What kind of person is Wuqi?

Wu Qi (440 years ago -38 1 years ago) was a strategist, politician, reformer and representative figure in the early Warring States period in China. Zuo (now Dingtao County, Shandong Province, northeast of Cao County, Shandong Province) was born.

Wu Qili served in the three kingdoms of Lu, Wei and Chu, and was familiar with military strategists, legalists and Confucianism, and made great achievements in internal affairs and military affairs. Shilu once repelled the invasion of Qi; When he was an official in Wei State, he broke the Qin State many times and seized the Hexi region of Qin State (west of the Yellow River south section between Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces) in order to achieve the goal of dominating Wei Wenhou. When he was an official, he presided over the political reform, which was called Wuqi political reform in history. However, the Wuqi political reform harmed the interests of Chu nobles, and he himself was retaliated by the old forces. 38 1 years ago, after the death of Moring, the king of Chu, the nobles of Chu launched a mutiny to kill Wuqi.

Wu Qi is the author of The Art of War by Woods. Because of his contribution to military theory, later generations called Sun Wu and Wu Qi together "Sun Wu". Now, Wu Qi and other ten famous martial arts players are enshrined in the temple of the city, and they are called the Ten Philosophers of the Wu Temple. Song Huizong honored Wuqi as Guangzongbo, one of the 72 generals in Wu Song Temple. When Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, he combined Sun Wu and Wu Qi in Biography of Sun Tzu Wu Qi. Ma, a modern scholar, will make biographies with Wu Qi when writing Qin Ji.

one's early years

Wu Qi was born in a wealthy family and has a daughter. In his early years, he failed to find an official abroad and exhausted his family wealth. People in his hometown and neighborhood laughed at him, so he killed more than 30 people who laughed at himself and fled from the East Gate to defend the country. When Wu Qi said goodbye to his mother, he bit his arm and swore bitterly: "If I can't be an official or a courtier, I will never return to China." Later, Wu Qi worshipped Zeng Shen, the son of Zeng Shen, and studied Confucianism. Wu Qi's mother died of illness, so he chose to continue working instead of going home to attend his funeral. Zeng Shen was angry that Wu Qi was unfilial and broke off the relationship between teachers and students. Wuqi abandoned Confucianism to join the army and defected to the Lu family.

Serve lujun.

4 12 years ago, Qi sent troops to attack Juxian (now Juxian, Rizhao City, Shandong Province) and Anyang. Lumugong wanted to appoint Wu Qi as a general, but Wu Qi's wife was from Qi, and Lumugong was suspicious of him. Wu Qi was eager to become famous, so he killed his wife and said that he was not partial to Qi. Duke Mu of Lu appointed Wu Qi as the general and led the army to defeat the Qi army. After the victory of Wuqi, it caused criticism from Lu ministers. Someone slandered Wu Qi in front of Lu Mugong and said, "Wu Qi is a suspicious and cruel person. He killed a fellow villager in his early years and was expelled from school by Zeng Shen because of unfilial. He killed his wife when the monarch doubted him. Besides, Lu is a small country, and once it has a reputation as a victorious country, it will lead to attacks from all countries. Lu and Weiguo are brotherly ties. If we reuse Wuqi, we will abandon Weiguo. " Lu Mugong became suspicious of Wuqi and dismissed Wuqi. Ji Sun, the owner of Wuqi, was also killed for neglecting guests. After Wu Qi was persuaded, he left Lu for Wei.

Go find Wei.

Wuqi heard that Wei Wenhou was very wise and wanted to defect. Wei Wenhou asked Minister Li Kui what Wuqi was like. Li Kui said: "Wuqi is greedy for money and lust, but even Sima Yi can't compete with him in fighting." Wei Wenhou appointed Wu Qi as a general to assist Yang Le in attacking Zhongshan.

