What does the word haiku mean?

Haiku is a kind of Japanese classical short poem, which is composed of 17-character sounds, with strict requirements and limited by "seasonal language". It originated from Japanese couplets and 1 antithetical poems.

Zhou Lianggong's Shadow of the Qing Dynasty Volume II: "Xu Juyuan said,' ... Su Li and Nineteen Poems were changed to Huang Chu Jian 'an as anthologies.

It became a haiku of Qi Liang, then a modern poem of Tang Dynasty, and all the ancient poems died. "

2. Japanese short poems, consisting of three sentences with seventeen tones, the first sentence with five tones, the second sentence with seven tones and the last sentence with five tones.

Zheng Zhenduo's butterfly literature: "In Japanese haiku, butterflies have also become something they like to sing." Ai Wu's Youth in Geomorphology: "There are poetic ripples in my mind, so I naturally think of Japanese poets' haiku and short songs."

origin

Lian Fang is a kind of Japanese poetry that began in15th century. Couplets similar to China's modern poems are poems written by many writers. Its first sentence is a 17 tone of five, seven and five sentences, which is called a French sentence, and its threatening sentence is a 14 room of seven and seven sentences. After the third and fourth sentences, the first two sentences are repeated in turn, and the last sentence ends with seven or seven sentences, which is called a conclusion sentence.

Love Song is an elegant classical poem. Lian Fang inherited the aesthetic consciousness of the Middle Ages, and his writing method was to quote classical stories to create poems. Later, Lian Ge was gradually replaced by a humorous poem called "Mi Xie".

Harmony, like Lian Fang, is a poem with seventeen tones and fourteen tones. But it satirized Brother Lian and added vulgar and fashionable jokes. Miho uses homophonic witticisms more, and likes to use the life-rich things that have not been used in Lian Fang as the theme.

In harmony, some people began to publish sentences as independent works. This is the origin of haiku.

format

Haiku is a kind of poetry with a specific format. The creation of haiku must follow two basic rules:

first

Haiku consists of five lines, seven lines and five lines of 17 letters. Of course, this is based on Japanese.

second

There must be seasonal language in haiku. The so-called seasonal language refers to the seasonal language used to express the new year in spring, summer, autumn and winter. In seasonal languages, besides "summer rain" and "snow", there are also animal and plant names such as "cherry blossom" and "cicada". In addition, customs such as "lucky money" and "Yangchun noodles" are also widely used. These "seasonal theories" usually carry the nostalgia of modern Japanese for childhood or hometown.

Representative figure

Three ancestors of harmony

1. Yamazaki Zongjian

(? -1553), by the river, her real name is Zina and her name is Fan Chongsaburo. Ashikaga Yoshihisa, a general who used to be a samurai, quit his job as a monk after being killed in Shang Yi. He lived in seclusion in Xiaqi, Zhangzhou at the age of 35, then moved to Yamazaki and changed his surname to Zongjian. Married near Zanchi Kanungi in his later years. Death is eighty-nine, or cloud eighty-five or seventy-two.

Zong Jian's character is elegant and bold, he yearns for the realm of freedom and unrestrained, he is calm and poor, but he only studies harmony. It is said that at the end of Muromachi era, Lian Fang was extremely prosperous, and Lian Fang's owner Iijima became famous all over the world. Zong Jian couldn't win in Liange, but he didn't create harmony to compete with it, because he was honored as the "father of harmony" by later generations. The compilation of "Dog Tsukuba Collection" is the origin of Nuo books, and there is also a "Bamboo Horse Crazy Songs Collection", which has not spread to today.

Zong Jian advocated satirical sayings. Although he advocated abolishing all rules, he respected seasonal topics, which was confirmed by backward scholars and eventually became an iron law of haiku.

Zong Jian's sentences can be roughly divided into two parts according to the content. One kind is humorous works that ridicule the world, such as:

If the moon is bright, the handle is definitely like a good round fan.

Fang Geyong, a frog leans on the ground with his hands.

The days are long in round spring and the days are long.

The other part is a poor work. Although Zong Jian was down and out, he never attached himself to powerful people, but lived a very happy life in seclusion. This indifference and self-made moral integrity are also reflected in sentences, such as:

Eat hairy chestnuts at night and the moon will shine.

In October, when the paper window is broken, you will know the golden cold.

It is said that there is only one medicine pot in his room, and there is a piece of paper at the door, which reads: "The boarding guests can leave quickly, and the Chinese guests can stay for one day. Please stay overnight." On his deathbed, he sang the following "death" song:

If you ask Zong Jian how to answer the question of considering others?

