[Tianya Headline] History of the Rise and Fall of Xianbei Empire —— A Review of the Northern Wei Dynasty (Books Win the World)

Fu Jian, the king of Daqin, did not stop fighting because the former Yan, which was founded more than 60 years ago, perished and the former Qin unified the Central Plains. He continues to unswervingly move towards his goal, which is to integrate all over the world.

The enemies of Qin are only the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south, the Tuoba Kingdom in the northern grassland and the former cool country in the west. In 373 AD, the former Qin Dynasty sent 50,000 troops to capture Liangzhou (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) and Yizhou (now Sichuan) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Two years later, Wang Meng, aged 5 1 year, was ill in bed. Fu Jian personally prayed for the gods in the southern suburbs, northern suburbs, ancestral temples and social altars, and sent guards to the Yellow River and Hua Yue to pray for the gods. Wang Meng was ill, so he went to see Fu Jian and advised him to slow down the expedition: "I heard that I have done a lot, and I would like to give my heritage secret with my life. Your Majesty Fu Wei is so fierce that almost nothing grows, but the sound teaching is not around Liuhe. One hundred counties in Kyushu rank seventh in ten miles, and Dingzhou in Yan Ping is like picking up mustard. A good writer is not necessarily a good writer, and a good beginning does not necessarily have a good ending. Therefore, ancient sages and philosophers all know that achievements are hard-won, just like deep valleys. Your Majesty, Fu Wei was lucky to find a former sage. " Wang Meng put forward an inexplicable motto in the table, "A good beginning does not necessarily end well". People often say that a good beginning is a good ending. How did Meng do the opposite? Throughout the article, he advised Fu Jian to stop in time. Wang Meng knows the truth of ups and downs. He said, "The sages and philosophers knew that it was hard-won and trembled like a deep valley." In the face of victory, we must never be arrogant, cautious and cautious, and careful and careful. Things in the world are far from perfect. Excessive pursuit of perfection often backfires. Everything has a process of consolidation and perfection. Be good at summing up and accumulating, and wait for the opportunity. As the saying goes, "You can't eat hot tofu if you are impatient." Wang Meng is really a visionary and knowledgeable minister. If he lived for another ten years, the world would be a different scene.

"Leaves fall like the foam of a waterfall". In autumn and July, Wang Meng died of illness, leaving a last word to persuade Fu Jian to exclude Xianbei and Qiang forces and not to attack Jin from the south. "Although gold is a secluded place in the south of the Yangtze River, it is also the same, and it is peaceful. After I don't have it, I'd rather not take Kim as a character. Xianbei and Xiqiang are my enemies, and after all, they are suffering from the people. They are the plan of the country and should be gradually eliminated. " Fu Jian pretended to be Wang Meng himself, cried three times and said to Prince Fu Hong, "God doesn't want me to quell evil spirits, so why take away my scenery?" This statement is exactly the same as Schleswig-Holstein's statement, which shows that the kings of ethnic minorities are really eager for the assistance of Han Chinese talents.

Fu Jian's determination not only didn't fade because of Wang Meng's death, but became stronger. There is a secret hidden in his heart, that is, going south to destroy gold and gain orthodoxy. Wang Meng saw through his mind and tried to persuade him before he died. Fu Jian, who is obedient to Wang Meng, now suspects that Wang Meng is nostalgic for his old country. In order to destroy the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the south, Fu Jian launched an attack on the remaining two countries in the north, with the weak former cool country bearing the brunt.

"The Yellow River is far away from the white clouds. It is an isolated city, Wan Ren Mountain. Why should the flute blame the willow? The spring breeze is just Yumen Pass. " Liangzhou Ci in Wang Zhihuan in Tang Dynasty was widely spread in the world because of its boundless atmosphere, bitterness and sadness. It describes the ancient Liangzhou, also known as Hexi Corridor, in today's Gansu Province. It starts from Yumenguan in the west, passes through Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Zhangye and Wuwei counties, and reaches Wushaoling in the east. The towering Qilian Mountain runs across the south, and the undulating corridor Beishan leans to the north, with two veins sandwiched in the middle. Its land is narrow and flat, and the narrow part is only 100 km wide. This is the famous Silk Road in ancient times. The oblique camel team and the wall of Shuomo reflect the desolation and glory of Guliangzhou.