During Wu Qi's tenure as a general, he wore the same clothes, ate the same food, couldn't sleep with bedding, marched without riding a horse, personally shouldered the trapped food, and shared joys and sorrows with the soldiers. A soldier got a malignant ulcer, and Wu Qi sucked pus for him. The soldier's mother burst into tears when she heard this. Someone said, "Your son is a nobody. The general sucked pus for him himself. Why are you still crying? " ? Mother replied, "That's not true. General Wu sucked an abscess for my husband. He marched bravely on the battlefield and died at the hands of the enemy. Now General Wu sucks an abscess for my son. I didn't know where he would die, so I cried. "

In the first 409 years, Wei Wenhou appointed Wu Qi as the main general to conquer Linjin (namely Wangcheng, now southeast of Dali County, Shaanxi Province) and Yuanli (now southeast of Chengcheng County, Shaanxi Province) in Hexi area of Qin State and build the city. The following year, Wu Qi led an army to attack the State of Qin, hit Zheng County (now hua county, Shaanxi Province), conquered (now southwest of Dali County, Shaanxi Province) and Heyang (now southeast of Heyang County, Shaanxi Province), and built the city. Qin can only retreat to Luoshui, build fortifications along the river, and build the defense of Chuncheng (now southeast of pucheng county, Shaanxi Province). In the war with Qin Jun, Wuqi never considered himself superior to ordinary foot soldiers. Sleep on the uneven ridge at night and cover your body with leaves to avoid frost and dew. In this way, Wei, together with Fan Pang (now southeast of hancheng city, Shaanxi Province) occupied by Gongzi in 4 12, occupied all the Hexi area originally belonging to Qin, and set up Xihe County here. On the recommendation of Huang Zhai, Wuqi was appointed as the first county magistrate.

During Wu Qi's tenure in Xihe County, he studied Confucianism from Xia Zi, reformed the military system of Wei, and established the system of soldiers. Wuqi stipulates that anyone who can wear full armor, hold a crossbow with 12 stone, carry 50 arrows, a sword and three-day rations, and run a hundred miles in half a day can be selected as a soldier, exempt from the corvee and house rent tax of his family. After Wu Qi's strict training, Woods became an elite teacher of Wei State. During Wuqi's tenure as the chief of Xihe River, Wucheng (now southwest of xiaoyi city) was built to resist the attack of Qin State. According to Woods' Art of War, when Wu Qi was the prefect of Xihe River, he led troops to the south and captured thousands of miles for Wei. During the period, * * * fought against the vassal army 76 times, winning 64 times, and the rest were tied.

After Wei Wenhou's death, Wuqi served his son Wei Wuhou. Once Wei Wuhou and his ministers visited Xihe County by boat, Wei Wuhou lamented: "The rivers and mountains are so steep, isn't the border defense very strong?" Minister Wang CuO echoed and said, "This is why Wei is so powerful. If you practice politics again, we will have the conditions for Wei to dominate the world. " Wu Qi replied: "Our monarch said the theory of national subjugation, and it will be even more dangerous if you go along with it." Wei Wuhou said angrily, "What are you trying to say? Wu Qi replied: "The danger of mountains and rivers cannot be relied on. Hegemony has never arisen because of the danger of mountains and rivers. In the past, Sanmiao lived in Lipeng Lake on the left, Dongting Lake on the right, Qishan in the north and Hengshan in the south.

Despite these natural disasters, political governance was not good, and Dayu exiled them as a result. Xia Jie's countryside is the northern foot of Tianmen Mountain on the left and the south of Tianxi Mountain on the right. Lushan and Yishan are in the north of the two mountains, and Yishui and Luoshui flow through their south. There is such a natural barrier, but the country's political management is not good. As a result, Shang Tang defeated him. On the left of Zhou Wang's territory is Mengmen Mountain, and on the right is Zhangshui and Qiushui, facing the Yellow River and backed by mountains. However, despite this natural barrier, the country was badly governed and was attacked by Zhou Wuwang. Besides, how many cities did you personally lead us to occupy and capture? The walls of those cities are not high and there are not many enemy soldiers. However, it is not because of their political corruption that they can be broken through. From this perspective, how can you dominate by rivers and mountains? "Wei Wuhou quite agree with Wuqi's point of view.

