What is this? Classical Chinese.

1. What is classical Chinese? Classical Chinese is the written language used by our ancestors. There is a relationship of inheritance and development between classical Chinese and modern Chinese. As far as the basic forms of language are concerned, they are consistent, but as far as the changes of language are concerned, they are quite different. When we study classical Chinese, we must master the difference between ancient and modern Chinese and have the ability to read simple classical Chinese. How to read and learn classical Chinese? First, the word seeks its training, and the sentence seeks its purpose. In other words, when reading classical Chinese, you should understand the meaning of every word and every sentence. This is the reading experience of Zhu, a famous scholar in Song Dynasty. He once said, read carefully, word for word, depending on the landing. If you haven't studied before, you'll never be in a hurry to get behind. For students who have just started to learn classical Chinese, if the first step is not practical, they will read it later. Simply put, 1 is quite different in grammar and meaning. The implementation of every word and sentence is to understand this change and master the differences between them. For example, the meaning of "death" in "compensation after the death of sheep" is commonly used in ancient Chinese, while the meaning of "loss" and "escape" is commonly used in modern Chinese. There will be jokes that "dead sheep" is dead sheep. 2. This word is ambiguous. Because there are few words in classical Chinese, this word is often ambiguous. For example, a degree includes consideration, estimation, size, quantity, redundancy, measurement and system in different contexts. There are many meanings in other sentences, such as "market", "transaction", "sale" and "market". If we don't master this, we may not understand it when reading. For another example, we now call speaking with our mouths "speaking" and writing "Yu" in classical Chinese. We now use a word to represent "rain" in classical Chinese. Qi equals his and Zi equals Zi. "Father" refers to "father" in vernacular Chinese, and "father" (f incarnation) in classical Chinese often refers to the old man (ordinary old man). 3. The usage of quantifiers in classical Chinese is also different from that in modern Chinese. There are no quantifiers in classical Chinese. There are no quantifiers for "a table", "a chair", "a fan" and "a ruler" in ventriloquism. 4. Also, because there are few ancient words, sometimes the ancients will use a homophone or similar word to replace the words they want to use when writing articles. This substitute word is called a universal word, for example, in the Charcoal Man. It replaces the "value" of value. 5. There are also many flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese. Nouns are used as verbs, verbs are used as nouns, adjectives are used as nouns or verbs ... When the part of speech changes, the meaning of words also changes. These seemingly complicated, in fact, as long as the words are well practiced and the sentences are well targeted, it is not difficult to master. Accumulate the language and master the characters, words and sentence patterns of classical Chinese. Classical Chinese is rarely used in life, and there is no good way to learn it well if you are not familiar with it. If you read more and recite more, you will have a sense of language, so you can understand the content of the article quickly and read sentences fluently, and a sense of language can only be effective if you read aloud and recite. Therefore, China's ancient reading emphasized recitation and recitation. Bai Juyi, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, was sour when he was studying as a child. At the age of ten, Cao Zhi recited hundreds of words of poems and told us that to learn classical Chinese well, reading and reciting must be the basic methods. When reading and reciting, we should also pay attention to the fact that there were no punctuation marks when the ancients wrote articles. The ancient prose we see now is generally edited by later generations, so what did the ancients use to express broken sentences? This is often expressed by function words such as "zhi", "Hu", "zhe" and "ye" when we study ancient Chinese. In Shi Shuo, Han Yu said "I don't know how to read sentences", in which "reading sentences" is a broken sentence, and these function words are different. ), Gai and Fu are at the beginning of the sentence, Yu, but generally in the middle. ), hey, draw a circle (. Behind your ear, the speaker will also pause, or the sentence (. ) or tease (,) as the case may be. If you don't understand the function of these function words, you may make mistakes when reading aloud, which will not only affect your understanding of the text content, but also affect your familiar reading and memory of the text. Summarize the rules and pay attention to the methods. We must start from learning ancient Chinese and cultivate Ganjia School. However, it is a good way to thoroughly understand the prescription. Knowledge is systematic and regular. In the process of learning, we should pay attention to find out the internal relations between them, sum up the regular things, and remember what we have learned in a scientific way. For example, the translation of classical Chinese should be fluent, but in translation, some can be translated literally and some can be translated freely. Literal translation is word-for-word translation. Free translation means breaking the original word order and translating only according to the meaning. Generally speaking, narratives and argumentative essays are often translated literally, while lyric articles are often translated freely. When translating, those proper nouns, such as place names, personal names, emperor names, year numbers, official names, etc. There is no translation. As long as you master these regular knowledge, any classical Chinese can be used. Therefore, they can be used for learning.

2. What is classical Chinese 1? Classical Chinese is wonderful. There is no doubt about it. Classical Chinese is an important part of China traditional culture. This shows that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, and it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret the traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.

2. Classical Chinese is knowledge. Yes, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is just a word. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and so is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Why not learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning).

3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction of Chinese fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in ideological expression. Mastering the physical structure of classical Chinese has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and there are "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese.

4. "Classical Chinese" is the antonym of "albino Chinese". The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese. The first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It shows two meanings: first, it shows that classical Chinese is a language; Secondly, the language was written later. "Written" language also has two meanings: one is a culture that can have language without words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language without words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words.

