How to speak logically and methodically

Induction: Obtaining universal laws from multiple individual things.

For example, dark horses and white horses can be summarized as horses.

Deduction: Contrary to induction, deduction is to deduce individual laws from universal laws.

For example, a horse can be interpreted as a dark horse or a white horse.

2. Analysis and synthesis

Analysis: Analysis is to break things down into parts, sides and attributes and study them separately. This is a necessary stage to understand the whole thing.

Synthesis: Synthesis is to organically unify all parts, sides and attributes of things into a whole according to their internal relations, so as to grasp the essence and laws of things. Analysis and synthesis are mutual infiltration and mutual transformation, and they are synthesized on the basis of analysis and analyzed under the guidance of synthesis. Analysis and synthesis, cycle, promote the deepening and development of understanding.

3. Abstraction and generalization

Abstraction: Abstraction is to extract the same and essential features from many things and discard their non-essential features.

Generalization: Generalization is the thinking process and method of forming concepts. That is to say, the essential attributes extracted from some things with some same attributes are extended to all things with these attributes, thus forming a universal concept about this kind of things.

Generalization is an important method of scientific discovery. Because generalization is from a smaller scope of understanding to a larger scope of understanding; It is the extension of knowledge from one field to another.

4. Comparative thinking method

According to the object, comparison is divided into comparison between similar things and comparison between different things.

According to the form, comparison is divided into seeking common ground comparison and seeking difference comparison.

Seek differences from the same.

Seek similarities or similarities in differences.

Example: Humans invented airplanes with reference to birds and submarines with reference to fish.

5. Causal thinking method

The logic of causality is: because of A and B, or if phenomenon A appears, phenomenon B (sufficient relationship) will inevitably appear. This is a relationship between causing and being caused, with cause A in the front and result B in the back.

(1) All sequential relationships are not necessarily causal. For example, getting up, getting dressed first, then wearing pants, or washing your teeth first and then washing your face are not causal.

(2) Not all necessary connections are cause and effect, only the necessary connections between them are causal connections.