Goodbye, Chinese class

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Chinese

Pinyin: y τ text

The word "Chinese" has a short history. 1905, after the Qing dynasty abolished the imperial examination system, it began to open new schools. At that time, all the courses and teaching materials were imported from the west, only one subject was Chinese, and ancient Chinese was taught. At that time, it was called "Chinese" class. After the May 4th Movement, Chinese classes were challenged by advocating vernacular Chinese and opposing classical Chinese, so primary schools were changed to "national language", and the teaching materials had distinct oral characteristics, all of which were vernacular Chinese, nursery rhymes and stories. Middle schools are still teaching Chinese, and the proportion of vernacular Chinese has also increased significantly. The works of new literature writers such as Lu Xun, Ye Shengtao and Bing Xin were all selected. In the late 1930s. Ye Shengtao and Xia Mianzun put forward the concept of "Chinese" and tried to compile new Chinese textbooks. Unfortunately, they were forced to stop because of the Japanese aggression against China. After the national liberation, Mr. Ye Shengtao once again proposed that "Mandarin" and "Chinese" should be combined and renamed as "Chinese". This proposal was adopted by the education authorities of the North China government and then extended to the whole country. Since then, "Chinese" has become a main course in primary and secondary schools.

Chinese is a broad and profound subject. If you want to learn Chinese well, your interest in learning and good study habits are very important. Some people find it difficult to learn Chinese. I think it's mainly because they don't have the right method and a golden key to open the door to Chinese.

To learn Chinese well, we should pay attention to cultivating learning interest, forming good study habits, accumulating learning methods and enhancing learning ability. I hope that after reading this "bad article", you can pave the way for your Chinese, contribute to your Chinese building, and pave the way to heaven for your study.

Being interested in Chinese learning will lay the most solid foundation for your Chinese learning. No matter what you do, interest is the most important thing. Two thousand years ago in Wen Sheng, Confucius once said, "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy". This sentence just shows that "good" and "happy" can be said to be spiritual pillars for a person to pursue something, friends. If you are not interested in Chinese for the time being, it doesn't matter, you can start with "0". To cultivate interest, you can recite and copy some wonderful fragments, philosophical sayings and extracurricular knowledge. In this way, slowly accumulate, one day, you will suddenly find that it is so easy to be a knowledgeable scholar. You can also take part in some activities about Chinese, such as lectures, compositions and so on. Einstein said: "In school and life, the most important motivation for work is the pleasure in work, the pleasure in obtaining the result of work, and the understanding of the social value of this result." As I said just now, you can take part in social activities, and some people will ask. If you win, it will definitely boost our morale and make us more interested. Instead, it will dampen our enthusiasm and dislike Chinese. Isn't that counterproductive? I can definitely answer "No". See how you realize the value of the result. As the saying goes, we will learn Chinese well with confidence. If we fail, we can reflect on what we did badly. "Frustration is a great wealth for the strong and an abyss for the weak." You can think about it. It is precisely because of the discovery of defects that we will make up for them and do better. If learning interest is the foundation, good study habits are excellent architects.

The quality of your study habits is directly related to the quality of your study. Ye Shengtao believes: "From primary school teachers to university professors, their task is to help students develop good habits and help students develop good habits in politics, culture and science." From this sentence, we can at least see the importance of good habits. In fact, good habits are mainly cultivated by themselves. There is a saying in the countryside that "habit becomes nature". If you stick to a good study habit, it will become "nature" over time. How to develop good study habits can be understood from study practice and articles. The Book of Rites says, "Be knowledgeable, interrogate, think carefully, distinguish clearly and stick to it." This is a good study habit, and we can gradually integrate it into our study. "Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous", which sounds the alarm of combining "learning" with "thinking" for us. "Learn from time to time" and "Review the past and learn the new" Many famous people have summarized their learning, so we might as well try (but don't blindly). In fact, it is more important that we sum up from our study. For example, in a quiet place, we might as well sit down and think quietly about essays and famous sayings, which will not only make us feel happier, but also deepen our impression. If a good study habit is an original architect, then a good study method is exquisite and practical building materials.

When it comes to learning methods, "language" is a word and "text" is a word. In fact, there are many intersections with study habits, such as copying wonderful fragments, reciting ancient poems, and writing down wonderful moments at any time. The important thing in Chinese learning is accumulation and application, and the above methods are all important means of accumulation. Our knowledge of using Chinese can be said to be all-encompassing, which can be used in social, writing, oral and other aspects ... they are all closely related to us. Some people learn Chinese very well, but when they use it, they put jiaozi in a teapot-they can't pour it out. In fact, the purpose of learning is to use, which is the key. Since the methods vary from person to person, I won't discuss them much! I believe my dear friend, you will have a trick up your sleeve. Good study habits, strong interest and correct methods are useless if you don't have the ability to learn Chinese.

