Information and pictures of bridges

Bridge: Joe, Shang Sheng (two tones), Shi Hua, left and right structure. Woody. Five paintings: STDJ.

Explanation:

1. Buildings built on water or in the air to facilitate traffic; Like an overpass.

2. Metaphor refers to people or things that play a role in communication.

3. Last name.

This entry is about the first meaning of bridge.

The bridge is an overhead man-made passage. It consists of an upper structure and a lower structure. The superstructure includes bridge body and bridge deck; The substructure includes pier, abutment and foundation. They hang high and lie flat, with different shapes, and some are far away, simple and elegant; Some cross the rocks and streams, adding color to the mountains and rivers; Some are located in the main roads in the city center, with clever shapes; Some bridges are versatile and ingenious. No matter the wind and rain, no matter the heat and winter, they always cross the river to Tianjin in obscurity for the vast number of pedestrians, horses and chariots.

Second, the significance and characteristics of the bridge

The main purpose of building a bridge is to solve the traffic across water or valley, so that vehicles or pedestrians can walk on the bridge unimpeded. Judging from its earliest or most important function, a bridge should refer to a road across the water. Therefore, Duan Yucai's explanation of "Wen Jie Zi" is: "The word' Liang Zi' uses wood to cross the water, and today it is also a bridge." It shows that the original meaning of bridge refers to the passage with wood on the water, and later it is extended to the form of "plank road" on the cliff and "climbing over the wall" between pavilions and pavilions.

China, with many mountains and rivers, is a bridge country. In ancient times, both the bridge-building technology and the number of bridges were in the leading position in the world. For thousands of years, bridges have long been an indispensable part of people's social life. However, due to the vast territory of China, there are great differences in geography, climate, cultural customs and the development level of social productive forces from south to north and from east to west. Therefore, according to their own actual situation and needs, they have created a variety of bridge forms and gradually formed their own characteristics after a long time. Specifically, they have the following characteristics:

(1) regional. China, a vast country, is a bridge connecting the North and the South and the East and the West. Influenced by its natural geography and humanistic society, it has formed its own relatively independent style and characteristics according to local conditions. For example, the Central Plains and the Yellow River Basin in the north have relatively flat terrain and few rivers and waters, so people rely on mules, horses and carts to transport materials. Therefore, most of the bridges here are Guan Dan's majestic stone arch bridge and Liang Shi bridge, so that ships can pass under the bridge; In the northwest and southwest regions, it is difficult to build piers because of the high mountains and steep valleys. Therefore, rattan, bamboo cable, logs and other mountain materials are often used to build rope suspension bridges or outrigger wooden beam bridges. The coastal areas of Lingnan, Fujian and Guangdong are rich in hard granite, so stone bridges abound. In Yunnan minority areas, unique bamboo bridges can be seen everywhere because of the abundance of bamboo. Judging from the style of the bridge, the bridge in the north is as rough and simple as the northerners; Bridges in the south are as smart and light as southerners. Of course, this is also closely related to physical geography. For example, the rivers in the north have changed greatly due to the bullying of water flow and the impact of mountain torrents and ice, so the bridge must be thick and stable; However, the South River is gentle and easy to navigate, so the bridge is slender and beautiful.

(2) Diversity. China is an ancient civilization, with vast territory and abundant resources, beautiful mountains and rivers, and great differences in geology and geomorphology between the north and the south, so the technical requirements for bridge construction are also very high. Around the Han Dynasty, four basic types of bridges: beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge, all came into being. According to the different building materials and structural forms, these four kinds of bridges have evolved into: wooden bridge, stone bridge, brick bridge, bamboo bridge, salt bridge, ice bridge, rattan bridge, iron bridge, reed bridge, stone pillar bridge, stone pier bridge, flood bridge, cantilever bridge, covered bridge, wind and rain bridge, bamboo bridge, stone bridge, telescopic bridge, cable-stayed bridge and third bridge.