Qilian Mountain is called "Yanqi Mountain" by Huns. The snow on the summit gave birth to beautiful pastures in Liangzhou, and Liangzhou became the hometown of people of all ethnic groups in northwest China. Since the Han Dynasty, because of its beautiful and rich geographical location, it has become a corner of contention among * * *, Tiefu Xiongnu, Lushui Hu Xiongnu, Chifu Xianbei, Tuyuhun and the Western Regions. After the Eight Kings Rebellion, the Central Plains was in turmoil and a large number of * * * moved westward, but this "place of origin and war" became a pure land.

Zhang Shi, the founder of Guo Liang, was attacked by his father Zhang Gui, who was the secretariat of Liangzhou. In 3 15 AD, the Xiongnu Han State rose and captured Luoyang. When the world was in chaos, a soldier in Liangzhou accidentally got a jade seal engraved with the words "Imperial Seal". Liangzhou's civil and military officials congratulated Zhang Shi in unison, believing that this was an act of God. Zhang Shi's thinking is very clear. He listened to the servants and said to everyone, "I hate the Yuan brothers of the Han Dynasty most at ordinary times. They tried their best to get the imperial edict that lost the hearts of the people. Otherwise the world would not be occupied by Cao Shi. Why do you say that? " On the same day, someone sent the jade seal to the small court of Emperor Chang 'an Jin.

Liu surrounded Chang 'an, and the envoys of Jin, Xian Di and Pai Cheng asked for help from all over the world, but no one answered. Only Zhang Shipai sent two generals, Wang Gai and Han Pu, to assist Liangzhou soldiers in Chang 'an. When the Second Army left, Zhang Shi wrote a touching letter to Sima Bao, the right prime minister: "Don't forget to throw away your body when the royal family has something to do. Lonely and far away, it is difficult from beginning to end. I will listen to the brief introduction of the court overthrowing Tuoba Shiyi, because loyalty is not up to the Lord, it is not so difficult to send troops, and I feel deeply painful and take more responsibility for death. I'm sending Han Pu and other generals, and only the public will obey. " Zhang Shi's loyalty to the Jin Dynasty can be shown in broad daylight, but Sima Bao and his followers saved their strength and stood by and watched the fall of Chang 'an.

The night before Emperor Wu of Jin easily surrendered to the Han State, Uncle Huang Menlang and imperial envoy Wang Chong took his hand to Zhang Shi, made a letter to break through, worshipped Zhang Shi as the viceroy, and asked him to assist Si Marui, the evil king of Lang, to assist the country. Zhang Shi cried for three days in ancient Tibet (now Wuwei City, Gansu Province, which belonged to Wuwei County at that time and was under the jurisdiction of Liangzhou) and refused to accept the official position on the grounds that the son of heaven was dust.

Zhang Shi is too honest to be calculated. Liangzhou was the target of many ambitious people. Zhang Shi was assassinated by his subordinates in 320 AD. After the death of Zhang Shi, his son Zhang Jun was too young, and his younger brother Zhang Mao took the post of Liangzhou Pastoral and Xiping Gong. When he was in office, he sent troops south, plundered a lot of land and built the ancient Tibetan city, the symbol of Liangzhou. Only four years later, he died of a serious illness. Before he died, he took his nephew Zhang Jun by the hand and told him, "My family has been loyal for generations. Although there was chaos in China and the court moved the capital, you should also observe the People's Day. Live up to your prestige and save the people. Then Liangzhou is very lucky! "

Zhang Jun really lived up to Uncle Nai's loyalty. After he succeeded to the throne, he sent envoys to Jiangdong twice to surrender to the rulers, but the roads were cut off. The Central Plains was controlled by the former Zhao and Shu was controlled by it. Zhang Jun actually wants to do something strange. He defected to the Eastern Jin Dynasty by defecting, and finally contacted the Eastern Jin court, fulfilling the wish of the Zhang family.

