Residential building information with different characteristics

It is said that in the 1960s and 1970s, American spy satellites took photos of China, and they were surprised to find many unknown large buildings, round or square, distributed in the mountainous areas of Fujian Province, China. After analysis, they are considered as "missile launching bases", and China's military strength should not be underestimated. It was not until the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States that Americans knew that the so-called "missile launching base" was actually a typical Hakka residence-Tulou. After hearing this joke, I laughed it off, but my initial idea was to go to Tulou to learn about it. In order to escape the cold and humidity in Shanghai, it should be a good idea to travel to Fujian in winter. Yongding tulou is of course the purpose of this trip.

Hakka man-made earth buildings are hidden among green mountains and green waters.

The train goes to Zhangping first, then transfers to Longyan, and then jumps on the CMB bound for Hukeng Folk Culture Village at Longyan Bus Station. This process sounds complicated, but because the time and place of transfer can be easily connected, the way to Tulou is not difficult at all.

The car drove out of Longyan city, and the rural scenery slowly began to improve. This is a typical hilly area. The green mountains and green waters in the sun are particularly enchanting, and the earth buildings hidden in them constantly appear in front of my eyes.

When it comes to tulou, we can't help but mention the builder of tulou-Hakka. Originally a Han Chinese in the Central Plains, he was forced to move south for various reasons such as war and famine. Thousands of years later, they traveled to Wan Li and formed the Hakka clan in the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Hakkas are very United. Wherever they go, their families always live together. Because most of the Hakkas lived in remote mountainous areas or deep forests, at that time, not only were building materials scarce, wolves, tigers, leopards and thieves noisy, but also they were afraid of being harassed by local people, so Hakkas built "defensive" castle-like buildings similar to earth buildings. In Fujian, earth buildings are divided into square earth buildings and round earth buildings, and round earth buildings are rare.

The most gorgeous cast flower balustrade earth building.

After I visited the most famous tulou Zhencheng Building in the folk culture village, I intuitively felt that the phrase "tulou is a shrinking city and an enlarged bunker" was described very vividly. Although the town tower has a short history, it is the most magnificent circular building in Yongding. It has two rings, inner and outer, with a diameter of 48 meters. The outer ring is strong and tall, with four layers. The first and second floors are not open to the outside world, which is convenient for defending against foreign enemies. If the reserve is sufficient, people in the building can stay indoors for half a year. The inner ring is an imitation western-style decorated nave, which is spacious and bright. It is said that the cast railings on the second floor were shipped from Shanghai at that time. Uncle Lin, who showed me around, proudly pointed to his finger and said, "In those days, my grandfather spent 80,000 square meters to build this house." Hakka houses are made of glutinous rice and eggs.

The styles and forms of Hakka residential buildings have changed in different historical periods and different regions, including Yuan House, Weilong House, Triangle House, Zouma House and Siheyuan. But the most representative is the dragon enclosure. Wai Lung House is a typical Hakka residential building with Central Plains characteristics. Hakka dragon house, together with quadrangles in Beijing, caves in Shaanxi, polar pillars in Guangxi and seal cutting in Yunnan, is known as the five traditional residential architectural forms with the most local flavor in China, and is called one of the five characteristics of China residential architecture by Chinese and foreign architectural circles. According to the investigation of historians, this kind of residential building is very similar to the room type of the noble courtyard in the Central Plains, and has its historical origin. Hakka ancestors originally belonged to the Han nationality in the Central Plains, and went south to the mountainous area at the junction of Jiangxi, Guangdong and Fujian due to war and famine. After the Hakka ancestors moved south to settle in Lingnan, they not only spread the advanced farming techniques in the Central Plains, but also maintained the traditional styles of the original buildings and houses.

Overall layout of Dragon House

The overall layout of the enclosure is a big garden, and in the overall shape, the enclosure is a Taiji diagram.

The first half of the paddock is a half-moon pool, and the second half is a half-moon building. The joint of the two halves is separated by a rectangular open space, which is compacted and paved with concrete. It is called "Peace" (or Tang Di), and it is a place for residents to exercise or dry their clothes. At the junction of "Heping" and the pond, a high or low stone wall is built with lime and pebbles. The short one is called "Wall Ridge" and the tall one is called "Zhao Qiang". Half Moon Lake is mainly used for stocking fish and shrimp, watering vegetable fields, storing water for drought prevention and fire prevention. It is not only a natural fertilizer warehouse, but also a natural sewage purification pool.