(3) Multifunctional. Ancient craftsmen in China paid great attention to the maximization of bridge benefits when building bridges. They should not only consider adjusting measures to local conditions, but also consider making the bridge play a multi-functional role as much as possible. For example, most arch bridges in the south of the Yangtze River are flat at both ends and high in the middle, which not only produces the beauty of arc in modeling, but also facilitates sailing. Covered bridges can be seen everywhere in the south of China, which fully embodies the multi-purpose characteristics of one bridge. There is a lot of rain and strong sunshine in the south, so the bridge builders built a gallery on the bridge, which not only provided a place for passers-by to avoid the wind and rain, but also increased the self-weight of the bridge, prevented the bridge from being washed away by the flood, and protected the wooden beams and iron cables from being corroded by the wind and rain. In particular, many of these covered bridges are also used for markets, accommodation and business activities, because people are used to being in a hurry. For example, Xiangzi Bridge in Chaoan County, Guangdong Province is more than 500 meters long. Quot "One Li Long Bridge and One Li City", there is a retractable pontoon bridge in the bridge, which is convenient for navigation; Build a gallery house on the bridge and make a market behind it. During this period, shops are lined up, from morning till night, bustling and lively, so that you can't smell the roaring tide and the wide river. Therefore, there is a joke among the people that "ask Xiangqiao when you arrive at Xiangqiao".

(4) public welfare. Since the bridge came into being, it has emerged as a kind of sociality belonging to the people. Traditional buildings in China are generally private, and only bridges (except those in private gardens) are owned by the society, whether government-owned or private. Therefore, for thousands of years, loving bridges and protecting roads has become a good fashion, while "repairing bridges and paving roads" is a charitable act that benefits the public and is highly respected by the public. Therefore, repairing or building a bridge has a broad mass character. According to historical records, there are probably four ways to build bridges in China: one is civil construction, that is, the bridge is built independently by one family and one surname; The second is to raise funds and report them to the government for support and joint construction. This is the most common, such as the famous Zhao Zhouqiao and Quanzhou Luoyang Bridge, which were all built in this way. Third, the official presided over the people's repair, which was pledged by local officials and gentry, and appointed officials or businessmen to preside over it. This is mostly a bridge; Fourth, it is all funded by the government. So there are ancient bridges all over China, and even more bridges are built in the hinterland. Its quantity and wide distribution rank first in the world.

Third, the occurrence and development of bridges

Before artificial bridges appeared, many natural bridge forms were formed in nature due to the influence of crustal movement or other natural phenomena. For example, Liang Shi Bridge in Tiantai Mountain, Zhejiang Province, a stone arch bridge (Xianren Bridge) in Guixi, Jiangxi Province, a "single-plank bridge" formed by natural fallen tree trunks along the river, or a natural "suspension bridge" formed by winding vines on both sides. Inspired by these natural bridges, human beings constantly imitate nature in the process of survival. At first, some wooden bridges were built on the river with a piece of wood, or on the ditches around clan settlements (the bridge was originally called "beam", probably because this beam passed by), or a stone pedal was set up in a narrow and shallow stream to slightly emerge from the water, forming a simple "jumping pier" Liang Shi bridge (the original bridge was often imitated in gardens and called "pavilion"). These "single-plank bridges" and "jumping pier bridges" are the most primitive bridges of human architecture. Later, with the development of social productive forces, it gradually evolved from low-level to high-level, and then gradually produced various bridges across the air.

Bridges in China have gone through four stages of development. The first stage is mainly in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, including the previous historical era, which is the founding period of the ancient bridge. At this time, in addition to the original wooden bridge and Tingbu bridge, there are mainly two forms of bridge: beam bridge and pontoon bridge. At that time, due to the backward level of productivity, most of them could only be built in areas with flat terrain, narrow rivers and gentle water flow, and bridges could only be wooden beams, so the technical problems were relatively easy to solve. On the other hand, pontoons are often used in rivers with wide water surface and fast flowing water.

