The meaning of ancient kotow

question 1: what does kotow mean? Kutou (qǐ-)

[Pinyin ]:qǐ shǒu

[Interpretation]: 1. In ancient times, it was a kind of bow-down ceremony, kowtowing to the ground, which was the most respectful of the nine worshippers.

2. Still make amends. 3. The Taoist raised his hand to salute people.

I hope I can help you. Have a good time.

question 2: what does kotow mean? The kowtow (qǐ shǒu) refers to the ancient bow-down ceremony, where one kneels and hands down to the ground, and the head also reaches the ground.

question 3: what are the bow-down ceremonies in ancient China, such as "kowtowing" and "nodding"? What are their scope of application? 1, kotow. The kowtow is the most solemn meeting etiquette in the "Nine Worshipments". According to the literature, this etiquette existed in Shun times, such as "Shun Dian of Shangshu", which records: "Yu worships the kowtow." This etiquette recorded in Zheng Xuan's annotation "Zhou Li" said: "To kowtow, bow to the ground." Jia Gongyan sparse: kowtow ",head to the ground for a long time, ... Worship is the heaviest. I worship you. " According to this statement, kowtowing is a form of etiquette when kneeling down until your head hits the ground and you have to stay for a while. It's a big gift to show respect when you meet each other. In ancient times, ministers, sons, fathers, students, teachers, heaven, earth and ancestors all used this form of worship. In the old days, when writing letters to elders, the words "so-and-so kotow" were often used at the beginning, which originated from this. 2. Make a nod. A nod is an ancient etiquette of equal status or mutual respect between peers, also known as "kowtow". Its form is like a kotow, but it is lifted immediately after the head touches the ground without staying on the ground. Later, it was extended to the beginning or end of a letter, which means "hello", "salute" and so on in modern letter language. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan wrote "Offering Ping Zhun Yi Ya Biao": "Chen Zongyuan is sincere and fearful, and he makes a nod." 3, empty head. Empty head is a form of etiquette in ancient times, also known as "bowing hands" Zheng Xuan's note on this etiquette recorded in "Zhou Li" said: "Empty head, bow to the hand, the so-called bow to the hand." Jia Gongyan Shu said, "Those who are empty-headed first arch to the ground with both hands, from head to hand, for the sake of empty heads. Because its head does not reach the ground, its name is empty. " That is, the body is kneeling, the hands are arched to the ground, and then the head is lowered to the hands without touching the ground. The so-called "emptiness" means that the hands are arched together, the head is bent to the level of the hands and the heart, and the head is in the air without kowtowing to the ground, which is the reply of the elders to the "kowtow". In ancient times, the ceremony of "kowtowing" and "nodding" was preceded by the ceremony of "empty head". For example, Shangshu Yiji records: "Hao Tao bowed his hand and kowtowed." Since the popularity of stools and chairs in Sui and Tang Dynasties, people no longer "sit on the floor", and "empty head" has evolved into a form of devoting to show ceremony. The above three kinds of etiquette belong to "worship of auspicious events". The following "vibration", "auspicious worship" and "fierce worship" are "fierce worship". 4. Vibration. Vibration is the most solemn bow-down etiquette in the funeral meeting. Zheng Xuan noted this etiquette recorded in the Book of Rites, saying: "Move, read as Dong, and book as Dong. Vibrate Dong, and strike with both hands. ..... vibration, trembling worship of change. " This form of etiquette should not only "nod", but also strike each other with both hands, cry and cry, and tremble all over, expressing feelings of grief and mourning for the bereaved. 5. Jibai. In ancient times, there was a custom of mourning for three years, and after three years, I met my bereaved family and paid a "good bye" ceremony. Zheng Xuan's note: "Jibai, worship and then review." That is to say, first "empty-headed" and then "nodding". 6, fierce worship. Fierce worship is a courtesy to answer guests during mourning. Zheng Xuan's note: "Worship fiercely, remember and then worship, that is, those who serve for three years." Book of Rites? "On the Tan Bow" records: "Confucius said:' After worshiping, I will take a look at it, and it will be smooth. Look back and then worship, and look back on it. After three years of mourning, I will follow it. " "This form of etiquette is" nodding "first, and then" empty "first. During the three-year mourning period, the mourners answered the guests with this gift to express their grief and gratitude. 7. Chibai. Odd is singular, and "odd worship" means worship once. 8, worship. Zheng Xuan commented on this etiquette recorded in "Zhou Li" and said: "Praise reading is a report, report worship, and worship again." Praise and worship means worship twice or more. Both strange worship and praise worship refer to the number of times of worship, not independent forms of worship, reflecting the solemnity or seriousness of worship. 9. Subai. Subei is a respectful meeting etiquette. "Zuo Zhuan became a public for sixteen years" records: "Dare to kill the messenger." Du Yu's note in the Western Jin Dynasty: "Su, reach to the ground, if you are an otter today! Drop neon at the thin end and punish the skeleton. Raise your hand (first) and start. " Duan Yucai in the Qing Dynasty noted: "If you don't kneel, you don't worship. You kneel and raise your head, but if you lower your hand, it's called Su worship. * * * say otter! The ritual form of worshipping is kneeling, touching the ground with your hands and raising your head. The words "Su Qi" and "Jin Su" commonly used in ancient letters are derived from "Su Bai" to show respect. With the progress of society, the ritual form of "Nine Worship" has now withdrawn from the historical stage in daily communication, but as a traditional custom that once existed, it still leaves indelible traces. We can see the shadow of "Nine Worship" from some people's worship of gods and idols, worship in sacrificial rites and expressions of respect that are still in use, such as offering birthday greetings and New Year greetings.