This song is still widely sung today, because it expresses his always detached and free-spirited state of mind.

2. Arakida defends five

Arakida Shouwu (1472—— 1549), Isebito, an official of Yi Shi Palace after his father, is good at liange and loves harmony. He once said, "I should make harmony rules to connect songs." In his later years, he wrote 1000 Poems of Lian Fang (also known as 1000 Poems of Shouwu) and tried to formulate the rules of Lian Fang in Chinese, which was a great achievement in the history of Lian Fang. Generally speaking, his sentences are neither supercilious nor supercilious, and his character is higher than that of Zong Jian. Some works are very vivid, such as:

The riverbank is like a willow, and the eyebrows are written.

Butterflies dance, and the flowers fall and the branches return.

3. Joan Songyong

Song Yong Zhende (1570-1653), a native of Kyoto, was born with a great-grandfather who entered the river and was the Lord of Gaozhou. His father changed his surname to Song Yong when he was still a young scenic bear. His nicknames were Xiaoyao Xuan, Chozumaru, featherleaf rodgersflower Maru, Songyou, Pentagon Weng and Huayun Weng. He is knowledgeable and versatile. He has successively studied harmony from celebrities such as Jiu jiusan and Hosokawa Youzhai (that is, Hosokawa Fuji Taka), and has studied Lian Ge from Shaoba Village, claiming to be "the teacher of more than 50 people". He also devoted himself to harmony, formulated the rules of harmony in detail, and called himself "the father of harmonious rejuvenation", which spread all over the world. In the third year of Qing Dynasty (1598), the imperial court awarded the title of "Hua Gen" (since Kamakura and Muromachi, the Japanese government awarded the title of the best chorus artist, and only one person was allowed in one era), and named him "Master Nuo", and later generations called Zongjian, Shouwu and He as "Nuo and Sanzu".

To put it simply, Joan of Arc believes that "harmony is a couplet in which every sentence is haiku". The so-called "Nuo language" refers to common sayings and Chinese that are not used in ancient chorus or couplet songs. The book "Imperial Umbrella" compiled by him lists in detail 1476 humorous expressions and some rules in their usage, and most of them are explained with couplets, which was called "the art of war with humorous secrets" at that time. This book simplifies the law of harmony, eliminates doubts about its origin, and establishes the standard of "True Virtue School" (commonly known as "True Gate").

There are other books written by Joan of Arc, such as Dianzhuan, Fried Rice, Thousands of Red Plums and Grimm Miscellaneous Words. His sentences like metaphor, which was quite popular at that time. Now it seems that although he pays attention to some skills, he lacks thoughts and feelings and is hard to be called a famous sentence. For example:

It's New Year's Eve (using "spot rot" as a metaphor for tiger skin texture)

How long will it take for the phoenix to be born?

Silver is similar to Sha Ting jathyapple Middle School.

The fine sand in the moonlight sparkles and really looks like silver. This haiku can be said to be one of the earliest sketch sentences.

It's raining again today, spring, summer and autumn are the same.

Japanese call the sudden stop of Mao Mao rain in late autumn and early winter "timely rain", because it can express thoughts and feelings, and singers and poets sang it in ancient times.

There are many disciples of the Zhende Sect, among which about 40 are headed by the Seven Immortals of Zhenmen.

Haiku celebrity

"Nuosheng" Matsuo Bashō

Statue of Matsuo Bashō

When it comes to haiku, you have to mention Matsuo Bashō. Banana is called "Nuosheng" by the Japanese, and it has played a decisive role in the development of Japanese haiku.

Matsuo Bashō (1644— 1694) was a humorous poet in the edo period. The real name is General Manager Song Wei, and its aliases are Tao Qing, Boating Hall, Junyue Temple and Fengluo Room. Born in Ueno, Iga. At the age of ten, he became a loyal servant of Fujikura's family. Liang learned the harmony of the town gate in Beicun, so the banana is also very close to the town gate. Later, in Edo, Bajiao wrote "Talking about Lin Baiyun", which has a very obvious style of talking about forest harmony.

Based on the achievements of Zhenmen and Lin Tan, Octagonal Opera developed harmony into a kind of ordinary poem with high artistry and distinctive personality. He raised the haiku, which used to be mainly funny and had game elements, to a serious style of pursuing poetic artistic conception.

Bajiao's poetic style can be summed up in four words: "Jing Ya". Just like his famous sentence "Guchi", it is through the unique expressive force of idleness that the elegance and beauty of art are produced:

"Next to the old pool,

The frog jumped into the middle of the water.

