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[repost] Related traditional Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters

Experience and lessons of simplification of Chinese characters

Although the simplified scheme of Chinese characters was promulgated in the 1950s, its origin can be traced back to more than 100 years ago. At that time, ancient Chinese characters were the first to be criticized as the embodiment of feudal culture.

In this historical background, it is doomed that people's views on Chinese characters are biased, and Chinese character simplification is only regarded as part of the long-term process of pinyin of Chinese characters. In the simplification of Chinese characters, people are more concerned about how to integrate them with Pinyin and Latin, rather than how to retain the ideographic function of Chinese characters. This is the potential mentality under specific historical conditions.

However, although the simplification of Chinese characters is restricted by various factors, Chinese writers still adopt a step-by-step approach to the simplification of Chinese characters, and finally the simplification movement goes smoothly along the laws of Chinese characters and has achieved great success.

Of course, in the process of simplifying Chinese characters, due to the limitations of the times, many places are obviously ill-considered, most notably in the following two aspects:

1. The compression of Chinese characters is too simple, which reduces the original function of form discrimination of Chinese characters, fundamentally shakes the foundation of ideographic function of Chinese characters, destroys the tradition of ideographic function of Chinese characters, reduces Chinese characters to a purely symbolic form, and makes the finishing data in traditional Chinese characters fade.

2. At that time, the primary consideration was how to compress the strokes and quantity of Chinese characters. What can simplify the merger, try to simplify it. In particular, many words are merged by the substitution of homonyms. However, the direct consequence of homonym replacement is to destroy the natural relationship between the shape and the sound and meaning, which brings great difficulties to the study and application of Chinese characters in the future and is the biggest failure in Chinese character simplification.

4. 1 The complexity and simplicity of Chinese characters should complement each other.

The function of writing is composed of two indispensable links, namely writing and reading. As far as reading is concerned, people always hope that the symbol image is easy to identify; As far as writing is concerned, people also want symbols to be simple and easy to describe. In the interactive contradiction between "easy to write" and "easy to recognize", people should not only reduce the components and strokes of Chinese characters as much as possible, but also ensure the necessary ideographic and distinguishing degree.

Our Chinese characters come from ancient hieroglyphics (that is, pictographs) and are highly redundant. In order to facilitate learning and use, people have adopted the method of reducing its lines or strokes and simplifying its word-formation components to transform it, so simplification is the main trend of text changes. But simplification is only a phenomenon, the result of the law, not the law itself. Although simplification is dominant among established figures, it is also limited. When simplification confuses glyphs, the law of distinction will intervene and the phenomenon of simplification will appear. Therefore, the necessary simplification is by no means a "countercurrent" in the evolution of words.

In the development of Chinese characters, on the one hand, in order to write quickly and remember easily, it is necessary to simplify the configuration, reduce the number of strokes and even destroy the structure of Chinese characters. On the other hand, in order to improve the ideographic and phonetic functions of characters, strengthen ideographic and increase discrimination, we will not hesitate to complicate the configuration and increase the number of strokes. Therefore, the simplification of glyphs is essential, and so is the simplification of glyphs. From the most basic motivation of Chinese characters simplification, both of them are to improve the efficiency of using Chinese characters and to communicate quickly, accurately and conveniently.

"Jane" and "complexity" are originally a pair of contradictions that need to be adjusted at all times in the evolution of Chinese characters. Simplify for application and simplify for distinction; Simplification can only be the simplification of maintaining differences, and differences should also be the differences based on maximizing simplification.

The evolution of characters, in a word, is a process of seeking difference and simplicity. The difference is to improve the accuracy of text expression, and simplicity is to improve the efficiency of text use. The evolution of individual glyphs is like this, and so is the change of writing system. Only by making it meet the requirements of distinguishing law and simple law at the same time, and achieving the perfect state of harmony and unity of "easy to learn, easy to remember and easy to use", can stable characters appear.

