Stone arch bridge information

First, the overall grasp

Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, this paper illustrates the unique creation and immortal artistic value of Chinese stone arch bridge in design and construction, and praises the intelligence of Chinese working people.

Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the characteristics of general stone arch bridge: the bridge hole is arc-shaped; Appeared earlier in the history of world bridges; Not only beautiful in form, but also firm in structure. Then, taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge, two different types of stone arch bridges, as typical examples, the brilliant achievements of stone arch bridges in China are illustrated.

When introducing Zhao Zhouqiao, let's briefly explain the geographical location, construction time and renovation after liberation of Zhao Zhouqiao. Statements such as "the oldest stone bridge that has been used since its completion" and "it has been 1300 years now, and it still maintains its original majestic posture" highlight the long history, firmness and beauty of Zhao Zhouqiao.

Then the article explains the length and width with concrete figures, quotes the poems of Zhang in Tang Dynasty to praise the exquisiteness of design and construction, and then explains the originality and artistic value in design and construction in four points. The first point is that the arch has a small arc, which is convenient for cars and horses to get up and down. The second and third points are explained from the originality of bridge arch design, that is, "the big arch has two small arches on each shoulder" and "the big arch consists of 28 arch rings", which makes the bridge durable. The fourth point is that the bridge is in harmony with the surrounding scenery.

The article introduces Lugou Bridge in the same order.

After introducing the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridge, the author explains the reasons why Chinese stone arch bridge has made such brilliant achievements from three aspects. This article is full of deep admiration for the diligence and wisdom of the ancient working people.

Explanatory language pays attention to accuracy and thoroughness, which is reflected in this paper. For example, when introducing the length, width and arch length of Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge, the numerical interpretation method is used: "Zhao Zhouqiao is very majestic, with a total length of 50.82 meters and a width of 9.6 meters at both ends, slightly narrower in the middle and 9 meters wide." "The (Lugou Bridge) bridge is 265 meters long and consists of 65,438+065,438+0 semicircular stone arches, each with a different length, ranging from 65,438+06 meters to 265,438+0.6 meters." These figures are all obtained through scientific survey, which accurately shows the scale of these two bridges. At the same time, the article also uses some words that are not completely defined or limited, such as "the passenger bridge mentioned in the water mirror notes was built around 282 AD, which may be the earliest stone arch bridge recorded." "Probably" and "Possibility" are approximate figures, which are defined by "record", showing the author's rigorous academic spirit.

Second, the problem research

1. For the bridge, we should first pay attention to its actual function. According to the article, the stone arch bridge is not only beautiful in shape, but also solid in structure. So, first appearance, then function, is it upside down? Besides, should "not only ... but also ..." be deleted?

In this regard, the author Mao Yisheng's explanation is that writing the form first is an intuitive impression given by the bridge and a perceptual knowledge. Strong structure is a further understanding of the bridge, that is, a rational understanding. Therefore, the relationship between the two is progressive rather than parallel, so the two related words "not only" and "not only" cannot be omitted, but will be used to determine the progressive relationship between them.

2. The first and third features of Zhao Zhouqiao introduced in this paper are all about the big arch. The second feature is that there are two small arches on each shoulder of the big arch. Why didn't the author introduce the third feature of Zhao Zhouqiao after introducing the first feature, that is, the big arch is composed of 28 arch rings with a small arch inserted in the middle?

In this regard, the author's explanation is that a big arch has two small arches on its shoulders, which is the main feature of the first open-shouldered arch in Zhao Zhouqiao. The large arch consists of 28 arch rings, and other arch bridges are laid side by side, so they are arranged in order according to their characteristics.

Practice note

Read the text and complete the following exercises.

1. What are the general characteristics of stone arch bridges in China? Take Zhao Zhouqiao as an example, in my own words, how it embodies the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridge.

2. The author introduces Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge respectively, and the order of explanation is basically the same. Please specify.

