Write the beginning and end of a composition about residential buildings.

The moment I set foot on Wuzhen, a water town, my heart began to ripple. From a distance, criss-crossing rivers, houses with black tiles and white walls, and mulberry trees with green borders flow gently in the line of sight. The long-standing nostalgia has quietly spread in the light smoke and drizzle.

In this way, I fell into a dreamy water town, a dreamy Jiangnan. Jiangnan, these two words make people think. Those apricot blossoms and spring rains, small bridges and flowing water, those talented people and beautiful women, who sang poems against each other and sang songs every night ... The past in Jiangnan is always so long and gentle, always so elegant and charming. In the afterglow of the sunset, I sank into the dream of Jiangnan water town ...

Rivers, wide or narrow, flow quietly, like the soft and slender waist of Jiangnan women. The water is green, the wind and lotus are standing idle, the weeping willows are blowing gently, the original boat is light, the reflection is light, the fishing boat sings late, and the string sound of silk and bamboo flows out from the half-opened window, as if it were a ballad coming from the depths of the years. Ay, some are happy, some are sad.

The ancient houses along the river are all buildings in the late Qing Dynasty. Opening the door and walking down a few stone steps is the beginning of the day for the people in the water town. In the river of Qinglingling, women in Shuicun wash, carry water and nurse, talk about daily necessities and short parents; Or take a man's boat to drift on the water in the early morning, make a fire, cook, fish, and work on the boat to recuperate. The boat is a floating home on the water. How many love lingering, daily chores, family planning and business, quietly passed away in the ripples of water waves.

The ancient houses quietly interpret the story of the water town. Old wooden walls, wooden doors and windows, dignified black ripples, like a weather-beaten old man, silent and speechless, warm and mellow, under the eaves, red gauze palace lanterns sway gently in the evening breeze, swaying how many prosperous scenes, how many times have passed, how many joys and sorrows.

You see, ordinary people's narrow courtyard, simple furnishings, big people's deep house compound, carved beams and painted buildings, in the shadow of underwater paddle perfect harmony. The warmth and charm of the water town are still faintly visible in the wear and tear of the years.

Look, the old woman with frosted flowers is sitting by the window. Take the soles and pull them home. Occasionally, I will inadvertently glance at tourists from other places. Grandma's indifferent expression seems to say that you can't read the vicissitudes of these years and the charm of the water town. But it doesn't matter if you don't understand. Everyone has a water town in his heart. Perhaps, in this old age, grandma will also recall the past when she was young. But the years are getting older, the beauty is getting older, but the memory is not getting older. You see, in grandma's deep wrinkles, the amorous feelings inadvertently revealed between her eyebrows and eyes still have the roundness and delicacy of Jiangnan women. Water is the soul of Jiangnan, and the bridge is the backbone of Jiangnan. Bridges depend on water, rivers are connected, and bridges are opposite. These bridges vary in size and shape, but they are as exquisite and unique as water towns. The stone arch bridge in the sunset has a faint metallic luster. Occasionally, ships in twos and threes pass under the bridge, and tourists in twos and threes pass by the bridge. I stood on the bridge, stroking the smooth stone guardrail. I found that this stone is also contaminated with the spirituality of water, and it seems to know everything. The joys and sorrows of the house and the ship, which one does it not remember? The passers-by who are rushing from south to north, where do they come from, where are they going, and what kind of state of mind are they? Only this stone bridge and this flowing water can understand the worries of tired guests at the end of the world.

I stood on the stone bridge in the water town, and my heart was full of unspeakable emotions. I was so excited that tears came out. What made me cry with excitement? I don't know. I just feel my chest boiling and my eyes burning. I thought: Maybe, in a previous life, I was a Jiangnan woman. Today, I came here, but I revisited my old place. Those long-hidden memories were suddenly awakened and warmly awakened at the moment I set foot in the water town.

I wandered in the alley to pursue you, Jiangnan in my dream. Ancient dwellings, simple customs and primitive workshops all present the beauty of harmony and tranquility in the original ecology.

I set foot in my house to visit your dream water town. Textile, embroidery, printing and dyeing, wine-making, river fishing, the life of people in water towns is full of tenderness. I know you call me in the depths of distant years. I came, saw the old scenery and saw you. You have melted into this small bridge, weeping willows on the shore, narrow lanes and deep houses. Wherever I go, you smile at me. Jiangnan water town, I have you in my dream, and you must have me in your dream.