Throughout the development history of Chinese characters for thousands of years, simplification and simplification of Chinese characters have always accompanied and restricted each other. The purpose of simplification is to increase the distinctiveness of fonts, and its main function on human sensory pathway is vision. Simplification means writing as conveniently as possible and saving writing time. It tries to simplify glyphs without hindering effective reading and ensuring effective differences between Chinese characters.

In order to solve this contradiction, we should carefully analyze the influence of simplification and simplification of Chinese characters on the changes of Chinese language functions, and realize that the so-called simplification and simplification are both an adjustment mechanism of Chinese characters in their own operation. They all have some activities. Only by dealing with this degree, giving full play to their strengths and limiting their shortcomings to a certain extent can the font structure of Chinese characters serve Chinese effectively.

The language function of Chinese characters is mainly manifested in the increase of font structure and the complexity of strokes, which is mainly reflected in improving the written expression ability of Chinese characters, increasing the clarity and discrimination of Chinese written characters, and striving to make Chinese characters and characters have a one-to-one correspondence. That is to say, the most basic function of Chinese character diversification is to enhance the function of distinguishing words, reflect the characteristics of words as intuitively as possible, and make two words or words that may be very close to each other clearly distinguishable. It is from this perspective that the simplification of Chinese characters is summarized as "easy to read" function.

Language Function and Complexity of Simplified Chinese Characters

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Simply reducing the number of words is not worth the loss.

According to statistics, if people master 3800 Chinese characters, they can read 99.9% of the contents of general books and periodicals; If you master 5200 Chinese characters, you can read 99.99% of the contents of general books and periodicals. According to statistics, 4990 Chinese characters constitute almost all the vocabulary of Modern Chinese Dictionary. It can be roughly said that the number of Chinese characters used now is five or six thousand, while the average intellectual has only three or four thousand words.

From Han dynasty to modern times, the number of Chinese characters used seems to have not changed significantly, and it has been hovering around five or six thousand. In the past 3000 years, new words have been constantly produced, but old words are also dying out. Generally speaking, the later the times, the faster the number of new words increases. However, because compound words are more and more dominant in Chinese, and transliteration loanwords are mostly recorded as loanwords, the number of Chinese characters has remained relatively stable despite the constant emergence of new words.

People often prefer to endure the increase in the number of words, but also pursue the use of words to express their meaning and accurate records. In this sense, the increase in the number of characters is a manifestation of the development of ideographic Chinese characters and the progress of Chinese characters. It is definitely a bad thing to say that the increase in the number of words is confined to a corner and confined to stereotypes.

Reducing Chinese characters, especially those commonly used in daily life, is obviously the general trend and the aspiration of the people. However, according to the development law of Chinese characters, it is very difficult to scientifically reduce the number of commonly used words without affecting written communication and adding trouble.

Modern orthography requires not only the unity of the font, but also the unity of the number of words. It requires that "words have a fixed shape and a fixed number", not only to stabilize the number of words, but also to reduce the number of words.

Chinese character simplification and Chinese character merging belong to two different categories of Chinese character arrangement and standardization. There are both connections and differences between them, and they cannot be confused.

There are two related trends in the evolution of Chinese characters, namely, the increase in number and the increase in structure. Modern simplified Chinese characters are aimed at these two trends in the history of Chinese characters. "Simplifying" Chinese characters is aimed at many strokes in the structure of Chinese characters, while "sorting" variant characters is aimed at too many commonly used words in Chinese characters.

4.3 Excessive simplification of strokes is undoubtedly a short-term behavior.

In the development history of Chinese characters, font changes are often restricted by application tools. Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty was carved on the bones of tortoise shell with a knife, so the strokes were thin and straight; The bronze inscriptions of the Zhou Dynasty were made of bronze or other metals, so the strokes were round and symmetrical. The * * * feature of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen is that the strokes are as thick as one, which can't be ignored. Since the Han Dynasty, Li Shu, which consists of strokes and uses basic characters and their various combinations as word formation methods, has destroyed or weakened the ideographic function of many glyphs and damaged the structure of some characters in order to get rid of the pictographic nature of ancient Chinese characters. This is a last resort, but also worthwhile, because ancient Chinese characters are really difficult to write. The evolution from ancient Chinese characters to official scripts is the most important simplification of glyphs. This time, pictographs with graphic properties are transformed into characters composed of strokes such as horizontal and vertical fingers, which greatly facilitates the learning and writing of Chinese characters and greatly improves the use efficiency and social efficiency of Chinese characters.

