The most learned man in ancient China.

There is no clear history of Sima Qian's birth and death. According to Wang Guowei's research on Taishi Gongxing Year, Sima Qian was born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (145 BC) and died in the first year of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty (86 BC) at the age of 60. It is said that Sima Qian's family is a historian and writer who passed down from Tang Yu to Zhou. Sima Cuo was a famous soldier when King Hui of Qin attacked Shu, and Sima Chang was an iron-fisted official of Qin Shihuang. Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father, was also an official of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he resumed his ancestral career as a historian. Sima Qian was born in Hancheng. Sima Qian was a "grandson of farming and grazing rivers and mountains" when he was a teenager. Sima Qian grew up in this natural environment (Preface to Hancheng County Records) and had some experience in folk life. At the age of ten, Sima Qian followed his father to Chang 'an, the capital, where he studied under the old doctor Fu Sheng and the great scholar Kong Anguo. Family learning is deeply rooted, and it has benefited a lot from the education of famous teachers and inspiration. At this time, the Han Dynasty was strong, the economy was prosperous, and the culture was prosperous. Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing wiped out the Xiongnu, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Yuefu ...; That's when Sima Qian was rich in knowledge and keen to be born in Beijing. Around the age of twenty, Sima Qian began to travel abroad-"traveling south to Jianghuai, attending meetings, exploring Yu caves, spying on nine doubts, floating in Yuan, Xiang, covering Wen and Si in the north, talking about the capital of Qi and Lu, observing the legacy of Confucius, and shooting Zou, Yi, Er, Kun, Xue, Yu Xiang, Du Liang and Chu back to China." After returning to Chang 'an, he became a close minister of the emperor and went to Pingliang and Kongdong with Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to serve Bashu. He went to Kunming at the southernmost tip. According to Sima Qian himself, when he was a teenager, he used to "plow mountains and rivers and graze the sun of rivers and mountains", which means that he did some farm work in his hometown when he was a child. Later, his father Sima Tan made an imperial edict in Chang 'an, and Sima Qian also went to Chang 'an with his father. Under the guidance of his father, he studied hard and laid a deep cultural foundation. He worshipped many famous teachers as his teachers. Sima Qian's family, that is, his family, has been historians for generations. As a historian, he has the responsibility to record the words and deeds of emperors and sages, collect and sort out the heritage of the world, and provide reference for the rulers at that time through narrators. Then his father, Sima Tan, was interested in sorting out the history of the Chinese nation for thousands of years and tried to write an unprecedented historical work. Is to write history books, since his father began to have such an ideal, after his father made an official order, he began to collect and read historical materials to prepare for the revision of history. However, Sima Tan felt that he was too old to write a historical work independently in time, energy and knowledge. Therefore, Sima Tan has high hopes for his son Sima Qian, hoping that he can participate in it as soon as possible and finally realize such a great ambition. So, he asked his son to go to Wan Li Road on the basis of studying in thousands of books, and he asked his son to roam the country for more than two years. So I want to introduce Sima Qian's roaming here, so Sima Qian began to roam at the age of 20. Sima Qian was preparing for a field trip to write historical records. He personally interviewed and obtained many first-hand materials, which ensured the authenticity and scientificity of historical records. Then his roaming is also the concrete embodiment of the spirit of Historical Records. For example, he roamed to the bank of the Miluo River, and Qu Yuan threw himself into the river. He read Qu Yuan's poems aloud. He wept bitterly, so he was so emotional when he wrote Biographies of Qu Yuan that he went to see it himself. He wrote Qu Yuan on the basis of studying Qu Yuan. For example, in Huaiyin, Han Xin's hometown, he also collected many stories about Han Xin. For example, he asked others himself that Han Xin was cheated and humiliated. As we all know, this allusion, why can Han Xin be cheated and humiliated without getting angry? I didn't do anything illegal, but endured it. Han Xin is so tall that he climbs between the legs of a rogue. If he follows his character, he will be killed with one knife. But if you kill him, can you make achievements in the future? Han Xin later helped Liu Bang overthrow the Qin Dynasty, set up the Western Han Dynasty, made the king a Hou, and returned to his hometown. Han Xin himself said that if I had killed you, I wouldn't have made great achievements later, so if I didn't take responsibility, I wouldn't have made great achievements. For example, in Qufu, he paid a visit to the tomb of Confucius, stayed with some Confucian scholars in Confucius' hometown, bowed step by step arm in arm, learned to ride horses, learn archery and learn ancient rituals to express his memory of Confucius. For another example, in Xuecheng, Meng Changjun's hometown, he went to the countryside to inspect the folk customs, and what was the relationship between the folk customs of this place and the hospitality cultivation of Meng Changjun literati in those days, so he went all the way and inspected it all the way. It can be said that during his roaming journey, Sima Qian never let go of anyone who knows history, nor did he let go of any story left in people's mouth-to-mouth, and gained many historical materials that he could not get from ancient books. At the same time, he went deep into the people. In addition, he traveled all over the famous mountains and rivers, appreciated the magnificence of the motherland's mountains and rivers, cultivated his own temperament, and thus improved the expressive force of his literature. So I want to talk about Sima Qian's roaming here, which is a very solid step for Sima Qian to succeed. Is a very typical so-called read thousands of books, Wan Li Road. In the first year of Yuanfeng (1 10 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made a grand tour to worship Zen, with 180,000 cavalry and thousands of flags. Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, is a historian. He should have gone to work, but he died in Luoyang. Sima Qian accepted his father's wishes, rushed to Mount Tai, attended meditation, and then returned to Chang 'an along the East China Sea, bypassing the Great Wall beyond the Great Wall. In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC 108), when Sima Qian was 38 years old, he officially wrote a letter to revise the history, and had the opportunity to read all the books, archives and various historical materials collected by the Han Dynasty court. While sorting out historical materials, he participated in the revision of the calendar. In the first year of Tai Chu (BC 104), China's first almanac, taichu calendar, was written, and he began to write historical records. Historical Records tells many stories of capable people. In the second year of Tianhan (the first 99 years), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Li Guangli, the general of the Second Division, to take 30,000 soldiers to attack the Xiongnu, which was defeated and almost completely annihilated, and Li Guangli fled back. Li Guang's grandson, Li Ling, then served as a captain on horseback, fighting the Huns with 5,000 infantry. Khan personally led thirty thousand cavalry to surround the infantry of Liling. Although Li Ling's archery was good and the soldiers were brave, five thousand infantry killed five or six thousand tarquin. Khan assigned more troops, but he still couldn't compete with Li Ling. Just as Khan was preparing to withdraw, a soldier of Liling defected and reported the military situation inside Liling. Tell Khan that there are no reinforcements behind Li Ling, and teach Khan's men to make bows and arrows that can be shot repeatedly. Khan then continued to fight with Li Ling. In the end, Li Ling was outnumbered, leaving only more than 400 Han soldiers to break through. Li Ling was captured by the Huns and surrendered. Ministers condemned Li Ling for not being afraid of death and surrendering to the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Taishi to ask Sima Qian to listen to his opinion. Sima Qian said, "Li Ling has less than 5,000 infantry. He went deep into the enemy's hinterland and struck tens of thousands of enemies. Although he lost the battle, he killed so many enemies that he can tell the world. Li Ling refused to die at once, so he must have an idea. He must want to atone and repay the emperor. " Hearing this, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty thought that Sima Qian's defense of Li Ling was intended to belittle Li Guangli (Li Guangli was the younger brother of Emperor Wu's favorite concubine), and he flew into a rage and said, "Defending those who surrendered to the enemy is not intended to oppose the court?" He put Sima Qian in prison and handed him over to Ting Wei for interrogation. After Sima Qian went to prison, the case fell into the hands of Du Zhou, a notorious cruel official at that time. Du Zhou tortured Sima Qian, and Sima Qian endured all kinds of cruel physical and mental torture. In the face of cruel officials, he never gave in or confessed. Sima Qian kept asking himself in prison: "Is this my sin? Is this my sin? I am a courtier, can't I express my opinion? " Soon, it was rumored that Li Ling led Xiongnu soldiers to attack the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed it and hastily killed Li Ling's mother, wife and son. Sima Qian was also sentenced to death for this incident. The following year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty killed Li Ling's family, and Sima Qian was castrated. Corruption is a great shame, polluting ancestral businesses and making friends. Sima Qian was humiliated in prison. "Hand in hand, tied by a wooden rope, exposed skin, tied by a list, living in seclusion in the wall. At this time, when I saw the jailer, I grabbed the land. When I saw the apprentice, I was anxious. " (Sima Qian's Bao Ren An Shu) almost ruined his life. He wanted to die, but he thought of the information he had collected for many years and said, "People are inherently mortal, either heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather." . Writing history books is my long-cherished wish, so in order to complete the writing of historical records, I have to bear the burden of humiliation and hope to have the opportunity. In the first year of Taishi (96 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed to the Yuan Dynasty and granted amnesty to the world. Sima Qian was 50 years old at this time. After he got out of prison, he became a secretary. In the eyes of others, he may be "pampered", but he still devotes himself to writing his book. Until the book was completed in Zheng He's second year (9 1 year ago), * * * got 130 articles, with more than 520,000 words. Later generations spoke highly of Sima Qian, saying that "the articles in the Western Han Dynasty were two Sima, and the economy in Nanyang was one Wolong", which was as famous as Sima Xiangru, a great writer in the Western Han Dynasty, and Zhuge Liang, the most brilliant figure in the Three Kingdoms period.

