-control ability is different, so society should have moral and disciplinary laws and regulations to punish those who refuse to control themselves or have poor self-control ability. No matter which country has laws. Laws should be made on the basis of human nature rather than * * *, but if people with human nature make laws, society will inevitably go backwards.

Some people want to continue to pursue higher humanity along the road of human evolution, while others want to return to primitive society and restore natural instinct and * * *. However, the objective laws of nature are irresistible. Although some people regard * * * as human nature, people will win the war in the end, right?

Attachment: A guess on the process of human evolution.

Engels said that human beings evolved from animals, and in the process of evolution, human beings can never be completely separated from the traces of animals. (to this effect)

Modern science has proved that human genes are very similar to those of apes, which further proves that human beings evolved from apes. This is not only the evidence of biogenetics, but also the shadow of apes can be found in human social forms and behaviors.

Apes, or primates, live in groups and have a certain social form. Each group has a male leader, and there are several subjects below. Leaders shoulder the heavy responsibility of protecting group safety and living space. If foreign enemies invade, leaders must bear the brunt and fight back. Internally, he ruled his subordinates and was responsible for leading everyone to find food, hunt and distribute food. The advantage of being a leader is that he has the right to control food and mate with his spouse. Up to now, corrupt officials have pursued nothing more than more property and more spouses. Some corrupt officials are greedy even if they have countless wealth. Women have played hundreds, but keep it in a diary. What kind of psychology is this? It can be said that in this respect, corrupt officials still retain a considerable degree of * * *.

The position of the man is unstable, and from time to time there will be other men trying to compete for this position, so fighting is inevitable. The result of the struggle. The strongest man always sits on the throne of the leader. Similarly, in human society, the throne of the emperor is always unstable, and people will constantly compete for it. Getting the throne is nothing more than the responsibility to protect the safety and living space of the group, and at the same time it can occupy more wealth and spouses.

But being strong won't last long, and it will always turn to aging. Of course, the old leader doesn't want to retreat prematurely, so the situation forces him to mobilize all his potential to fight, so that he will gradually find that experience can make up for the lack of strength.

Due to factors such as walking upright, the use of fire, the manufacture of labor tools, and the needs of group social organization and management, their brains will inevitably evolve rapidly, so there will inevitably be sparks of wisdom, and their behavior will inevitably transition from instinct to wisdom, and wisdom will inevitably be applied to the struggle for leaders. It's like the most advanced wisdom and technology in human society are always applied to war first.

After a long period of evolution, until one day, wisdom overcame strength, and the ape finally completed the evolution process and evolved into an adult. The competition of modern human beings is mainly the competition of wisdom, and the competition of the strong is only reserved in sports. Of course, it is also possible to bully the weak, but it will be regarded as barbaric by civilized society.

From this evolutionary process, from male leaders to tribal leaders to kings and emperors, every step is related to male power, and men instinctively have more desire to possess wealth and spouses. Male owners can only develop in the direction of slave owners. How can there be a primitive capitalist society? This is really a problem.

But there is a major loophole here, that is, there is no matriarchal society in the above-mentioned evolutionary process, but matriarchal society does exist. From archaeological excavations (Hemudu culture is said to be matriarchal society), Morgan's investigation of primitive tribes, China's legend about Nu Wa and the remnants of matriarchal society preserved by a minority in China, it is irrefutable that matriarchal society does exist. If there is a matriarchal society, there will be primitive communes, so there may be primitive materialism in the history of human evolution.

But when and under what circumstances will the male-dominated society give way to the matriarchal society? How can there be a matriarchal society in the evolutionary chain of paternal society? Why did matriarchal society evolve into paternal society and continue to this day? This is really puzzling.

The emergence of matriarchal society, now make the following guess:

In the competition of winning by strength, women always have no advantage. Women's muscles are less developed than men's. At the same time, females have to bear the heavy responsibility of reproducing. Both physiological and social factors determine that women can't compete with men and can only be in a subordinate position in the group. This is quite common in nature.

However, when humans evolved to the transition stage of winning by strength to winning by wisdom, males once lost their advantage. Because, of course, men are superstitious and strong and unwilling to learn. Until now, men who bully the weak also exist. On the other hand, in the social division of labor, men naturally undertake the work related to strength, while women undertake the work related to wisdom. Such as making tools, training animals, educating future generations and so on. Women's work is more important than men's, and they are the representatives of advanced productive forces, occupying a higher position in the group and eventually replacing men. Therefore, in the evolution of wisdom, there is a stage when men lag behind women. Men had to obey women, so the group headed by men disintegrated and replaced by the primitive commune headed by women, and the matriarchal society was born.

In matriarchal society, men are not dominant, so primitive productism without family, bearing the labor burden and enjoying the benefits can become possible.

However, the female advantage is only temporary. When the wisdom of men develops to a certain extent, the possessive instinct of men will inevitably rise again. As a group, we also need male leaders with both strength and wisdom. It can be compared to that at a certain stage, the primitive commune in matriarchal society will be defeated by the tribes headed by men and become slaves, and men will naturally return to the dominant position. At this time, private ownership is inevitable.

The above is just speculation, but one thing is certain: the long evolutionary history of mankind is a tortuous process from low to high; Humans can never completely get rid of the characteristics of animals, and human evolution will never stop; Humans will improve themselves in constant evolution. Some people will develop greedy * * *, and some people will strive to make mankind as far away from * * * as possible and become the most advanced and civilized creature in the universe.