During Wu Qi's tenure as the head of Xihe River, his prestige was very high. After Wei Wuhou succeeded to the throne, the position of Wei Xiangguo became vacant. Many people thought that Wuqi could be elected smoothly, but in the end Wei Wuhou appointed Shang Wen as Guo Xiang. Wu Qi was very unhappy and said to Shang Wen, "Can I compare my merits with yours?" Shang Wen said, "Yes. Wu Qi said, "Take command of the three armed forces and make the soldiers willing to fight for their country. The enemy dare not invade Wei. Can you compete with me? "? " Tian Wen said, "Not as good as you. Wu Qi said, "Can you compare with me in managing civil and military officials, making the people depend on them and enriching the national treasury reserves? "? " Shang Wen said, "Not as good as you." Wu Qi said, "Refusing to defend Xihe County made Qin's army dare not invade eastward and brought Han and Zhao into submission. Can you compare with me? " Shang Wen said, "Not as good as you." Wu Qi said, "You are inferior to me in these respects, but your official position is above mine. What is the reason? Shang Wen said: "The monarch is still young, the people are suspicious, the ministers are not attached, and the people don't trust him. At this time, should I entrust my political affairs to you or me? " Wu Qi was silent for a long time, and then said, "I should entrust it to you." Shang Wen said, "This is why my official position is higher than yours. "

Battle of yin and Jin

On one occasion, Wei Wuhou held a banquet in the temple at the suggestion of Wuqi. There are three rows of seats at the banquet, and those who have made outstanding achievements sit in the first row, using exquisite banquets and expensive tableware. Second-class people sit in the middle row, and the banquet and tableware are worse than those of the first class; Those who don't work sit in the back row, only banquets and no expensive tableware. After the banquet, the parents and wives of the meritorious personnel will be rewarded outside the temple gate according to their contributions. For the families of fallen soldiers, messengers are sent every year to express their condolences and support their parents.

Three years after the implementation of this measure, in the first 389 years, Qin sent 500,000 troops to attack Yinjin of Wei (now southeast of huayin city, Shaanxi Province). When tens of thousands of foot soldiers in Wei learned this news, they automatically put on armor and prepared to meet the enemy without waiting for the official's order. Wuqi personally led 50,000 people who had never made the meritorious military service, plus 500 chariots and 3,000 cavalry, and defeated Qin Jun.

Before 387, Wei Wuhou took Wuqi as the general and led an army to crusade against Qi to Lingqiu (now the east of Tengzhou City, Shandong Province).

Go to Chu.

After Shang Wen's death, Gong Shu became prime minister. My uncle was very afraid of Wu Qi's talent, and his servant suggested to him, "Wu Qi is a man of backbone and values his reputation." You can tell Wei Wuhou that your country is too small to accommodate talents like Wuqi. When Wei Wuhou asked you what to do, you suggested that Wei Wuhou test Wuqi by marrying a princess. If Wuqi has a long-term plan to stay in Wei, he will definitely marry the princess. If there is no plan to stay for a long time, he will definitely refuse. Then you look for an opportunity to invite Wu to your home, deliberately making the princess angry at the party and making her humiliate you face to face. Wu Qi will definitely not marry the princess when she sees the princess humiliating you like this. "Uncle took his advice. Seeing that the princess humiliated the country, Wuqi politely declined Wei Wuhou's proposal. Wei Wuhou no longer trusts Wuqi.