The second stage is dominated by Qin and Han dynasties, including the Warring States and the Three Kingdoms, which is the period of creation and development of ancient bridges. The Qin and Han Dynasties were a brilliant development stage in the history of Chinese architecture. At this time, not only the bricks of artificial building materials were invented, but also the arch coupon structure with the theme of masonry structure system was created, which created the prerequisite for the emergence of arch bridges later. The appearance of ironware in the Warring States period also promoted the multi-faceted utilization of stone materials in buildings, thus adding new components such as stone pillars, Liang Shi and stone bridge surfaces to the log beam bridge. Not only that, but also its great significance lies in the stone arch bridge came into being. The establishment of stone arch bridge has played an epoch-making role in the history of ancient bridge construction in China, which is not only practical, but also economical and beautiful. The great development of Liang Shi stone arch bridge not only reduces the maintenance cost and prolongs the service life of the bridge, but also improves the scientific level of structural theory and construction technology. Therefore, the use of building stone and the emergence of arch coupon technology in Qin and Han dynasties are actually a major revolution in the history of bridge construction. Therefore, according to some documents and archaeological data, about the Eastern Han Dynasty, four basic bridge types, namely, beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge, were formed.

The third stage is dominated by the Tang and Song Dynasties, including the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, which is the heyday of the development of the ancient bridge. Compared with Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties had stronger national strength, and Tang and Song Dynasties achieved long-term stability and unity. The level of industry and commerce, transportation and science and technology was very developed, and it was the most advanced country in the world at that time. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, because a large number of Han nobles moved south, the economic center moved from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, which made the economy of the southeast water network area develop greatly, and the development of economy and technology in turn stimulated the development of bridges. Therefore, many bridges that attracted worldwide attention came into being at this time, such as Zhao Zhouqiao, which was an open-shouldered stone arch bridge initiated by Li Chun, a stonemason in Sui Dynasty, Hongqiao, a stoplog wooden arch bridge invented by abandoned soldiers in Northern Song Dynasty, and Wan 'an Bridge in Quanzhou, which was founded by recitation, and Xiangzi Bridge in Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, which was a combination of Liang Shi Bridge and telescopic pontoon bridge in Southern Song Dynasty. These bridges are very famous in the history of bridges in the world, especially in Zhao Zhouqiao. Seven centuries later, similar bridges appeared in other countries in the world. Throughout the history of Chinese bridges, almost all major inventions and achievements, as well as bridges that can compete for the first place in the world, were produced at this time.

The fourth stage is Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, which is the saturation period of bridge development, and there are almost no major innovations and technological breakthroughs. At this time, the main achievement is to repair and transform some ancient bridges, leaving many construction documents for bridge construction, providing a lot of written materials for future generations. In addition, some arduous projects, such as Wannian Bridge in Cheng Nan, Jiangxi and Panjiang Bridge in Guizhou, were completed. At the same time, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places have built many cable bridges, and the construction technology of cable bridges has also improved. In the late Qing Dynasty, that is, 188 1 year, with the opening of the first railway in China, another technological revolution in the history of Chinese bridges was ushered in.

IV. Types and forms of bridges

Bridges can be divided into wooden bridges, stone bridges, brick bridges, bamboo bridges, rattan bridges, iron bridges, salt bridges and ice bridges.

Wooden bridge is the earliest form of bridge. Almost all bridges before Qin and Han Dynasties in China were wooden bridges. Such as the earliest wooden bridge and wooden column beam bridge. Boat bridges appeared around Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and row-column wooden beam bridges and outboard wooden beam bridges appeared around Warring States Period. However, due to the characteristics of wood itself, such as looseness, perishable, and dominated by the strength and length of materials, it is not only difficult to build bridges on rivers with wide rivers, but also difficult to build durable bridges. So in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was replaced by a bridge with mixed wood and stone.

Stone and brick bridges. Generally speaking, the bridge deck structure is also a bridge made of stone or brick, but bridges made of pure brick are rare, usually made of brick, wood or masonry, and stone bridges are more common. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a wooden bridge with stone piers appeared, and the Western Han Dynasty further developed into a Liang Shi bridge with stone pillars, and a single-span stone arch bridge appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Sui Dynasty, the world's first single-hole arc stone arch bridge with shoulder was born, while in the Tang Dynasty, Li Zhaode created a porous Liang Shi bridge. The Song Dynasty witnessed the vigorous development of large stone bridges, creating Liang Shi Bridge which spans several miles at the intersection of rivers and seas, such as Luoyang Bridge and Ping 'an Bridge in Quanzhou, and large stone arch bridges, such as Lugou Bridge in Beijing and baodai bridge in Suzhou.