2 residences

The most representative Tibetan folk house is the diaofang. Bunkers are mostly stone and wood structures, with dignified and steady appearance and simple and rough style; The outer wall shrinks upward, and if it is built on a mountain, the inner slope is still vertical. Bunkers are generally divided into upper and lower floors, and the number of rooms is calculated by columns. The bottom floor is a barn and a storage room, and the floor height is low; The second floor is the residential floor, and the large suite, bedroom, kitchen and small room are storage rooms or stairwells. If there is a third floor, it will be used as a lecture hall and terrace. The bunker has the characteristics of firmness, tight structure and neat corners, which is not only beneficial to wind and cold protection, but also convenient to prevent the enemy from stealing. Tents are very different from bunkers, which are a special architectural form adopted by Tibetans in pastoral areas to adapt to the mobile lifestyle of living on weeds. Ordinary financial offices are generally short, square or rectangular in plane, supported by wooden sticks, and the frame is about 2 meters high; Spread a black yak carpet with a width of about 15 cm and a length of about 1. 5 meters gap for ventilation and lighting; Pull it left and right with yak rope and fix it on the ground; Around the inside of the tent, a low wall with a height of about 50 cm is built with grass mud blocks, adobe or pebbles, and highland barley, ghee bags and dried cow dung (for fuel) are piled on it. The tent is simply furnished, with a fire stove in the middle and a Buddha statue behind it, and the ground around it is covered with sheepskin for sitting, lying and resting. The tent has the characteristics of simple structure, easy support, flexible disassembly and easy relocation. Tibetans are a nation that loves beauty and is good at expressing beauty, so they are also very particular about the decoration of their homes. People usually draw auspicious patterns on the indoor walls and blue, green and red ribbons on the interior walls of the living room to symbolize the blue sky, land and sea. The houses in Shigatse are painted with auspicious clouds of the sun, the moon, the wind and the horse, while the houses in Mangkang, Qamdo, try their best to render the external walls, doors and windows, with colorful decorations and extraordinary momentum. The strong religious color is the most obvious sign that Tibetan dwellings are different from other ethnic dwellings. The indoor and outdoor furnishings of the houses show the lofty status of the gods and buddhas. Whether it is the residence of farmers and herdsmen or the upper mansion of the nobility, there are facilities for offering Buddha. The simplest one also set up a confession of worshipping bodhisattva. Decoration with religious significance is the most prominent symbol of Tibetan folk houses. Red, blue and white striped curtains are hung under the eaves picked out from the exterior doors and windows, and the surrounding window covers are black. The skirting line of the roof parapet and its corner are "buildings" composed of red, white, blue, yellow and green stripes. In the Tibetan religious color view, these five colors are fire, cloud, sky, earth and water to express auspicious wishes.