Learning ability is gradually cultivated and accumulated. Some people say that Lu Xun's article is difficult to understand, in fact, because we have not found a breakthrough. When we understand a sentence, we must contact the background and context of the times, so that you can easily solve the problem. To learn to re-recognize the consolidation of basic ability, we must first remember the intentions of some words, rhetoric and symbols. With such a solid foundation, we can improve. The cultivation of the learning ability of "haste makes waste" is not a day's work, and you need to persevere.

All the above are my humble opinions, mostly superficial words. In fact, everyone has their own classics and a set of undiscovered (and of course some have been discovered) learning cheats.

My friend, when you read this article, I hope you can also benefit from it when you hide your thoughts. For those with poor Chinese proficiency, change the status quo and add icing on the cake to the good Chinese proficiency.

Chinese covers the widest range, from astronomy and time to geography and humanities, overlooking all beings and covering all things in the world.

Deeply taste the true feelings of the world and write a hymn of love and beauty in the movement of Chinese; Understand the true meaning of life and shine the bright light of reason under the wonderful pen of Chinese; After all kinds of social changes, he laughed and cursed on the scroll of Chinese; Wandering in the joy of nature, in the paradise of China people, show the unique beauty of Zhong Ling.

Enter the language, feel the edifying charm of famous culture, and the warm humanistic care of the language is waiting for you;

Walking into the language, touching the joy and sadness of every bar friend's heart, the unique perspective of language is looking forward to you;

When you enter the language, your thoughts and ideas are impacted by a little bit of bookishness and sincere care, and you are intoxicated by the Millennium cultural accumulation of the language.

After walking for a long time, there was a vague cloud behind. Taste the language, look for the lost years, release the sound of jumping, open the clouds to see the sun and the moon, and imagine the unprecedented lofty realm. The most subtle greetings and care have melted your troubles and worries, accumulated and remembered little by little, and made you make a qualitative leap.

Recite a short poem and win the house applause;

Write a beautiful article to win everyone's favor;

Ask a question, and the harvest is infinitely wonderful;

A share of experience, but also a clean stream.

This is the charm of Chinese!

Drill literature, taste beautiful literature, and show everyone's demeanor;

Reading The Three Kingdoms and The Red Chamber has caused countless thoughts.

Reading myths and fairy tales, galloping imagination space;

Recite poetry and prose, and keep the pulse of culture.

An essay, in the lingering sadness, realized the bitterness of deeply grieved;

A drama, in twists and turns, has a touching shock;

A poem, read out the detachment Qingyuan in implicit conciseness;

A novel, in the ebb and flow, has achieved a shocking yearning.

China people, with thick wings, inspire people to fight the sky forever;

Language, the echo of the soul, leads people to the noble palace;

Language, a little breeze and light rain, gives people a clear cloud.

Cross a sea and stir up ripples with extensive knowledge; Picked a bunch of flowers, ushered in a wisp of fragrance in the collision of wisdom; I have a dream and decided to start here. ...

Go into literature, explore culture, carve the beauty of Chinese on the CD of the soul, live an eternal, relaxed and smiling life, what else can a man ask for?

In Taiwan Province Province of China, this subject is called "Chinese" instead of "Chinese".

The full name of Chinese is Chinese language and literature.

First, language must be interpreted.

August 1950, 1 With the announcement of the provisional teaching plan (draft) and the provisional school calendar (draft) of the Ministry of Education of China, a brand-new subject name, Chinese, was grandly born. Except for1March 1956 19 to1March 8, 1958, the language was divided into two subjects, which took 50 years. However, due to the unprecedented rapid development of education and the collapse of the Cultural Revolution in New China in the past 50 years, there is not even a "scientific definition" for Chinese! Therefore, in the past 50 years, there have been different opinions in the education circle in China, and the white-hot wave of exam-oriented education has now pushed down the dilemma of "less delay and poor fees" recognized by people inside and outside the industry. Since the beginning of this spring, the "Chinese education discussion" advocated by people's education, century Chinese education, middle school Chinese teaching and other columns is in full swing and full of people. The theory and practice inside and outside the industry converge on the "China Education Problem". We must not stop until we find a solution to the education problem in China. This is indeed a major event for our country. How to make China's education get out of the "less slow fees"? The author thinks that we should seek truth from facts, think rationally, make a scientific dialectical analysis of the concept of "Chinese" and gain an understanding, so as to solve the basic theoretical problems of Chinese as soon as possible. The concept of China's science has been a problem for 50 years, and it needs to sum up the most fundamental successful experience and rise to theory. With scientific theoretical guidance, practice will not stagnate. Therefore, "language" must be explained. Taking seeking truth from facts as a weapon, "What are China people?" The problem can be completely solved and there must be a scientific explanation.