3. According to the text and illustrations, draw a schematic diagram of Zhao Zhouqiao and mark the corresponding data.

1. The stone arch bridge in China has the characteristics of an ordinary stone arch bridge, that is, it is not only beautiful in shape, but also firm in structure. In addition, the stone arch bridge in China has a long history, is widely distributed, has various forms, and has many amazing masterpieces. Zhao Zhouqiao was founded in 605 AD, and it has been over 1300 years since the author wrote this article, so it has a long history. The 37.4-meter-long arch in Zhao Zhouqiao is a shoulder arch composed of 28 arches, which is in harmony with the surrounding scenery, and the carvings on the bridge are also very exquisite, which strongly shows that Zhao Zhouqiao is indeed an amazing masterpiece.

2. The two bridges are introduced in the order of geographical location, construction time and structural characteristics.

3. sketch.

Second, in order to explain things accurately, the language in the explanatory text is very particular about discretion. Think about it, if the words added in the following sentence are removed, what will happen to the meaning expressed?

1. Stone arch bridge appeared earlier in the history of bridges in the world.

2. The "Traveler's Bridge" mentioned in the water mirror notes was built around 282 AD, which may be the earliest stone arch bridge on record.

There are stone arch bridges almost everywhere in China.

(Zhao Zhouqiao) The whole bridge has only one big arch, which is 37.4 meters long, and it was the longest stone bridge in the world at that time.

1. "Earlier" is lighter, so the expression is safer.

2. "About" and "Possibility" are both uncertain meanings, just a speculative situation. "Well-documented" makes the basis of speech more reliable.

3. "Almost" emphasizes that stone arch bridges are widely distributed, but it does not rule out the possibility that there are no stone arch bridges in some places.

4. "At that time" has a time limit, and "can be counted" has a degree limit. This is more in line with the actual situation.

Talk about expository writing

Explanatory writing is a style that objectively explains things, with the purpose of giving people knowledge: or explaining the state, nature and function of things, or clarifying things. Chinese stone arch bridge belongs to the former. Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges are illustrated, which are not only beautiful in shape, but also firm in structure. Language of Nature belongs to the latter, and the article scientifically explains the knowledge of phenology. Explaining the characteristics of things and clarifying things are two types of expository writing.

In order to explain the characteristics of things clearly, or to explain things clearly, there must be appropriate interpretation methods. Common explanation methods include giving examples, classifying, enumerating data, comparing, drawing charts, defining, explaining, making metaphors, imitating appearances and so on. The best method should be chosen according to the object of explanation and the purpose of writing. On the one hand, it obeys the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom of choice. Whether to adopt a certain interpretation method or a variety of interpretation methods, whether to adopt this interpretation method or that interpretation method, can be flexible, not fixed.

The instructions should be in order, which is a necessary condition to make the contents of the instructions orderly. The common order of interpretation is: chronological order, spatial order, logical order. The chronological order of description is similar to that of narration. Spatial order, we should pay special attention to the location of space, pay attention to the location and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest. Logical order, usually expressed by reasoning process. What order is adopted mainly depends on the characteristics of the objects expounded by the author. Explain the development and changes of things, and the time sequence is easy to express clearly. It is difficult for readers to understand the structure of buildings without spatial order. Explain things in logical order, so as to reflect the internal relations of things.

The accuracy of explanatory language is the premise of explanatory language. Time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. All require accuracy. The explanation is practical. A slight mistake is a drop in the bucket. For example, an explanatory article said, "A dragonfly can eat 2400 mosquitoes a day and night." It is obviously impossible for 2400 mosquitoes to get together, which is many times larger than a dragonfly's body. How did this mistake come about? According to statistics, dragonflies can eat 50 to 100 mosquitoes an hour. Eat/kloc-0.00 animals an hour, 24 hours a day, of course, 2400 animals. The author's multiplication calculation is correct, but he ignores that dragonflies can't keep eating mosquitoes 24 hours a day. This is a joke.

On the premise of accuracy, the explanation language is famous for its simplicity and vividness. Because of the different language styles of the object and the author, the language of explanation is also varied: either general or specific; Or concise, or plump; Or concise, or detailed; Or plain and simple, or humorous, in short, eclectic.

Reading discourse and writing discourse can be linked. The four points mentioned above should be grasped, and attention should be paid to reading and writing, but the requirements should be in line with the students' reality.