Bamboo bridge and rattan bridge. Mainly distributed in the south, especially in the southwest. Generally, it is only used on rivers with narrow river surface, or as a temporary crossing. In the early days, it was mainly a cable bridge. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the bamboo cable-stayed bridge was called "Ruxiang Bridge". Later, bamboo cable bridge, bamboo pontoon bridge and bamboo slab bridge appeared. In ancient times, iron bridges included iron cable bridges and iron column bridges. The former belongs to the category of cable bridge, which is relatively common and appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The latter is a kind of beam bridge, which is actually a wood-iron mixed bridge, which is relatively rare. Jiangxi has seen an example.

Salt bridge and ice bridge. Mainly exists in special natural environment. The former is mainly found in salt lake area of Qinghai, while the latter is mainly found in cold areas in the north.

According to the structure and appearance of bridges, there are four basic types: beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge.

Beam bridge, also known as flat bridge and span bridge, is a bridge supported by piers at a horizontal distance, and then beams are erected to tile the deck. This is the most widely used bridge, which appeared earlier than other bridges in history. It takes the form of wood, stone or a mixture of wood and stone. In the pre-Qin period, all beam bridges used wooden columns as piers, but this kind of wooden column beam structure showed its weakness very early and could not adapt to the development of the situation. Therefore, it was replaced by the Shizhu wooden beam bridge, such as the multi-span long bridge built in Qin and Han Dynasties: Wei Qiao, Baqiao, etc. About the Han Dynasty, the pile foundation technology was invented, and stone piers appeared, which showed that bridges made of wood and stones could cross wider rivers and bear the impact of rough waves. However, because the wooden beam on the stone pier is not resistant to wind and rain erosion, a bridge house was built on the bridge to protect the bridge body. This type of bridge (covered bridge) is more common in the south, but it was first seen in the Yellow River basin. Small and medium-sized Liang Shi or stone slab bridge is the most popular bridge type for its convenient structure, durable materials and labor-saving maintenance. Especially after the Southern Song Dynasty, it was very popular in Quanzhou, Fujian, and many Liang Shi bridges were created. If there is no pier in the middle of a beam bridge, it is called a single-span beam bridge; If there are piers in the water, so that the bridge body forms two holes, it is called a double-span beam bridge; If there are more than two piers, it is called a multi-span beam bridge.

The pontoon bridge is also called pontoon bridge, pontoon boat and pontoon truss. Because it is easy to erect, it is often used in military affairs, so it is also called "Zhanqiao"-a bridge where hundreds of wooden boats (including rafts or bamboo rafts on the water) are placed side by side on the water with chains, and the boats are paved with boards for people to pass. If the bridge in the strict sense is marked by crossing the air and having column piers, it is not a bridge in the full sense. The pontoon bridge is mainly built where the river is too wide, too deep or fluctuating, which is beyond the reach of ordinary wooden columns and bridges. Wooden stakes, iron oxen, iron mountains, Shi Zhuan and stone lions are set on both sides of the pontoon bridge, and ropes are used. Tianjin Bridge, built on the Luoshui River in the first year of the Sui Dynasty, was the first pontoon bridge to connect ships with chains. At present, pontoon bridges are still widely used in southern China, such as Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Guangxi.

Advantages of the pontoon bridge: First, the construction is fast. In the second year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1852), the Taiping Army besieged Wuchang and built two pontoons across the Yangtze River overnight. Second, the cost is low. In the Ming Dynasty, Zou Shouyi made a comparison between the stone bridge and the pontoon bridge in Xiufenglin: "If you use the Liang Shi Bridge, it costs 1,000 yuan, and if you use the pontoon bridge, it costs 500 gold, depending on your needs." Third, it can be opened and closed at will, and it is very convenient to disassemble and assemble. Disadvantages are small deadweight, fluctuating with the waves, weak flood resistance, frequent need for timely removal and supervision, complicated management, frequent maintenance and replacement of ships, bridge decks and mooring cables, and high maintenance costs. Therefore, the ultimate destination of many pontoons is to develop into wooden bridges, Liang Shi bridges or stone arch bridges.