Wang Cuo kept slandering Wei Wuhou, so Wei Wuhou sent someone to summon Wuqi. When Wuqi marched to the shore gate (now south of Hejin City, Shanxi Province), he stopped and looked back at Xihe County, and tears flowed down line by line. His coachman said to him, "I have observed your mind privately. I regard abandoning the world as throwing away shoes." Now that you have left Xihe County, you are in tears. What is the reason? Wu Qi wiped her tears and replied, "You don't know, if you trust me and let me do my best, then I can help you achieve Wang Ye. Now the monarch listens to the slanderers of the villains and doesn't trust me. Xihe County has not been captured by Qin for a long time, and Wei has since weakened. " Wu Qi left Wei for Chu.

After Wu Qi defected to Chu, King Chu mourned Wu Qi's talents and appointed Wu Qi as Lingyin. During this period, he went to Xixian County (now Xixian County, Henan Province) twice to ask Qu Yijiu about his official ways in Chu, but Qu Yijiu resolutely opposed the political reform that Wuqi wanted to carry out in Chu. Wu Qi, who served as Lingyin, carried out drastic reforms in Chu, and the specific measures were as follows:

1. Make laws and make them public so that all officials and people can understand them.

2. All aristocrats who have established a monarch have to cancel their titles after three generations; Stop the regular supply of alienated aristocrats and enrich domestic aristocrats to remote places with vast territory and sparse population.

3. Eliminate and reduce unimportant officials, cut their salaries, and use the saved wealth for Qiang Bing.

4. Correct the bad atmosphere of harming public interests and personal interests and loyalty in the officialdom of Chu, so that the ministers of Chu can serve the country wholeheartedly regardless of personal honor or disgrace.

5. Unify the customs of Chu State and prohibit private assistance.

6. Change the "second-edition barrier" to the fourth-edition fortification method, and build the capital of Chu (now northwest of jiangling county, Hubei).

After the political reform in Wuqi, the State of Chu became powerful, attacking Baiyue in the south and expanding its territory to Dongting Lake and Cangwu County. 38 1 year ago, Chu sent troops to help Zhao, and fought Wei Jun in the west of Zhou (now the southwest of Wuzhi County, Henan Province). The Chu army crossed Liangmen (located in Guansai, northwest of Daliang), stationed in the forest (located in the north of Liangmen), and drank horses in the Yellow River, cutting off the connection between Hanoi County of Wei State and Anyi (now northwest of Xiaxian County of Shanxi Province). With the help of Chu's offensive, Zhao captured Chipu (now south of Wei County, Hebei Province) and conquered the imperial city (now south of guanxian, Shandong Province). Chu and Zhao defeated Wei Jun, and the governors were all afraid of Chu's power, but Wuqi's political reform aroused the resentment of the nobles of Chu, and also laid a fatal disaster for themselves.

die

38 1 years ago, the king of Chu died, and the nobles of Chu launched a mutiny to overthrow Wuqi. The nobles ordered the soldiers to shoot Wuqi with arrows. Wu Qi drew his arrow and fled to the mortuary of King Chu. He stuck an arrow in the body of king Moran of Chu and shouted, "The ministers rebelled and murdered my king." The nobles shot Wuqi and the body of the king of Chu. According to the laws of Chu, hurting the king's body is a felony and will be punished by the three clans. After Su, king of Chu, succeeded to the throne, he ordered Yin to execute all those who shot the bodies of Wuqi and Moring, king of Chu, and more than 70 people were involved in genocide. [5 1] Yangcheng Jun fled abroad because of his participation in this matter, and his fief was confiscated. Wu Qi's body was also sentenced to dismemberment. After Wu Qi's death, his political reform in Chu failed.

postvital

Wu Qi's achievements in the military and internal affairs of Wei and Chu had a far-reaching impact during the Warring States period. After the victory of the North China War, his uncle CuO took the initiative to hand over the meritorious military service to the descendants of Wuqi, claiming that the reason for his victory was "the legacy of Wuqi". Shang Yang, a patriot with Wu Qi, was also deeply influenced by Wu Qi. For example, the methods in Shang Yang's political reform, such as moving wood to establish faith and sitting with Wu Lian, are all measures to imitate Wu Qi.