Two: Du Fu

Du Fu, the grandson of the famous poet Du Fu, was born in a family with literary tradition. He studied poetry at the age of 7 and became famous at the age of 15. He was frustrated all his life and only worked as a small official such as Zuo Shiyi. Although later generations called it a "poet" and poetry a "history of poetry", it didn't get people's attention at that time in the Tang Dynasty. There is a poem "The Play is Six quatrains (Part II)" written by "Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty": "Wang Yang and Luo Lu are contemporary, but frivolous; Second, Cao's name is ruined, and he does not waste rivers and mountains. " Among them, there are many poets' self-comparisons. Du Fu's experience and poetry creation can be divided into four periods:

First, the roaming period of reading (before the age of 35)

The so-called "dissolute Zhao Qi, Qiu Ma is quite sober and crazy". In the 19th year of Kaiyuan (at the age of 20), he began to roam in wuyue, returned to Luoyang five years later, and then Du Fu roamed Qi and Zhao. Later, I met Li Bai in Luoyang, and the two met and hated each other late, forming a profound friendship. Then I met Gao Shi, and the three of them traveled with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu). Later, Du Li went to qi zhou. After breaking up, they met on East Road respectively. This is the last time that "Shi Xian" and "Shi Sheng" met.

Second, trapped in Chang' an period (35 to 44 years old)

During this period, Du Fu took the exam in Chang 'an for the first time and came last. Li, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, even told Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty that no one in the ruling and opposition parties was successful. Later, he presented gifts to the emperor and presented them to the nobles. He lived a life of "grabbing the rich door in the morning, dressing up the horse dust at dusk, throwing a cup of cold roast and hiding sadness everywhere". Finally, he got the position of right-back leading Cao Cao to join the army (mainly a small official guarding war weapons and treasury keys). During this period, he wrote poems such as "Car Shop" and "Two Ways", criticizing current politics and satirizing dignitaries. The book "Singing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian" is particularly famous, which indicates that his understanding of the political and social reality of the imperial court has reached a new height after ten years of hard life in Chang 'an. Xuanzong held three successive festivals from 75 1 the eighth day of the first month to 10. Du Fu took this opportunity to write three poems, which were appreciated by Xuanzong. Third, the period of being trapped as a thief (45 to 48 years old)

When the Anshi Rebellion broke out and Tongguan fell, Du Fu settled in Zhangzhou and went to Suzong alone. He was captured by the Anshi Rebellion and taken to Chang 'an. In the face of chaos in Chang 'an, he heard the news that the loyalist troops were repeatedly defeated, and wrote poems such as Moonlit Night, Spring Hope and Love for the Head of the River. Later, he fled to Fengxiang to cheat and made a collection. Because of his advice, Shangshu was demoted to prime minister of joining the army. (Fang Shu is a typical intellectual, but unrealistic. He fought against the rebels and adopted the Spring and Autumn Array, which resulted in a crushing defeat. Du Fu began to tidy up Zuo's remains. He said Fang was innocent. He was angry and wanted to find fault. Later, he recorded his experiences in the form of poems and became his immortal works, namely "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells". Note: "three officials": Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an official and Tongguan official; "Three Farewells": Wedding Farewells, Homelessness, Farewell to the Old and Welcome to the New.

Four, the southwest wandering period (48 to 58 years old)

With the collapse of Xiangzhou loyalist and the famine of Guanfu, Du Fu abandoned his official and fled with his family, passing through Qin Zhou and Tonggu, and lived a relatively stable life in Chengdu. When he entered the DPRK, the warlord in the middle of Shu rebelled and he went to Zizhou and Langzhou. After Yanwu filmed "Our Times" as a blog in Chengdu, Du Fu went to Yan and died. He drifted again, lived in Kuizhou for two years, drifted to Hubei and Hunan, and died on the Xiangjiang River. During this period, his works include Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Broke the Straw Shed, Shuxiang, Yellow River Banks Recovered by the Imperial Army, Gordon, Moon Landing Building and many other famous works. One of the most famous poems is: "An De Wan Lou, all the poor people in the world are happy." And the "leaves fall like waterfalls, and I think the long river always rolls forward" in "To the Top" is a swan song.