The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: the written language style. The latter's "text" refers to style.

So does classical Chinese have a "future" besides archaeological research? In other words, what life application value will it have? I think there is. When the traditional life style fades out of modern society, people just ignore the social life in some marginal fields, which leads to the suspicion or neglect of classical Chinese in modern application. For example, in religious buildings, some inscriptions will still be written in classical Chinese, or in calligraphy and engraved with tools. The application of seal script is also mostly the same.

Let's take a look again. Classical poetry belongs to the category of "classical Chinese", and they have not left us in life. Only in the form of language, even people have left the oral language, and after it has become a text, there are obviously certain normative requirements for the elaboration of skills and the expansion of ideographic expression. Its "future" lies in its application and its ability to awaken vague etymologies and allusions. It can be said that the future is promising.

The word "classical Chinese" can also include the relationship between language and writing in cultural history. In a certain form, once a language, including dialects, is "literate" and written, its language charm will be reduced and its writing function will be doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and closely related to life, language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is the retention of life experience, without the expansion of words.

In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: did the ancients say so? I think this can be "felt" through the differences in the expression of written and spoken languages in the present tense, and there is not much difference in the structural rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech is just more casual, albino and popular than classical Chinese, and "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for reading classical Chinese now, of course, it does not mean repeating the words of the ancients, but reciting or silently reading a style.

Reading classical Chinese is a very clear way of thinking, just like reading the works of western philosophers occasionally, it is very solemn.

3. What is classical Chinese? 1. The separation of language and writing.

Linguistic research holds that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language, and they influence and promote each other and have a very close relationship. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of pre-Qin oral English, but with the passage of time, it gradually widened the distance from later oral English.

From the Han and Wei Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the official implementation and the need of imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, focusing on elegance and integrity. In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the language actually used by people is getting bigger and bigger, resulting in the phenomenon of separation of language and text.

Second, it lasts for a long time. Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was handed down from generation to generation, and its language components remained basically unchanged.

For example, the usage of some basic sentence patterns and commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period has been preserved in classical Chinese, and even the most active words in the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: the ancient meanings of some words have long disappeared in spoken English, but they can still be used in classical Chinese. Although later generations will inevitably mix some spoken language at that time in imitation, which will bring some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese has basically maintained its original appearance in vocabulary system and grammar system.

Third, the writing is concise. Most of China's important ancient books are written in classical Chinese, and many immortal works have always been known for their conciseness.

It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, with few disyllabic words and disyllabic words; Second, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is very common to omit subjects, objects, predicates and prepositions. In addition, the famous writers of past dynasties paid more attention to the tempering of language and emphasized "the great meaning of small words", thus forming the style of classical Chinese.

Fourth, the ancient Olympic Games were difficult to understand. Due to the age, it is more and more difficult to understand classical Chinese without spoken English.

Crooked sentences, uncommon ancient characters, and many strange names and regulations … all these have become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners. Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult problems has always been one of the tasks pursued by scholars.

4. What is classical Chinese? Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular Chinese.

The first "article" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.

"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in plain spoken language".

In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"

Classical Chinese is a treasure of China culture, and the ancients left us a lot of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a very important role in the Chinese curriculum in middle schools.

5. What is ancient prose? Four modern ironies of ancient prose (classical Chinese)-four modern ironies of ancient prose (classical Chinese) and ancient prose (classical Chinese) in Zhu Zhuang-Zhu Zhuang began to edit the definition of ancient prose (classical Chinese) in this paragraph: 1954, the general term for classical Chinese (generally excluding "parallel prose")

Compared with parallel prose, it is a kind of prose with strange sentences, single lines and no dual temperament. Parallel prose prevailed after Wei and Jin Dynasties, paying attention to duality, neat syntax and gorgeous words.

In the late Zhou Dynasty, Su Chuo opposed the flashy style of parallel prose, and imitated the style of Shangshu to write Dayu, thinking that the article was a standard genre, called "ancient prose", that is, writing articles in the prose language of the pre-Qin period. Later, in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and so on. It is advocated to restore the tradition of rich content, free length, plain and smooth prose in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, that is, to call such prose ancient prose.

Han Yu's "Mourning Ouyang Sheng Hou" said: "The more ancient it is, wouldn't it be evil to read its sentences alone? You can't see the ancients, but learn the ancient road. " "Shi Shuo" said: "Li, ... good ancient prose, six arts are all passed down from the ambition, regardless of the times, learn from others."

They all formally put forward the names of ancient Chinese prose, which were used by later generations. The outstanding ancient prose writers in the Tang Dynasty, although calling for retro, are full of innovative spirit.

They not only emphasize the importance of "Tao", but also attach great importance to the role of "Wen", and advocate creation, "only ancient characters must be their own" and "Wen follows the word order and knows his duties" (Han Yu's Epitaph of Nanyang Fan Shaoshu). The ancient prose they wrote is actually a new type of prose, which was extracted from the spoken language at that time and became a new written language. It has its own personality and the reality of the times, some of which are more difficult but not mainstream.