Cable bridge is also called suspension bridge, cable bridge and suspension bridge. , is a bridge suspended with bamboo cables or rattan cables and iron cables as the backbone. Most of them are built on steep river banks and dangerous valleys, and the current is too fast to be used as docks, mainly in the southwest of China. Its practice is to build houses on both sides of the river, set up posts for tying ropes and rotating posts for twisting ropes respectively, then tie several thick ropes flat, and then put boards horizontally on the ropes, and some even add one or two ropes on both sides as handrails. It was first seen in Qin and Han Dynasties. For example, Qin built a bamboo cable bridge in the southwest of Yizhou (now Chengdu) in Sichuan, also called Yili Bridge. The existing famous ones are Luding Iron Cable Bridge and guanxian Bamboo Cable Bridge built in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Crossing the cable bridge feels very thrilling, just as the ancients described the cable bridge: "People are hanging in the air, and if they don't quit in an instant, they will fall into a bottomless valley." Monk Zhimeng in the Tang Dynasty said, "If you can't see the end, the shadows are fighting." In fact, it is still safe to really cross the past, just like Xu Xiake's Travels commented on the Panjiang Bridge in Guizhou: "Look at it and you will stop."

Arch bridge appeared late in the history of Chinese bridges, but once the arch bridge structure was adopted, it developed rapidly and became the most vital bridge type in ancient bridges. Even today, it still has broad prospects for further development. Arch bridges are divided into stone arch bridges, brick arch bridges and wooden arch bridges, among which brick arch bridges are rare and only occasionally used in temples or gardens. Stone arch bridges are commonly used and can be divided into single arch, double arch and multi-arch. The number of arches depends on the width of the river. Generally, the arch in the middle is particularly high, and the arches on both sides are slightly smaller. According to the shape of the arch, there are pentagons, semicircles, pointed arches and flat arches. The bridge deck is generally paved with stone slabs, and the side of the bridge is paved with stone railings. The image of the arch bridge was first seen in the portrait bricks in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was produced by the shape of the wooden and Liang Shi bridge with outriggers, and was influenced by the shape of the tomb arch and water pipes. Documentary records can be found in Zhu in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The earliest existing physical object is the Zhao Zhouqiao designed and built by Li Chun in Sui Dynasty. After the Ming dynasty, especially in the Qing dynasty, stone arch bridges issued whole coupons, that is, "bucket coupons."

In addition, other special shapes include Feiting plank road, access bridge, fiber bridge, curved bridge, fish pond flying beam and Feng Shui bridge.

"Feiting", also known as Pavilion Road and Courtyard Road, is the overpass. The crossing passage between ancient palaces and pavilions. "Three Auxiliary Huang Tu": "It is in the west of the palace (referring to the central palace at the end of the Han Dynasty), and the flying pavilion is connected with Zhang Jian Palace, and the road is built up and down." During the Qin and Han dynasties, the main halls of the palace were connected by pavilions and roads. Because there was a way up and down, it was called the complex road. Qin Shihuang built a pavilion road from Epang Palace to Lishan, on the footbridge and under the vehicle bridge, which was the earliest overpass in China. "plank road", also known as stack pavilion, bridge pavilion and single-arm wooden beam bridge. A road paved with wooden frames in steep places in mountainous areas.

"Canal Bridge" is not only a water diversion channel, but also a bridge for pedestrians. That is to build a canal on the bridge to divert water. For example, Huiyuan Bridge in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province was built in the Jin Dynasty. Therefore, there is still slang for "water bridge, there is water on the bridge" in Shanxi today. "Fibre Channel Bridge" is a long ribbon bridge parallel to the river, which is built for the convenience of fiber drawing. More common in Zhejiang Canal area. Some are as long as one or two kilometers, or even five or six kilometers. For example, there is a "100-hole Guantang" optical fiber bridge in Ruanshe, Shaoxing, which was built during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. The bridge is more than 380 meters long with a span of165,438+05. The bridge deck consists of three stones, with the bottom level with the water surface.