The second half of the building is the square main building in the middle. There are "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" and an enclosure; There are "three floors and four horizontal" and two surrounding floors. The smallest enclosure construction area is several thousand square meters, and the largest is tens of thousands of square meters. Some Dalongwu have hundreds of households and hundreds of people. Generally speaking, "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" are the majority of an enclosure. There are three dragon houses and two transverse walls, including upper hall, middle hall and lower hall. There is a patio between the hall and the hall, which is separated by wooden screens and can be opened and closed as needed. There are north and south halls, upper and lower corridors, toilets, reception rooms, wing rooms, study rooms and living rooms. Around the hall, strewn at random have send, primary and secondary. The building structure is low at the front and high at the back, which is beneficial to lighting, ventilation, drainage and sewage discharge.

The main house-the outer layer of the horizontal house is a half-moon enclosure, some are one enclosure and some are two enclosures, hence the name enclosure. The arc-shaped fence guards the main room, forming a defensive barrier. The windows in the paddock are generally small, and they are natural observation holes and shooting holes, which are convenient for using martial arts such as bows and arrows, soil guns and soil guns to fight against the incoming enemies. In fact, the design and architecture of Dragon House had a lot to do with the situation of Hakkas at that time. Hakkas are Han Chinese who migrated from the Central Plains to the south since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Most of them live in remote mountainous areas and are excluded and bullied by local people. In order to unite against aggression and survive, they had to live together and build a defensive castle-style house-Dragon House, to resist the invasion of bandits and locals. There is also a solid multi-layer "turret" in Longwei, which can be used to store food and forage, and can also shoot invading enemies from the commanding heights. If bandits come to harass and rob, as long as the gate and half the door are closed, the villagers will carry weapons into the dragon circle and turret to fight.

The Cultural Spirit in Dragon House

First, it embodies the traditional virtues of Hakka people, such as unity and mutual assistance, respect for the elderly and love for the virtuous, courtesy and civilization, and understanding. Small rockeries, fish ponds and bonsai are generally arranged in the patios of the paddock. All kinds of flowers and trees surround the "flower heads" in the semi-garden behind the main house and the semi-moon pool in front of the main door. The forest on the mountain behind the enclosure is called "Dragon Clothes", and logging is prohibited. The whole building is hidden among evergreen trees, with birds and flowers all year round and beautiful environment in Jing Ya.

The columns, beams, fang and doors in the paddock are all carved with vivid landscapes, flowers and birds, birds and animals, and painted with bright and dazzling paint, which looks resplendent, antique and spectacular. Generally speaking, there is a close family living in a dragon circle. They live in harmony, respect the old and love the young, and respect each other as guests. On holidays, men, women and children gather in the main house to worship their ancestors, dance dragons and lions, beat gongs and drums, and it is a happy and peaceful scene.

Second, the style of Hakka Dragon House is the inheritance of the original residential style. Archaeological data show that Banpo clan and Longshan clan in the middle and late primitive society of the Yellow River basin lived in an area composed of dozens of square and round rammed earth houses. This shows that the Hakka people's concept of living subconsciously contains the restoration and reference of some housing experiences of their ancestors.

Thirdly, the architectural features of the Dragon House are also the projection of ancient Yin and Yang thoughts. Reflected in the harmony between architectural objects and natural terrain, it conforms to the philosophical principle of "harmony between man and nature". If the terrain is not ideal, the seating direction can be adjusted by adding a half-moon flower terrace or pond or building half door to achieve the balance of yin and yang and adapt to the environment. This thought of yin and yang was later mixed with a lot of witchcraft culture that pays attention to "feng shui staying in the field", such as the old saying: "Feng Shui is indispensable for the world, and it depends on yin and yang."

Fourth, it embodies the traditional clan concept. On the one hand, it shows the habit of Hakkas living in groups. Because, no matter in the long journey or when they are new to a strange place, they all have insurmountable difficulties, and they all have to live together by their own surnames. On the other hand, the residents in the house are assigned rooms according to their generations and grades, and ancestral tablets are placed in the center of the building for future generations to worship, which reflects the traditional family ethics of Hakkas to some extent.

When building a new house, Hakkas usually hold the custom of "moving to a new house", which is called "showing evil spirits". It will be safe and auspicious to ask Mr. Feng Shui to drive away the "three evils". On the day of moving, there was a big banquet and a sacrifice to the gods.