From the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, official script and regular script prevailed, characterized by rich strokes, neat strokes and neat characters. In the process of the evolution from ancient Chinese characters to official scripts, it is rare to destroy the structure of characters just to reduce some strokes. What's more, in an era when regular script writing is more convenient than official script writing, it is necessary and worth discussing whether it is necessary to disrupt the systematicness of a certain group of words just to reduce some strokes.

In the 1950s, due to the simplification of the reform of Chinese characters, the basic theory of Chinese characters and the reform of Chinese characters were neglected, and the nature, characteristics, functions, historical development and application of Chinese characters, as well as the relationship with linguistics, psychology, physiology, education, sociology, informatics and other disciplines were lacking in in-depth and detailed scientific research. Due to the limitations of the times, the academic circles and policy makers at that time had a one-sided understanding of the simplification of Chinese characters. At that time, they regarded the pinyin characters as the same direction of the development of the world characters, and thought that Chinese characters must go in the same pinyin direction as the world characters. When formulating the writing policy, the reform of Chinese characters is taken as the central task, while the improvement of Chinese characters is put in a secondary position, and it is regarded as a transitional method before the implementation of Pinyin, just for the "current application", and eventually Chinese characters will be abandoned and Pinyin characters will be used.

Under the guidance of the so-called "simplification is the law of the development of Chinese characters", there is a tendency that less is better than more, and simplification is good, resulting in the idea that Chinese characters should be simplified and simplified continuously. 1960 issued the instruction that "a number of existing Chinese characters must be simplified to make each word as simple and clear as possible, and the words that are difficult to learn, recognize, remember, make mistakes and admit mistakes are gradually eliminated", which embodies this idea. Just because it's "simple"

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Strengthening the structure of pictophonetic characters is the development direction of Chinese characters

With the development of Chinese characters to Xiao Zhuan, all components have been carriers of direct meaning, without the help of objects and images. After the transformation of official script, most of the emblems have lost their ideographic function and become so-called "pictographic characters without pictographic characters", that is, marker characters, and the structure of some combination words with strong graphic meaning has also been destroyed. However, almost all the structures of ideographic characters and pictophonetic characters composed of common word-formation radicals have not been destroyed. From official script to official script, the individual characteristics of strokes are more obvious and easier to write. Compared with seal script, official script and regular script have further simplified conditions. This is because in the era of popular official script and regular script, Chinese has developed from monosyllabic derivation to disyllabic synthesis, and the two morphemes of disyllabic words also have the function of mutual recognition and restriction. People's requirements for displaying the meaning of glyphs are relatively low. In the past, the phenomenon of using complex forms in order to increase the degree and difference of expression has been fundamentally controlled. Therefore, the official script and regular script have been further simplified without destroying the Chinese character list.

Pictophonetic characters are an extremely important symbol of the development of Chinese characters. When Chinese characters are transformed into a configuration system with pictophonetic characters as the main body, pictophonetic characters embody three functions: classification, source indication and phonetic representation, which increases the information capacity of phonetic and semantic information displayed by Chinese characters and enhances the semantic expression and the expression of other words.

Because from the perspective of the single word that constitutes the pictophonetic character structure, it has the dual performance of phonetic and ideographic, and bears the responsibility of the basic components. With these basic components, we can reassemble them into a complete set of Chinese characters.