Plop. "

This haiku describes the moment when a frog jumped into an ancient pond. At this moment, the silence of Zhou Xian and the sound of frogs jumping into the pond were perfectly combined. Before the frog jumps, everything is calm, and after the frog jumps, everything will still be calm. On the surface, there is endless silence, but in the heart, there is a kind of life rhythm of nature, the infinite mystery of nature and the unparalleled passion of the author. There is a faint aftertaste and a quiet and mysterious artistic conception.

Let's watch a banana song "Sakura Appreciation":

"Shredded pork under the tree,

On the vegetable soup,

Cherry petals fall. "

This haiku has an obvious flavor of life, but there is still idleness between the lines.

Banana also has a poem "Spring Rain" which is highly recommended by Akutagawa Ryunosuke:

"The spring rain flies along the grass path, and the eaves and walls are flourishing."

Have tea with Xie Wucun and Xiao Lin.

After bananas, the most famous haiku poets had tea with Xie Wucun and Kobayashi.

Xie Wucun (1716-1783) is a Japanese haiku poet and painter. I liked art when I was a teenager. Around the age of 20, he lost his family business, drifted to Edo, learned from his teacher and stayed in the midnight pavilion of the early Mayans, which attracted the attention of Edo Nuo altar. In the next ten years, I traveled around and devoted myself to learning painting. After becoming famous. He got married in 1757 and continued his harmonious creation. 1767, it broke the midnight pavilion and became the owner. He advocated the theory of "deviating from vulgarity", opposed the harmony of indulgence and vulgarity, and devoted himself to "returning to banana".

Wukun's haiku is good at observing natural scenery carefully and describing it from scratch. This style is famous for its magnificence.

The following are four haiku poems written by Wucun:

"The autumn wind is lonely, and the restaurant has fishermen." "The spring rain is falling, nourishing the small shells on the beach." "Roses are everywhere, like the hometown road in those days." "Spring is back, cherry blossoms are patrolling and opening late."

Just like the second song above, Mao Mao's description of rain shells shows elegant beauty, which is what Wucun is good at.

Xiaolin Yicha (1763— 1827), whose real name is Yataro, was born in a peasant family in Baiyuan Village, Shuinei County, Nong Xin County. I began to learn harmony at the age of ten. Due to his turbulent experience, Yicha's haiku has its own distinctive style. Someone commented on him: "self-mockery is not optimistic, not world-weary, detached."

A tea farm has a famous haiku about hometown:

"Hometown, next to it, are all thorny flowers."

For my hometown, a cup of tea is nostalgia and dissatisfaction. This haiku expresses that kind of complicated mood.

A tea has a rough life, and his haiku often reveals a kind of loneliness and resentment against reality. Here are his three haiku:

"New Year's Day is lonely. I'm not the only bird without a nest." "Go home, Edo can't enjoy the cool." "Don't call the goose. From today, I am also a drifter. "

But a cup of tea is also simple and childish. One of his masterpieces, a haiku I missed when I was six years old:

"Come and play with me, sparrow without parents."

This simplicity and innocence are deeply expressed.

Masaoka Shiki

Masaoka Shiki (1867— 1902), whose real name is agreed, is from Ehime County. 189 1 winter, I began to edit the complete works of haiku classification. 1892 began to publish haiku in newspapers and put forward the innovative idea of haiku. Zi Gui thinks that the song of harmony lacks literary value, and advocates that the song of harmony should be independently written into a poem, named haiku, for future generations to use.

Masaoka Shiki haiku stone tablet

In Zigui's hands, haiku has really developed into the shortest poem of the Japanese nation.

"The grass in our court has sprouted again, and the infinite world will be green." "Xin Jiamu once asked the way and only heard the white clouds." "The ferry is coming in the spring rain, and the umbrella on board is high and low."

This is Zigui's three haiku, in which he has a unique grasp of nature.

Zi Gui has three unique poems, and the following haiku is one of them:

"A bucket of phlegm is in the throat, and melon juice is hard to solve."

The day after this haiku was written, Zigui died.

Hijikata Toshizo

Hijikata Toshizo (ひじかたとしぞぅ, Hijikatatoshizou) was born on May 5th, 6 (1835 May 3 1) and died. I am afraid of righteousness, and I am afraid of jade. Pen name Naito Hayato. Hijikata Toshizo, the newly elected deputy director of the group, is the assistant director-general of the shogunate school. After Meiji Restoration, he became the last samurai of Tokugawa shogunate and the representative of Bushido spirit until the last moment.

His sabres are Taidao and boxer (ぃずみのかみかねさだ) and Guo Hao Kawabata (ほりかわ).

His interests include other songs and haiku, which show his elegant side.