3 Hakka dwellings

It is said that in the 1960s and 1970s, American spy satellites took photos of China, and they were surprised to find many unknown large buildings, round or square, distributed in the mountainous areas of Fujian Province, China. After analysis, they are considered as "missile launching bases", and China's military strength should not be underestimated. It was not until the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States that Americans knew that the so-called "missile launching base" was actually a typical Hakka residence-Tulou. After hearing this joke, I laughed it off, but my initial idea was to go to Tulou to learn about it. In order to escape the cold and humidity in Shanghai, it should be a good idea to travel to Fujian in winter. Yongding tulou is of course the purpose of this trip. Hakka man-made earth buildings are shaded by green mountains and green waters. The train goes to Zhangping first, then transfers to Longyan, and then jumps on the CMB bound for Hukeng Folk Culture Village at Longyan Bus Station. This process sounds complicated, but because the time and place of transfer can be easily connected, the way to Tulou is not difficult at all. The car drove out of Longyan city, and the rural scenery slowly began to improve. This is a typical hilly area. The green mountains and green waters in the sun are particularly enchanting, and the earth buildings hidden in them constantly appear in front of my eyes. When it comes to tulou, we can't help but mention the builder of tulou-Hakka. Originally a Han Chinese in the Central Plains, he was forced to move south for various reasons such as war and famine. Thousands of years later, they traveled to Wan Li and formed the Hakka clan in the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Hakkas are very United. Wherever they go, their families always live together. Because most of the Hakkas lived in remote mountainous areas or deep forests, at that time, not only were building materials scarce, wolves, tigers, leopards and thieves noisy, but also they were afraid of being harassed by local people, so Hakkas built "defensive" castle-like buildings similar to earth buildings. In Fujian, earth buildings are divided into square earth buildings and round earth buildings, and round earth buildings are rare. After I visited the most famous tulou in the folk culture village, I intuitively felt that "tulou is a shrinking city and an enlarged bunker" was described very vividly. Although the town tower has a short history, it is the most magnificent circular building in Yongding. It has two rings, inner and outer, with a diameter of 48 meters. The outer ring is strong and tall, with four layers. The first and second floors are not open to the outside world, which is convenient for defending against foreign enemies. If the reserve is sufficient, people in the building can stay indoors for half a year. The inner ring is an imitation western-style decorated nave, which is spacious and bright. It is said that the cast railings on the second floor were shipped from Shanghai at that time. Uncle Lin, who showed me around, proudly pointed to his finger and said, "In those days, my grandfather spent 80,000 square meters to build this house." Hakka houses are made of glutinous rice and eggs. The styles and forms of Hakka residential buildings have changed in different historical periods and different regions, including Yuan House, Weilong House, Triangle House, Zouma House and Siheyuan. But the most representative is the dragon enclosure. Wai Lung House is a typical Hakka residential building with Central Plains characteristics. Hakka dragon house, together with quadrangles in Beijing, caves in Shaanxi, polar pillars in Guangxi and seal cutting in Yunnan, is known as the five traditional residential architectural forms with the most local flavor in China, and is called one of the five characteristics of China residential architecture by Chinese and foreign architectural circles. According to the investigation of historians, this kind of residential building is very similar to the room type of the noble courtyard in the Central Plains, and has its historical origin. Hakka ancestors originally belonged to the Han nationality in the Central Plains, and went south to the mountainous area at the junction of Jiangxi, Guangdong and Fujian due to war and famine. After the Hakka ancestors moved south to settle in Lingnan, they not only spread the advanced farming techniques in the Central Plains, but also maintained the traditional styles of the original buildings and houses. The overall layout of Longwei The overall layout of Longwei is a big garden. In terms of overall modeling, Longwei is a Taiji diagram. The first half of the paddock is a half-moon pool, and the second half is a half-moon building. The joint of the two halves is separated by a rectangular open space, which is compacted and paved with concrete. It is called "Peace" (or Tang Di), and it is a place for residents to exercise or dry their clothes. At the junction of "Heping" and the pond, a high or low stone wall is built with lime and pebbles. The short one is called "Wall Ridge" and the tall one is called "Zhao Qiang". Half Moon Lake is mainly used for stocking fish and shrimp, watering vegetable fields, storing water for drought prevention and fire prevention. It is not only a natural fertilizer warehouse, but also a natural sewage purification pool. The second half of the building is the square main building in the middle. There are "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" and an enclosure; There are "three floors and four horizontal" and two surrounding floors. The smallest enclosure construction area is several thousand square meters, and the largest is tens of thousands of square meters. Some Dalongwu have hundreds of households and hundreds of people. Generally speaking, "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" are the majority of an enclosure. There are three dragon houses and two transverse walls, including upper hall, middle hall and lower hall. There is a patio between the hall and the hall, which is separated by wooden screens and can be opened and closed as needed. There are north and south halls, upper and lower corridors, toilets, reception rooms, wing rooms, study rooms and living rooms. Around the hall, strewn at random have send, primary and secondary. The building structure is low at the front and high at the back, which is beneficial to lighting, ventilation, drainage and sewage discharge. The main house-the outer layer of the horizontal house is a half-moon enclosure, some are one enclosure and some are two enclosures, hence the name enclosure. The arc-shaped fence guards the main room, forming a defensive barrier. The windows in the paddock are generally small, and they are natural observation holes and shooting holes, which are convenient for using martial arts such as bows and arrows, soil guns and soil guns to fight against the incoming enemies. In fact, the design and architecture of Dragon House had a lot to do with the situation of Hakkas at that time. Hakkas are Han Chinese who migrated from the Central Plains to the south since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Most of them live in remote mountainous areas and are excluded and bullied by local people. In order to unite against aggression and survive, they had to live together and build a defensive castle-style house-Dragon House, to resist the invasion of bandits and locals. There is also a solid multi-layer "turret" in Longwei, which can be used to store food and forage, and can also shoot invading enemies from the commanding heights. If bandits come to harass and rob, as long as the gate and half the door are closed, the villagers will carry weapons into the dragon circle and turret to fight.