He Jingming, who advocated that "literature must be in Qin and Han Dynasties" in the Ming Dynasty, said: "The Sui Dynasty was invincible, Li Han revived, and China's ancient literature died in North Korea." It can be seen from this sentence that Han Yu's so-called ancient prose is different from the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, which has both inheritance and innovation.

The eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties are the general names of the eight masters' prose writers, which refer to Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong in Song Dynasty. Interpretation of this edited ancient prose: Official script was popular in Han Dynasty, so the font before Qin Dynasty was called ancient prose, especially in Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi.

Ancient prose refers to the characters in the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period and previous ancient books. Xu Shen said in Xu Shuowen's Interpretation of Characters: "Mrs. Zhou wrote fifteen pieces of Da Zhuan, which is different from ancient Chinese.

"Compare the ancient prose with the seal script, saying that the ancient prose is the general name of the characters before the history books. Because the ancients had no pen and ink, they used bamboo sticks to draw and write on bamboo tubes. This is called book deed, also called bamboo slips.

Because bamboo is hard and greasy, writing is not smooth, and the words written are thick and thin, like tadpoles, so it is called tadpole book or tadpole essay. All the lacquer books on bamboo slips can be called tadpoles, not necessarily written by Cang Xie.

Ancient prose mainly refers to the characters in ancient books, such as the Book of Changes, The Analects of Confucius, Chunqiu, Shangshu, Zhou Li, Shilu Chunqiu and Xiaojing. This is an early writing style. Confucius' Ancient Essays, also known as the Great Biography of Teachers.

The difference between ancient prose and written prose is geographical difference. Ancient prose is a book in the wall, and the ancients respected classics, so it was placed before essays, and its age was not necessarily earlier than essays.

Xu Shen said: "Up to the Six Classics of Confucius, Zuo Qiuming's Spring and Autumn Biography is an ancient text." He also said: "The calligrapher in the wall, King Lu Gong (BC 155 ~ BC 129) destroyed Confucius' House and got The Book of Rites, The Book of History, The Spring and Autumn Annals, The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety. "

The Book of Rites is a work in the late Warring States period. Ancient books and records are made of bamboo slips. After countless times of reading and copying, they were "three unique skills in Wei's compilation and three unique skills in lacquer calligraphy", and their use time was not long.

In the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang (2 13 BC), books were ordered to be burned, but there were not necessarily early manuscripts hidden in various places, and they were all popular books at that time. Even if there are six classics written by Confucius, it is only 500 BC.

Xu Shen said that the materials he used were called Meng Shi in Yi, Kong Shi in Shu, Shi Mao in Shi, Zhou Guan in Li, Zuo Shi in Spring and Autumn Annals, and Xiao Jing. About all of them were copied by Confucian classics in Han Dynasty.

Different from Biography, Xu Shen used more than 500 words, about118 in Biography. The characteristics of ancient Chinese, such as one or two poems, add unnecessary decoration, ceremony and etiquette. Making gifts, giving up and boldly simplifying are not the original forms of Chinese characters, but are produced in line with the needs of the times.

Wang Guowei's book Ancient Chinese Used by Six Countries in the Warring States Period is very controversial. He believes in Qin Kekao.

It is also true that China's ancient classics originated from Confucian scholars in Zou Lu and spread in the East. But it is arbitrary to say that there are "six classics".

At that time, "the princes were not unified with the king, but divided into seven countries, with different laws, different clothes and different characters." There is no unified political power in politics, no unified market in economy, and it is impossible to have a common writing for the six countries. In the Warring States period, Wang Guowei used to strategize and "vertically unite" against Qin. He doesn't know that military alliance is temporary, and it takes a long time and certain conditions for language to be unified spontaneously.

In recent years, many written materials of the Warring States Period have been found in various places, such as Changsha Book, Hou Book, Wenxian County, Jiangling Xinyang Changsha Sketch, and various written materials such as Zhongshan Bronze in Pingshan County and Korean Weapons in Xinzheng County. However, there is no ancient prose of Six Kingdoms similar to Shuowen. Xu Shen's so-called ancient prose is the words used by Confucian scholars in Zou Lu (and perhaps Qi).

In Wei Zhengshi's (240~248) Three-body Stone Classics, only Shangshu and Chunqiu (see photo) are engraved in the first column of ancient Chinese, that is, Xu Shen's so-called Confucius in the Book and Chunqiu Zuoshi, which have the same origin as Shuowen, and occasionally have different glyphs, which may be a mistake in copying ancient books. This is valuable information for studying China's ancient prose.

Lu Deming's classic interpretation in the Tang Dynasty, Guo Zhongshu's Khan Bamboo Slips in the Song Dynasty and Xia Song's four rhymes of ancient prose all retain some ancient prose in the classical prose. Edit this paragraph of four modern ironies-preface: the small "three commandments" are the "four ironies" of Zeus.

However, strength is not enough. Unless you are poor, you can't go to Ming Dow. I got nothing, just a hint, as I said.

Birds on the Screen In the old year, when my friends came home, they saw an abandoned screen on the roadside with an old man looking up from time to time, so there was a bird playing. Feathers are uneven but not bright and lifelike.