Seasonal haiku

Japanese haiku recitation scene

Haiku without season, no matter its name, just don't use the seasonal language in Haiku. A haiku of tea has no seasonal language;

"Sammy is also a sin, let the chickens fight."

Free law haiku completely abandoned the form of haiku. Although it has not become the dominant haiku, it is better for China people to write China haiku.

Free law haiku

In Japan, the most popular writers of free law haiku belong to farming and mountain fires. Shantouhuo is a haiku poet from Fang Fucheng. He was born in a feudal landlord family in 1882. He is very interested in literature and shows great talent. He dropped out of school and went home because of illness. After that, his father went bankrupt and then he lost his wife and children. After losing everything, he became a monk and began a wandering life in Japan. Wherever he goes, he always writes haiku to think about nature and life. Therefore, he is called a wandering poet.

Here are some haiku of mountain fires:

"Sleep peacefully on the new green grass", "The morning sky is so clear and the faint clouds flow in the blue sky" and "The light of the sunset is so beautiful that I am walking carefully and have not wasted my time".

Haiku and China's Poetry

Japanese painting haiku short songs

There is a saying that the formation of haiku may be influenced by quatrains in China's modern poetry. There was a chorus in medieval Japan, and the format of the chorus was five sentences and thirty-one tones. Later, due to the chorus of many people, long and short chorus appeared. Haiku originates from couplet, the first sentence of couplet, three sentences and seventeen tones. Brother Lian's threatening sentence is two sentences with fourteen tones. It adds up to exactly thirty-one There is an ancient saying in China that quatrains are half of regular poems, which is the so-called "absolutely, absolutely". Most ancient Japanese poets can write China's poems. Therefore, one of the influences of haiku formation may be that Japanese people are inspired by the relationship between quatrains and metrical poems.

Masaoka Shiki once said, "Haiku, Hege and China's poems are different in form, but have the same taste. Among them, haiku has many similarities with Chinese poetry, because haiku benefits from Chinese poetry. "

The artistic conception of haiku has more similarities with China's poems. The beauty of haiku is that it captures the sparkling scenery of nature, which corresponds to the poet's metaphysical dream and produces a sentimental single line and a unique Zen flavor, which will be frozen forever from that moment on. This Zen silence is often reflected in China's poems. For example, Wang Wei's poem: "Love is getting thinner, and Zen is getting silent." (Accidental Works), "Realizing the joy of silence once is more than enough in this life" (Repeating the Walking Monk in Busan).

Many Japanese haiku poets can write China's poems. There are also many haiku poems by China and China. For example, Bajiao's sentence: "The grass grows in summer, and the warriors leave dreams" is a quotation from Du Fu's poem "Although the country is broken, the mountains and rivers last forever, and the grass grows green in spring".

Haiku seasonal language

Spring: This is the season when everything grows. Trees turn green and sprout, and everything is full of vitality. Seasonal languages related to spring are:

March (Yayoi): small sacrifice, east wind, mountain laughter, warbler, vernal equinox, swallow, spring rain, wood bud, thorn, graduation, grandson,,.

April (Uzuki): April red deer, school gate, hazy moon, class state, flowers, spring sorrow, blowing mountains, planting, etc.

May (May-さつき): tea picking, spring celebration, leaf lollipop, Zigong Day, Long Summer and Mother's Day.

Summer: The weather is hot and rainy, and the festival activities are more lively. Seasonal languages related to summer are:

June (water without moon): yigeng ぇ, plum rain, plum blossom, crab, summer solstice, curtain.

July (Wen Yue): Tanabata, Chaoshan, Garden Party, Sun Umbrella, Sea Sun, Lotus.

August (Ye Yue): beginning of autumn, bathrobe, fan, sunflower and washbasin.

Autumn: This is the season of harvest, the season of crisp autumn and the season of enjoying red leaves. Seasonal languages related to autumn are:

September (long month): new cool, respect for the elderly, full moon, full moon, long night, insects, cool, cold, new rice, high sky.

October (God has no moon): そぞろり, autumn is deep し, deer and persimmons.

November (Frosty Moon): Tuniao, beginning of winter, July 53, wishing to go with autumn. ? Winter: It is winter from beginning of winter to beginning of spring, which is a cold season. Seasonal languages related to winter are:

1February (teacher's departure): dusk, tofu soup, camellia, new year's stone, winter solstice, except the night clock.

January (Muyue): New Year's Day, January, early spring, cooking, New Year's greetings, early book day, adult's day and snow.

February (like the moon): solar terms, beginning of spring, snow festival, light spring, rainy cold and plum blossom.

A form of poetry.

I hope I can help you and adopt it. Thank you.