Question 4: Kukotow conversion. Kowtowing is one of the Buddhist rituals. That is, with the gift of landing on the ground. Among the nine worships contained in Zhou Li in China, kowtowing is the most respectful salute. The kowtow of Buddhism, with its back bent and its bow bowed, touches the ground with its head and hands reaching out to the feet of the worshipper, so it is also called the foot-receiving ceremony (followed by the feet of the other party). This worship of touching the ground with one's head is the highest etiquette in India. The so-called foot-to-foot ceremony, head-to-face ceremony, full of admiration, etc. refer to this. In Buddhism, kotow is synonymous with fate. If we distinguish it, kotow belongs to the body and fate is the intention.

Gu Yanwu in the early Qing Dynasty wrote in the Record of Japanese Knowledge: "The ancients sat on the floor, and when they pulled themselves up, they knelt down; The first hand is to worship the hand; Hand to the ground is worship; The first to the ground is the kotow. This ceremony is also equal. "

Question 5: Why did the ancients bow when they met? What's the meaning? Ancient meeting etiquette

In ancient China, there was no such etiquette as shaking hands. However, as a country of etiquette, when people met each other in ancient times, there were many other manners different from shaking hands. Here is an introduction to some common meeting etiquette of the ancients.

"hand salute" means "hand salute". This is the most common etiquette for meeting guests and hosts in ancient times. There are three kinds of surrender ceremony: one is dedicated to different surnames who have no marriage relationship, and the hand is pushed down slightly when saluting; Second, it is dedicated to the different surnames who have a marriage relationship. When saluting, push the hand flat and reach the front; Third, it is specially used for guests with the same surname, and the hand is slightly upward when saluting.

Chang Yi: This is an ancient meeting ceremony, regardless of rank, holding hands high and from top to bottom.

Arch: an ancient ceremony of seeing each other, in which two hands are folded on the chest to show respect. Such as "Zi Lu Gong Li" (The Analects of Confucius).

worship: an ancient courtesy to show respect. Worship in ancient times is just bending over, hands folded on the chest, head leaning forward, forehead touching hands, just like "yi". For example, in "Peacock Flying Southeast", "Go to class to worship my mother, but she is angry", and the "worship" here is the courtesy that Jiao Zhongqing did to her mother. Later, it also refers to bowing, landing with both hands or kowtowing to the ground as "worship" For example, in the "Hongmen Banquet", "thank you, get up and drink immediately", and the "worship" here should be this kind of bowing ceremony.

hand-bowing: an ancient bow-down ceremony. When saluting, kneel down, arch your hands to the ground and rest your head on your hands. "Zhou Li" as "empty head"; Also known as "bow down". For example, "Guangming, I admire you, I admire you, I bow to you, and I kowtow to you" ("Qu Yuan (Excerpt)").

Farewell: Worship twice is farewell, which shows the solemnity of etiquette. For example, "I sincerely ask my minister to give me a pair of white jade, and then I will worship the king" ("Hongmen Banquet"). In the past, "Farewell" was often used at the end of letters to show respect.

nodding: kneeling and knocking on the ground is a nodding. "Pause" means pause. When saluting, the head touches the ground, so it is called a nod because its head touches the ground for a short time. Usually used to salute the lower pair and the peers. Such as greeting and farewell among bureaucrats, greeting, visiting and farewell among the people, etc. It is also often used at the beginning or end of a letter. For example, "... Qiu Chi made a nod" (Book with Chen Bozhi).

kowtow: an ancient bow-down ceremony. Kneeling and touching the ground for a long time is the kowtow. "Ji" means to stay and delay. When saluting, the giver kneels and kneels, presses his left hand on his right hand, hands on the ground, and his head slowly touches the ground, with his hands in front of his knees and his head behind his hands. The head must stay on the ground for a while. Kowtowing is the most important etiquette, which is often used by courtiers when they visit the king. For example, "Meng Ming bowed his head and said," The benefit of the monarch is not to be bothered by the minister, but to be slaughtered in Qin. " (The Battle of Kan).