"Curved bridge" is a unique bridge type in gardens, so it is also called garden bridge. Bridges, trails and corridors are all channels for tourists to enjoy the scenery in the garden. "Scenery is more beautiful than curves", so bridges in gardens are often made into curved corners, such as zigzag bridges, forming a broken line that swings back and forth and looks around, so as to extend the landscape and expand the landscape picture. Curved bridges are generally composed of stone slabs and railings. Slates are slightly higher than the water surface, and railings are lower, which makes them seem inseparable from the water surface, and the space seems to be separated from each other, which is especially meaningful.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) Material and structure of bridge

The structure of a bridge, except the original single-plank bridge, Tingbu bridge and pontoon bridge, is generally composed of span-span parts and span-span supporting parts, namely pier and bridge body.

(a) beam bridge, according to its material and structure, can be divided into wooden beam bridge and Liang Shi bridge. "Wooden beam bridge" includes wooden beam-column bridge, wooden beam-column bridge, wooden beam-column pier bridge and wooden support bridge, among which "wooden beam-column bridge" is developed from the original wooden bridge with wooden beams and columns.

"Liang Shi Bridge" includes Shizhu Bridge in Liang Shi, Shidun Bridge in Liang Shi, Stone Cantilever Bridge (similar to wooden cantilever bridge), Trilateral Liang Shi Bridge, Shuiman Stone Bridge and Flat Bridge (more common in garden "curved bridge" and "fiber bridge"). Among them, "Liang Shi Shidun Bridge" is the most common. This kind of bridge goes further than using wooden beams with stone piers, and avoids the shortcomings that the wooden beam deck is easy to decay and often needs maintenance.

There is also a combination of bridge and pontoon bridge, that is, "opening and closing bridge". The floating bridge in the middle can be opened and closed as required. Such as Xiangzi Bridge in Chaoan County. The east and west ends of the bridge are Liang Shi Bridge, and the middle of the bridge is connected by 18 wooden boats to form a pontoon bridge, which is convenient for flood discharge and "connecting with giant ships to row rafts".

(2) Arch bridges can be divided into: steep arch bridge and flat arch bridge, pointed arch bridge and round arch bridge, multi-arch bridge and fixed-end arch bridge, single-hole arch bridge and multi-hole arch bridge, solid-bellied arch bridge and hollow arch bridge, and Hongqiao. The arcs of arched coupons are semicircle, horseshoe, full circle, pot bottom, egg circle, ellipse, parabola circle and hem, and the arrangement forms are parallel and cross-linking, among which cross-linking is the most widely used, and two kinds of cross-linked coupons with edges and frames are derived.

(3) Cable bridges can be divided into bamboo cables, iron cables, rattan cables, cable-stayed bridges, urban defense suspension bridges, single cables, double cables, multi-cable bridges and parallel multi-cable bridges according to their different textures and structural forms.

Sixth, the bridge between art and literature

The natural beauty of mountains and rivers has a special liking for China writers and artists. As Dong Changqi, a great artist in the Ming Dynasty, said, "Poetry is based on mountains and rivers, and mountains and rivers are also based on poetry." The bridge is a building built between mountains and rivers. It stands in nature for a long time and becomes a member of embellishing and beautifying nature. Where there are mountains and water, there will naturally be bridges. The bridge itself is also a combination of practicality and artistry. The straightness of the bridge, the volley of the cable bridge, the charm of the pontoon bridge and the shadow of the arch bridge are originally swaying artistic style. So Mr. Needham of Britain said, "There is no China Bridge that is not beautiful, and many of them are extraordinarily beautiful."