Zhang Jun is young and calculating, but he can fight. When he first ascended the throne, he saw that Zhao, the former Xiongnu, was powerful and accepted Liu Yao's seal as the cool king. When the former Zhao and the latter Zhao turned against each other, he also dropped the seal of Liu Yao, the cool king, and still called General Liangzhou Mu and Jin to send troops to attack the former Zhao. As a result, it was defeated by the former Zhao and lost the land of Henan (referring to the south of the Yellow River). Fortunately, Schleswig defeated Liu Yao and the land of Henan was recovered. Schleswig sent messengers to make him a Liangzhou shepherd. Zhang Jun despises Schleswig at first, because Schleswig is a deep-water bomb to destroy gold. He cursed Schleswig, but he was afraid that Schleswig would know that he was scolding him, so he detained the envoy of Houzhao and refused to let him go back. Later, I saw that the post-Zhao unified the north, which was powerful and accepted the official position of Schleswig. On the surface, it became a vassal of the post-Zhao Dynasty.

Zhang Jun's achievement is to pacify the Western Regions. In 335 AD, Liang Bing's Western Expedition, Qiuci, Shanshan and other countries surrendered and paid tribute to Zhang Jun, thus expanding the territory of Liangzhou.

When Zhang Jun died of illness, sixteen-year-old Prince Zhang Zhonghua became a shepherd in Liangzhou, pretending to be the cool king. He was in danger as soon as he succeeded to the throne. The former Zhao Wang Shihu suffered a lot in front of the Murong family, lost face and took it out on Liangzhou. Shi Hu has scruples about Zhang Jun. Is he still afraid of a child? Tens of thousands of Jie soldiers led by Ma Qiu and Sun rushed to Liangzhou and successively occupied many cities. Liangzhou earthquake, sweeping the floor for soldiers, sent generals to resist Zhao. Pei Heng is afraid of the imposing manner of Jie Bing, and sticks to the martial arts, afraid to fight.

Liangzhou Sima Zhang Dan recommended Xie Ying to Zhang Zhonghua. He said: "The survival of the country depends on the army, and the victory or defeat of the army depends on the generals. So, Le Yi was appointed by the State of Yan, was even, was robbed by a horse, and lost 70 cities. Now critics recommend generals, mostly old generals. Han Xin was recommended not because he was a hero in the past, so there was no fixed candidate for the wise monarch to appoint generals. As long as he was competent, he was entrusted with an important task. Now that the strong enemy is in the territory, people are afraid to enter, and people are in panic. The main book is to thank Ai, and it is both civil and military, which can be used to resist Zhao Jun. " Zhang Zhonghua immediately called Xie Ai and asked him about his strategy to break the enemy. Xie Ai was not modest. He boasted in the court: "Give me 7,000 soldiers and horses and swallow Wang Wei, Ma Qiu and other thieves for your highness."

Zhang Chonghua was overjoyed and immediately thanked Ai for being the backbone general, and gave 5,000 troops to attack Jie Bing. In fact, Zhang Zhonghua, who is young, is not necessarily knowledgeable. At that time, no one in Liangzhou really had the courage like Xie Ai.