In our eyes today, these ancient rituals are already red tape. However, understanding the differences between them can also help us learn a lot. Two people who sing promises and have equal status meet and greet each other.

Cut and brush, bend over to the venerable person, straighten your right arm and brush it outward, and say polite words in line with the season, occasion and status.

Bow down, give big gifts to venerable persons and elders, kneel on your knees, put your hands on the ground, kowtow with your head touching the ground for 1-3 times, and then bow your head straight to greet you. At this time, the venerable person lifted the kneeling person up and said "My dear nephew is free of ceremony" and the kneeling person stood up conveniently.

Meeting etiquette: From the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, * * * changed the custom of sitting on the floor, resulting in changes in etiquette. Generally, it is a salute, accompanied by a fork hand and a chant. Volume 4 of Shi Lin Guang Ji includes "Fork Technique" and "Yi Yi Fa". "When you admire people, you will be a little wider, and your position will be stable. When bowing, you must bend your body to see your toe, and you will look beautiful. When bowing, you must also straighten your knees, and you must not bend them. When you bow your head, let your hands reach your knees, and you must not enter your knees. When you're done, your hands will rise at any time and cross your chest. When you bow, you must do it all, not just one finger, which is called a fresh gift. If you bow your head, you will reach your knees, and when you are finished, you will also rise with your hands at any time, with your hands crossed on your chest. " "When crossing hands, hold the right hand [big finger] tightly with the left hand, the little finger of the left hand is to the right wrist, and the right hand is straight to the four fingers, pointing up with the left hand. If you cover your chest with your right hand, you must keep it apart." Singing is nothing more than a tribute. Volume 5 of Yi Jian Zhi Ding, Li Jinren's Sample, said that Li You was a county magistrate and paid a visit to Cizhou Zhizhou. "At first, I bowed, bowing sharply. "Stay alert and retreat for it", "Come back tomorrow, but bow down and bow down, but don't say anything", and Zhizhou was "furious". Finally, he said to Zhizhou, "You can't come from the top, you can't come from the bottom, and you can't fall down to the bottom, so that you can follow the instructions." Become a joke at that time. In the third edition of Wang Shifu's "Listening to the Qin at Night in Cui Yingying" in the Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Xun saw the matchmaker and called it "Bowing Little Lady", while the matchmaker sang "Seeing that he crossed his hands and greeted him with courtesy, I am here ... > >

Question 6: Why do the monks in the novel kowtow when they meet? I found that kowtowing is the highest etiquette among the nine worshippers, so you should bow down. Do the ancients pay attention to it every time they hit you, but the author may not. Many writers of novels use ancient words because they feel tall, and they don't really study what is inappropriate.

question 7: what does kotow mean? kotow (qǐ shǒu) refers to the bow-down ceremony of the ancient Han people, which is the most solemn of the nine worships. It is often used by courtiers when they visit your father. Kneel down and hand to the ground, head to the ground.

① an ancient bow-down ceremony, which is one of the "Nine Worship". When saluting, the giver kneels and kneels, presses his left hand with his right hand (palm inward), surrenders to the ground, and slowly lowers his head to the ground. Head to the ground must stay for a period of time, hands in front of knees, head behind hands. This is the most solemn worship ceremony among the nine worshippers, and it is often used by courtiers when they meet the king. Later, the son worshipped his father, heaven and god, the newlyweds worshipped their parents, ancestors, temples, teachers and tombs, and so on.

Zhou Li? Chunguan? Great wishes: First, kowtow, second, nod, third, empty head, fourth, vibration ... Jia Gongyan sparse: "First, kowtow, its record, the word missed; When the head is on the ground for a long time, it is also a kotow. These three (empty head, nodding head and kowtowing head) are also worshipping. I bow my head, and worship is the most important. I worship your worship. "

② When meeting monks, they usually use the third discount of

Yuan Ma Zhiyuan's Chen Tuan Gao Wo: "Just make a kowtow, and you have the right to pay homage."

the tenth chapter of "the water margin": "that gentleman read it:' protect the integrity, don't blame, and be original and kowtow." "

③ still make amends.

Guo Moruo's Slavery Age? The Yin Dynasty was slavery ":"Kuang I kowtowed to Kun's use of five fields, used many husbands to say benefits, used ministers to say F, (said) F, and said,' Use Zi Sifu, kowtow' ...' kowtow' means making amends here. "