The artistry of bridges in China is mainly manifested in two aspects, namely, modeling style and decoration technology. The modeling style is mainly reflected in the soft curve, harmonious rhythm and magnificent momentum. And some small beams and bridges in Jiangnan water town are more reminiscent of the poetry of "small bridges flowing water"

Generally speaking, bridge decoration is not very developed in China, mainly reflected in the stone bridge, and its parts are generally in places where people can easily stop and watch. For example, there are dragons, phoenixes, lions, elephants and rhinoceroses, and there are patterns such as rabbits, monkeys, horses, dogs, clouds, lotus flowers and herbs. There are also a few embossed river statues, warrior statues and character story images. For example, the head of the river god embossed on the flower wall of Yongtongqiao Mountain in Zhao County, Hebei Province, the head of the dragon and lion on the sentry box in Zhao Zhouqiao, and the head of the lion on the sentry box in Lugouqiao, Beijing. These stone carvings are exquisitely made and are often closely related to folk customs, myths and legends. For example, dragons control water, rhinos divide water, and beasts subdue demons, thus forming a unique style of Chinese bridge art.

In addition, many bridges in China often have many ancillary buildings built on the bridge or at the bridge head. The building built on the bridge played the role of anti-corrosion and foundation pressure of the wooden bridge, and later became a combination of bridge and building. Bridge-head building is the sign of bridge entrance and exit, which has the function of setting off, guarding and decorating the bridge.

Lugouqiao National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit. Located in Wanping Ancient City, Fengtai District, southwest of Beijing, opposite Yongding River. It was built in the 29th year of Jin Dading (1 189) and the 3rd year of Ming Chang (1 192). It was rebuilt between Zheng Tong in Ming Dynasty and Kangxi in Qing Dynasty. It is the oldest stone arch bridge in Beijing. The bridge is made of white stone, 212.2m long and 7.5m wide. There are fences and sentries on both sides, and 492 stone lions of different sizes are carved on the sentries. The bridge has 1 1 holes, and the piers and arches are fastened with waist iron. The pier is boat-shaped and the water surface is built for water diversion. At each end of the bridge, there are a pair of Chinese watches and a stone tablet, one of which was used to repair the bridge during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and the other is Lugou Xiaoyue, one of the "Eight Scenes of Yanjing". To the east of the bridge is the ancient city of Wanping. 1On July 7, 937, the Japanese army shelled the Lugou Bridge.

Attacking the ancient city of Wanping, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in an all-round way. This is the famous "Lugouqiao Incident", and the bullet marks of that year can still be seen on the bridge.

Zhao Zhouqiao, also known as Anji Bridge and Dashi Arch Bridge, is located on Qingshui River, five miles south of Zhao County, Hebei Province. It is not only the first stone arch bridge in China, but also the first stone arch bridge in the world today. Literati in the Tang Dynasty praised the bridge "at the beginning of the month, Yun Qi, Changhong drinks".

This bridge was built in the Sui Dynasty from 605 to 6 18. It was built by an ordinary stonemason, Li Chun, with a history of 1350 years. In the long years, despite numerous floods, wind and rain, ice and snow erosion and eight earthquakes, it stood on the Qingshui River unscathed.

The Zhao Zhouqiao designed by Li Chun is 50.82 meters long, 9.60 meters wide, with a clear span of 37.37 meters and an arch height of 7.23 meters. He considered that in order to make the slope of the bridge deck small, the height-span ratio of the bridge 1: 5 is convenient for pedestrians and vehicles to pass. The vault is so high that it is easy to sail under the bridge. He also made two small arches on the shoulders of the big arch, which made the whole bridge look particularly balanced and symmetrical, which not only facilitated flood discharge in rainy season, but also saved building materials. Its structure is magnificent, gorgeous and reasonable, which is imitated by later generations. The bridge deck designed by Li Chun is straight, with three strands, with horses and chariots in the middle and pedestrians on both sides, which can not only keep order, but also prevent traffic accidents. It can be seen that 1300 years ago, under the condition of very backward technology, an ordinary stonemason Li Chun had such superb technology, which is really commendable.

Li Chun's stone and stone masonry skills are different. He used rectangular stones, each weighing about one ton. More than 65,438+0,350 years ago in the Sui Dynasty, it was difficult for Li Chun to transport such a heavy stone without cranes and cranes. This fully shows the great wisdom of our working people. It can be seen how much effort and cost Li Chun has paid!