Liangzhou has already fallen out of the city, and Xie Yi's 7,000 soldiers can't gather, only more than 5,000 people. Xie Ai took 5,000 soldiers out of Zhenwu Pass. In the evening, two owls are singing in the barracks. Everyone feels unlucky. Xie Ai has something to say: "At Liubo chess, the person who gets the piece decorated with the owl wins. Now I hear an owl barking, which is a sign of defeating the enemy. " Everyone is quite confident, and Xie Ai is really good. He defeated Jie Jun in World War I and beheaded more than 5,000 people. Zhang Zhonghua thought Xie Ai was a blessing general, and named him Fu Lubo. Those who didn't make the meritorious military service were even more jealous and angry, and pushed Xie Ai out of Jiuquan to be a satrap.

Zhao will MaQiu defy spirit, said to Shi Hu was defeated by Xie Yi, because he was caught off guard, was caught off guard. It won't happen next time. In April 347 AD, Shi Hu once again ordered Ma Qiu to attack Zhao. Ma Qiu led an army of 80,000 to March in a mighty manner, and surrounded a three-story wall city (now Linxia, Gansu). The ladder is tunnel-shaped and advances from top to bottom. Zhang Cong, the garrison commander of Liangjun, stubbornly resisted, and tens of thousands of Jiebing were killed and injured in the city, which was impregnable. Shi Hu sent Liu to ride twenty thousand reinforcements, but he still couldn't attack the city, but he was ambushed by Zhang Juan. After Zhao set fire to the siege equipment, Ma Qiu had to lead the army to retreat to the summer land. Shi Hu was still unwilling to fail, so he sent reinforcements. Sun and Liu led 20,000 cavalry to join the Machu army, and 30,000 troops bypassed Han and Han, drove straight in, crossed the Yellow River and built a city in Changzui (now Tianzhu, Gansu). Under the imposing manner of Jie Li's army, Liang will lead more than 20,000 households led by others to surrender to Hou Zhao.

Feeling that the situation was not good, Zhang Zhonghua used Xie Yi again, appointed him as our time and strategist, led a March, and rode thirty thousand to the Yellow River. Xie Ai rode a chariot, wore a white hat, drummed and shouted, and treated the Jie army as nothing. Ma Qiu saw it from a distance and said angrily, "Xie Ai is a scholar. It's too light for me to wear such a top!" " Last time I asked you to hit me accidentally, I have to kill you this time. Ordered elite 3000 black spear dragon soldiers to attack Liang Jun's army and take Zhong Jun directly. When the left and right followers saw that Jie Bing was threatening, they quickly advised Xie Ai to get off and ride. Xie ai is not in a hurry. Didn't you let me off? All right! Xie Ai stepped out of the car, ordered people to put on Hu Chuang, sat on it, directed punishment, and kept calm, so that Jie Bing thought there was an ambush, but he dared not attack. This time in Machu, Xie Ai was afraid that Machu would stick to the city for the longest time and could not get out. He seduced him to play on purpose. In front, General Zhang Huan led his troops to cut off the retreat to understand the ice. After the chaos of the Zhao army, Xie Ai took advantage of the situation to attack and broke the army. Took thirteen thousand heads, and Ma Qiu fled to the summer land alone.

Shi Ning, a post-Zhao Zhongshu supervisor, led more than 20,000 troops from Bingzhou and Sizhou to reinforce Machu again. In May, Ma Qiu and Shi Ning joined forces, assembled 120,000 ice-breaking troops and re-entered the south of the Yellow River, and dispatched generals to attack in multiple ways. Liu Ning and Wang Zhuo attacked Venus, Guangwu and Wu Jie, making them abandon the enemy and retreat to Han. Zhao Jiejun arrived at the meandering stream (north of Hongchiling in the southeast of Wuwei, Gansu), and the whole city was shocked. Zhang Zhonghua wanted to go out and fight in person. Xie Aigu remonstrated: "The king of a country, the country of a town, can't act rashly."