Second, the original interpretation of Chinese

The word "China people" was not included in Ci Hai and Ci Yuan. The answer of Modern Chinese Dictionary is "'language and writing' also refers to' abbreviation of language and literature'". Xinhua Dictionary is annotated as "language and literature", which also means "language and article" or "language and literature". Because these reference books do not explain "Chinese" as a subject name, they hardly play a good role in "Chinese education". Reading science? This is another matter.

After a lot of investigation and analysis, I come to the conclusion that the original meaning of the word "Chinese" should not be "what and what", but only "China ancient and modern written language works" and "articles".

1932 Shanghai Dajiang Bookstore published the famous rhetoric book The Origin of Rhetoric by Mr. Chen Wangdao of Fudan University, in which the word "Chinese" was widely used! There are Chinese language, Chinese language separation, Chinese integration of language, Chinese language normal relationship, Chinese language improvement, Chinese language style, Chinese language improvement and so on. Professor, what do these "languages" mean? A close reading of The Origin of Rhetoric shows that "language" is a written language derived from spoken language, and "text" is a written language derived from classical Chinese (words modified by literature). Spoken language without words is called "words", and what constitutes words is "text". Mr. Chen Wangdao spent a lot of time trying to say that "words" and "literary words" are words that need to be revised. Loud and clear.

The word "storytelling" is indispensable in the modern and contemporary textbooks of China literature history. What is a "phone book"? Chinese teachers who are mainly Chinese departments probably know that "story books" are "manuscripts used by old storytellers when they rap". Ancient Chinese used to be an "unpretentious novel". Eight-part essay prevailed in Ming and Qing Dynasties. I don't know when the language on the "Hua Ben" was called "Vernacular", and the articles on the "Hua Ben" and the articles with the same language style had the name of "Style Text", which was on an equal footing with "Classical Chinese". People in contemporary China all write "style of writing", and those who no longer care about it have collapsed. I checked the history of the decline of the classical Chinese family, and it was after the Opium War that its dominance was taken away by the style of writing, which was the result of continuous bad luck for hundreds of years. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, who took the lead in rebellion, launched the "New Style Movement", followed by a group of proletarians engaged in the "May 4th" cultural movement. Later, the throne of classical Chinese faltered in the "great discussion on the popularization of literature and art" in the Kuomintang-controlled areas in the middle and late 1930s, and finally collapsed in the "Yan 'an literature and art rectification movement" in the 1940s. Serve you right! Who told me that classical Chinese should be stereotyped, rigid and decadent, which bound and imprisoned the thoughts of ordinary people since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, hindered the progress of science and culture, and eventually led foreigners to break into houses alive? Don't talk about vernacular, write style, and make the country extinct! People with brains will not sit idly by!

The great man Mao Zedong sent a heroic message in Tiananmen Square, "The people of China have stood up since then!" Before a declaration, "Chinese" was the joint abbreviation of "China ancient and modern written language works"-"style" and "classical Chinese". It is a noun term and a universal concept that can extract the image of "article".

Third, language illusion.

On August 1950 and 1, the people of China and the Ministry of Education promulgated the temporary teaching plan (draft) and the temporary school calendar (draft) for middle schools, which marked the solemn birth of a brand-new Chinese subject. With the use of "Chinese" as a subject name, the flexibility of the concept of "Chinese" is manifested: qualitatively, it has changed from "article" to "knowledge about articles". In terms of quantity, it has changed from the "generic concept" of a thing (language) to the "generic concept" of a certain genus (curriculum) of an alternative thing (educational discipline). It is the connotation and extension of "Chinese" that have changed, but people's understanding has not been followed up in time, which has led to mistakes in school and brought a lot of ambiguity in teaching concepts.

Before showing the true definition of Chinese, it is necessary to analyze, identify and correct several typical illusions.

Interpreting "Chinese" as "spoken and written language" in the teaching materials of Chinese teaching method in Normal University leads to "Chinese" becoming a tool course to master spoken and written language, which leads to three mistakes: First, Chinese has no class, and it is purely regarded as linguistics, giving up the power of class branding and imprinting of humanities education in new China schools. Second, "spoken language" should not be included in "Chinese". School education is based on internalized consciousness and knowledge, and it is not necessary to go to school to learn oral mother tongue. There are young people and old people who have never been to school everywhere in urban and rural areas. There are not many people who can't talk except babies. The language of Mongolian children and old peasant women is lively and interesting, and they can also express their thoughts accurately. The language they master just can't be "far away", it will disappear with time. Therefore, it is not necessary to take "teaching oral skills" as its own responsibility in Chinese class, but to assimilate written communication norms. Thirdly, because people are used to thinking that language is a tool for communication, ignoring the necessary conditions of language or thinking, there is a wrong inference that "language is a tool", which obliterates the great role of Chinese education in enlightening and developing intelligence and turns Chinese class into a tool class. General or foreign language courses can be regarded as tool courses, but Chinese is not. It's not just discrimination against words!