Li Chun led other craftsmen to carve fine twill on each side of the stone, so that the stone was interlocked and fixed. The whole bridge consists of 28 independent stone arches side by side. He believes that this will enable each stone arch to carry its own load independently, and it is easy to maintain. In order to strengthen the connection of the arch ring, he used nine iron beams to penetrate the arch back, and then embedded waist iron between the arch stones, so that the bridge was "ingenious and used by the world."

Finally, Li Chun organized craftsmen to carve many exquisite classical carving arts on the stone railings on both sides of the bridge deck. Exquisite design, vigorous and powerful knife cutting, changeable carving spirit, and all kinds of birds and animals are lifelike, which can be called a masterpiece of sculpture art in Sui and Tang Dynasties. This new type of bridge with upper arch and lower arch and "open shoulder arch", this layout and this huge span form such a beautiful shape, which is the first in Li Chun's world. In Europe, the Sylar Bridge on the Teke River appeared in the14th century, but it was more than 700 years later than Zhao Zhouqiao in China, and it was already destroyed by floods. Therefore, the Zhao Zhouqiao built by Li Chunzao is the only one with the longest survival time in the history of bridge construction in the world, which occupies an important position and is of great value in the world. This is the pride and pride of the people of China.

This Zhao Zhouqiao, with a long history, unique structure, beautiful appearance and the first place in the world, embodies Li Chun's sweat and hard work. Li Chun became the first bridge expert in the architectural history of China and even the world.

However, there is no more record about Li Chun's life story. Even after the Sui Dynasty, people in the Tang Dynasty only recorded it in several languages, such as "The person who made the strange Zhao Zhouqiao was Li Chun, a craftsman of the Sui Dynasty". Zhang Shizhen, the secretary after Kaiyuan 103 (AD 726) was built in Zhao Zhouqiao 100, briefly mentioned in the inscription of Anji Bridge: "The trace of Qingshuihe Stone Bridge in Zhaozhou, the craftsman Li Chun of Sui Dynasty, is also strange, and people don't know what he did." This shows that in feudal society, I don't know how many inventions and creations of working people were buried.

It is particularly worth mentioning that Zhao Zhouqiao has a very solid foundation. Since 1350, the settlement of bridge foundations on both sides is only 5 cm, which shows that the site selection of Li Chunqiao is scientific and reasonable. The foundation of Zhao Zhouqiao Bridge is built on the white coarse sand layer of Qingshui River bed. There is neither piling nor other stones. The abutment only uses five layers of stones. The bridge foundation is firm and the structure is simple. Before 1350 years ago, Li Chun dared to bear all the weight of the bridge with such natural foundation, which showed that Li Chun had a profound understanding of engineering, mechanics, architecture, hydrology and geology. Li Chun has so much scientific knowledge, which is undoubtedly obtained and accumulated from his labor practice.

The world's first Gao Qiao-Milo Bridge.

Gao Qiao, the world's number one, stands in the clouds with a height of 343 meters.

June 65438+February 2004 1 1

On February 9, 65438, clouds in the valley of the Tarn River in France passed under the Miyo viaduct.

The pier of Miyo viaduct is 343 meters high, which is the highest bridge in the world at present.

This bridge is located on the road from Paris, the French capital, to the Mediterranean region, and its inauguration ceremony will be held in 65438+February 65438+April.

According to the Japanese Asahi Shimbun, the French recently built a 343-meter-high Gao Qiao, the first in the world, in the valley where the Talun River passes in the south of Yao Mi.

It is supported by seven thick bridge piles and stands in the sky, which is very spectacular from the photo. I don't know whether drivers and passengers are happy when they cross the bridge, feeling in the sky or afraid of falling.

It is reported that the bridge is part of the road connecting Paris and the Mediterranean coast, and French President Jacques Chirac will personally attend the opening ceremony on June 14.

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Gymnastics terminology

One of the basic terms of bridge practice. Refers to the posture in which the hands and feet are supported, the back of the body is facing the support surface, and the posture is arched to the maximum extent. A bridge with one leg supporting the other; A bridge supported by one hand; There are forearm bridge and kneeling bridge and so on. So in addition to the basic bridge section, there are other postures to explain.

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