Xie Ai rode a 20,000-strong army to fight again, raised the flag in front of the army and swore an oath with the soldiers. Soldiers entered the sacred bird, Lien Chan won a great victory, defeated Zhao, defeated Ma Qiu, killed120,000 Jiejun, and Ma Qiu fled back to Jincheng in a panic. Hearing the news of the defeat, Shi Hu lamented: "My tutor and I decided on Kyushu, but now we are trapped in the Han land with the power of Kyushu. It really means that there is no one there and there is no profit. "

Zhang Zhonghua, a shepherd in Liangzhou, was on his high horse after defeating Shi Hu several times. After the death of Zhao Gaozu Shi Hu in 349 AD, he officially ascended the throne of Wang Liang. His history of cool country is called former cool. Zhang Chonghua has only been a cool king for four years and can't afford to get sick. Before he died, he made his son Zhang Yaoling a prince. After Zhang Chonghua's death, the country was in chaos. His brother Zhang Zuo committed adultery with Zhang Chonghua's mother, killed Zhang Yaoling, and claimed to be the cool king.

Zhang Zuo is a great scholar, knowledgeable and brave, and has political talent. Only a little bad habit, lewd, not only fooling around with Zhang Zhonghua's mother, but also having an affair with Zhang Zhonghua's wife Shi Pei. Zhang Zhonghua's wife, concubines and unmarried daughters all get their hands on her, and she's a sex maniac.

Zhang Zuo knew that his throne had come improperly, and he was not at ease with defenders all over the country. He sent someone to Jiuquan to kill Xie Ai. Poor Xie Ai's generation of famous soldiers did not die in the battlefield, but died in their own hands. Zhang Zuo wanted to kill another general, Han Taishou Zhang Kui. Zhang Kui is not mourning. He sent people to crusade against Zhang Zuo in various counties, went into ancient Tibet, cut off Zhang Zuo's head and set up Zhang Xuanliang instead. Zhang Xuanliang was the cool king for eight years, and he was replaced by his uncle Tianxi Zhang.

Zhang Tianxi, the youngest son of Zhang Jun, has a unique nickname. At first, his name was Gong, and others laughed at his three words, but he changed it to two words himself. After he launched a coup, he killed Zhang Xuanliang, became a general, a captain, a Liangzhou shepherd and a Xiping duke, and became a vassal of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was named general, commander-in-chief, commander-in-chief of the military in Longyou Guanzhong, a captain for protecting Qiang, secretariat of Liangzhou and Xipinggong.

Tianxi Zhang has the demeanor of a celebrity and is as virtuous as Rebecca. During his administration, he only played and didn't care about political affairs. "Counting banquets and swimming pools is quite wasteful," Wu Wen of Liangzhou wrote to persuade him. He also plausibly said, "I'm not good at playing, but I get something from playing." Look at glory and respect talented people; If you play Lan Zhi, you will fall in love with the Minister of Virtue; When you see pine and bamboo, you think of virtue; Liu Linqing, and then you travel honestly; When I saw the creeping weed, I was insatiable and filthy; When the wind blows, you are evil and cunning. If I apply, I will be more and more perfect and my personality will be better and better. "

In 376 AD, Fu Jian ordered generals Gou Kun, Liang, Yao Chang, etc. He will ride an army of 130,000 troops into Guzang, Liangzhou, and send messengers to Tianxi Zhang. Tianxi Zhang shot the emissary and refused to surrender. The former Qin Dynasty launched a massive attack, and Liangzhou soldiers were defeated, losing 38,000 people. Tianxi Zhang "is a white horse with a jade pillar on its face and surrenders to the military gate." He was sent to Chang 'an, was named Guiyihou, and Liang Qian was declared extinct.

The former Yan and the former Liang continued to perish, and the former Qin controlled the land from Liaodong in the east to the western regions in the west, which formed a situation of killing two birds with one stone for the Tuoba generation country bordering the grassland. With the separatist trend of the two countries, the Great Qin State marched into the grassland, and the destruction of the country was inevitable. Introduction to Tobahiyi, the historical sky once again left us with a mystery of life and death. What kind of mystery is it? Please watch the next episode, The Death of Shi Yi.