At this time, people's pursuit of word-making motivation is more general. It no longer expresses meaning through the iconicity of a single body symbol, but first has a number of single word-building components that combine shape, sound and meaning, and then uses them for secondary or tertiary splicing. Components become carriers of sound and meaning, bringing sound and meaning information into combined Chinese characters. However, the simplification of the form and position of the component does not affect its semantic function, because it no longer needs the suggestion of iconicity. There are sufficient conditions to simplify the configuration, so that the whole Chinese character system can be simplified.

In addition, a considerable number of phonetic symbols in pictophonetic characters are transformed from the source words, so these phonetic symbols have a remarkable function of expressing the source. These phonetic symbols can not only mark the sound, but also express the meaning, and also have the function of showing the characteristics of word meaning. In this kind of pictophonetic characters, the combination of the classification function of semantic symbols and the indication function of phonetic symbols makes pictophonetic characters more expressive and different from similar characters. For example, according to the different meanings of "Lun" and "Lun", it can be determined that the former belongs to the category of interpersonal relationship and the latter belongs to the category of speech act. According to the different source symbols of "Lun" and "Yu", it can be determined that the former emphasizes the order of speech, while the latter emphasizes the interlocutor.

For example, the word "heart" in Xiao Zhuan still retains the image of heart. Most official scripts put it on the left side of the combined word and stand up, while regular script is changed to "gourd ladle", which is completely out of the original shape, but it has been inextricably linked with the meaning of heart. People know "heart" and "ladle" when they see it. Another example is that "sun" is no longer like the sun, but it can still express the meaning of the sun. The word "tiger" does not need to be painted completely, as long as it has the shape of "tiger", the information of tiger can also be brought into its combined words; The word "house" is only written in the shape of a corpse, which does not prevent the words "building and screen" from containing the information of the house.

4.5 Standardized Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters should be compatible with each other.

Since official script has become a common font in society, the Chinese nation has been taking traditional Chinese characters as the normal body for two thousand years. Traditional Chinese characters are the direct family of Chinese characters, the treasure of the Chinese nation and the miracle of human wisdom. Culture cannot be cut off. In different historical stages, vulgar style, perfect style and normal style constitute the whole of social figures. The simplification of Chinese characters in the 1950 s was actually mainly to adjust the position of some words. There are 2,235 simplified characters in use, 2,260 traditional characters replaced, and the remaining 50,000 inherited Chinese characters unrelated to simplification, which constitute a complete Chinese character system in China. If we remove the simplified form or the traditional form, the system will be incomplete and will be destroyed.

Chinese mainland's literacy methods are: simplified characters are "standard style" and traditional characters are "old style". Pupils only learn simplified Chinese characters, not traditional Chinese characters. Students above middle school can learn traditional Chinese characters more or less according to their needs. The mainland's experience is that literacy is from simple to complex, from easy to difficult, from less to more. From now to ancient times, this is a step-by-step method, and its advantages outweigh its disadvantages. However, according to the current laws and regulations in China, once a simplified Chinese character is found, the corresponding traditional Chinese character is defined as "nonstandard Chinese character" and abolished, and it is forbidden to be used in publications, to appear in social Chinese characters, to be taught and studied in primary and secondary schools, so as to clean it up from the national basic education.

In Taiwan Province Province, traditional Chinese characters are "normal" and simplified Chinese characters are "vulgar"; Learn traditional Chinese characters, and you can write simplified Chinese characters. At present, the actual situation of using Chinese characters in Taiwan Province Province is "printing complex and writing simple" and "knowing complex and writing simple". In fact, this is "knowing complexity and knowing simplicity".

Although the mainland allows the use of traditional Chinese characters to a certain extent, Taiwan Province Province also allows the use of a certain number of simplified Chinese characters; In fact, some handwritten and printed materials in Taiwan Province Province are simplified, and some people sometimes call for the use of simplified characters, but after all, simplified characters are widely used in Chinese mainland and traditional characters are widely used in Taiwan Province Province. For the treatment of variant characters and simplified characters, the mainland chooses one and abandons two; Taiwan Province Province tends to adopt a tolerant attitude. In my opinion, writing is routine and needs a long-term deduction and stable process.