Is Chinese a literature class? Literature is an art, after all, there are few people who can engage in "literature and art" work. Primary and secondary schools are not liberal arts schools, and Chinese cannot be taught as a literature class. As a basic subject of humanistic education, artistry is certainly possible as an ideal pursuit, but it can never be regarded as a basic requirement. It is understandable that quality education and compulsory education should teach some superficial literary knowledge and cultivate students' literary interest. We should teach students in accordance with their aptitude.

Chinese is a comprehensive basic course of humanities, education and science, which started in New China and keeps pace with the times. It is an ancient and brand-new subject in the scientific system. This illusion should be corrected.

Fourth, the definition and interpretation of Chinese subject [The following part was published in June 2002 in Chinese Teaching in Middle Schools]

Chinese is a science. To define it, it cannot be stipulated by any celebrity or authority. It must follow the rules defined in logic, and the definition must also have the function of consolidating people's cognitive achievements and helping people master knowledge. If you can't define it, you can't force it, or you can guess with the meaning of "colleagues", this concept is wrong. It must be obtained through "the definition of genus plus species difference"

Chinese, subject name.

Chinese is a basic subject in the humanities education science of new China. It takes the classic ancient and modern written works as the teaching medium, takes enlightening and developing students' intelligence as the fundamental purpose, and takes absorbing modern written communication norms and modern China people's humanistic psychology as the task.

General category: science; Classification: humanities; Subcategory: humanities education science; Genus: the basic discipline of humanities education science in China. There are three differences, (1) taking ancient and modern classic written works as teaching media, (2) taking enlightening and developing students' intelligence as the fundamental purpose, and (3) taking absorbing modern written communication norms and the humanistic psychology of the modern Chinese nation as the task. These differences are enough to distinguish it from other similar disciplines such as politics and history, and fully and truly reflect the essential attributes of this discipline.

After testing, the logical rules defined by symbols have no defects such as width, narrowness, repetition, negation, vagueness and metaphor. This is a scientific definition.

Taking typical ancient and modern written works as teaching media is the principle requirement of educational science and psychological science for Chinese subject. The typical selection of materials is due to the times and political tendencies. Otherwise, the regularity, tendency, advancement and efficiency of education cannot be implemented.

Inspiring and developing intelligence is the fundamental purpose of Chinese subject. Psychological research has long proved that philosophy, logic, aesthetics and culturology all admit that "word" is the material premise of human brain thinking activities. Chinese education has made the earliest, largest, most critical and most possible contribution to enlightening and developing the intelligence of the educated by inputting and solidifying "characters" into the human brain and inputting "concepts, procedures and ways of capturing and creating characters". When Chinese teaching falls into the quagmire of "less delay and poor fees", people complain that "Chinese education has missed everyone". If you really miss the people, the first thing to blame is China people! Isn't it? "Life begins with intelligence and culture." Without Chinese, everything is in vain. Our current Chinese syllabus does not focus on enlightenment and intellectual development, but is still "instrumental" and "instrumental and ideological". No wonder many people think that "Chinese class is the best", while others think that "Chinese class is the most difficult". The watershed between good and difficult lies in how to treat intellectual enlightenment and development and whether it is responsible for students' lives. Chinese quality is considered to be only the ability of listening, speaking, reading and writing, and everyone knows that "observing words (watching) and sizing up the situation (thinking)" is also a manifestation of Chinese quality. Chinese teaching plays an incomparable role in cultivating cognitive and creative abilities such as observation, memory, thinking, imagination and judgment. Presided over intellectual education, supported moral education, coordinated sports, supported art education and labor technology education, which is a sound educational concept of China. To learn to be a man and learn to learn, the premise is to learn Chinese well. Therefore, enlightening and developing intelligence is the fundamental purpose of Chinese subject.

Assimilate modern national cultural psychology, and assimilate modern written communication norms only in Chinese. The subject name of Chinese is the unity of truth, goodness and beauty. It is not called Mandarin, Chinese, Classical Chinese or Chinese. After careful consideration, we will admire the name "Chinese" established by the pioneers of new China education. It is really wonderful and exquisite. Where are those lost years in front of me? Behind me, where is the next generation? ! It is simply a landmark masterpiece of new Chinese civilization! It is the responsibility of teachers and students in China and workers in China to assimilate the modern written communication norms and humanistic psychological quality of the whole Chinese nation! Duty-bound!

Chinese and humanistic terms.

In old China, Chinese was the abbreviation of ancient and modern written works-style and classical Chinese. Nowadays, Chinese is the name of a subject. Chinese is also a term to measure humanistic quality, which refers to the comprehensive level of people's internal speech mechanism quality and external speech technical ability.