Three: Zhuge Liang

Cultivate Long Mu.

Zhuge Liang was born in the 4th year of Han Dynasty (A.D. 18 1), an official family in Yang Du County, Ye Lang. Zhuge family is a Ye Lang family. Zhuge Feng, the ancestor of Zhuge Liang, was the Taiwei of Li Si in the Western Han Dynasty, and Zhuge Gui, Zhuge Liang's father, was the Taishou of Taishan County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's mother Zhang died at the age of 3, and Zhuge Liang lost his father at the age of 8. He and his younger brother Zhuge Jun came to Zhang Yu with his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed as the prefect of Zhang Yu by Yuan Shu. The Eastern Han court sent Zhu Hao instead of Zhuge Xuan, and Zhuge Xuan went to Jingzhou to shepherd Liu Biao. After Zhuge Xuan's death, Zhuge Liang and his younger brother Zhuge Jun lived in seclusion and tilled the fields in Nanyang. In the second year of Jian 'an (197), Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan died of illness; Zhuge Liang usually reads Fu Liang's songs and often compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi. At that time, people were dismissive of him, and only friends such as Xu Shu and Cui believed in his talent. Known as "Wolong". Make friends with Jingzhou celebrities such as Pang Degong and Huang. Huang once said to Zhuge Liang: "Wen Jun chooses his wife; Ugly girls with yellow heads and blackheads, but they are all worth matching. I heard that you want to choose a wife. There is an ugly girl in my family with yellow hair and dark skin, but her talent can rival yours. ) "Zhuge Liang agreed to this marriage and immediately married her. At that time, people played it as a joke, and there was even a proverb in the village: "Don't choose a wife for Kong Ming, you will get an ugly girl." (quoted from Xiangyang Ji)

Longzhong countermeasure

Working hard at Longmu is good for Fu Liang Yin. He is eight feet long, and every time he compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, he is incomparable. Cui and Yingchuan of Boling are straightforward and bright, friendly and honest. Be the first master to station a new field. When Xu Shu met the first master, he took care of the equipment first. He said, "Zhu Gekongming, Wolong, do you want to see him?" The late Lord said, "Come with me." Cao Shu said, "You can meet this man, but you can't give in to him. The general should be in charge. " Zhuge Liang was enlightened by his predecessor and visited Mao Lu. Because the screen man said, "The Han Dynasty is dead, the traitor stole his life, and the Lord was covered with dust. Lonely and incompetent, want to believe in human justice; And wisdom is short, so use it. As for today. However, the ambition is not over yet, and you said that the plan will come out? " Liang replied, "Since Dong Zhuo came, there have been many heroes, and countless people have crossed the state and even the county. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao has a small name and few people. However, Cao defeated Shao and defeated the strong with the weak. Not only was the weather bad, but he also suppressed others. Today, millions of Cao Cao are vassals with the emperor. This sincerity is indisputable. According to Sun Quan, he has lived in Jiangdong for three generations. He can use it. It can be used for aid, but not for profit. Jingzhou is bordered by Han and Mian in the north, benefiting from the South China Sea, Wu Hui in the east and Bashu in the west. This is a country that uses force, but its owner can't stay. This is almost heaven, so it is a general. Does the general care? Yizhou is a dangerous place, fertile land is thousands of miles away, and the land of abundance makes Gaozu emperor. Liu Zhang is weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, the people are rich but don't know how to keep shirts, and the wise think of the wise. The general is both the emperor's palace and loyal to the four seas. He is a hero, eager for wisdom. If there are advantages and interests, he will protect his rock resistance, he will be brave in the west and brave in the south, and he will do a good job in foreign relations and domestic politics with Sun Quan. If the world changes, a general will be ordered to lead Jingzhou troops to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead Yizhou people out of Qinchuan. Who dares to meet the general without eating kettle pulp? If this is the case, the hegemony can be reached and the Han family can flourish. " The late Lord said, "Good!" So I got very close to Liang Qing. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were unhappy, and the late master explained, "There is a hole in the sky alone, and there is water in the fish. May you say nothing. " Feather, flying is the only way.

Chibi war

At that time, Liu Biao's son Liu Qi was repeatedly slandered by his stepmother, and Liu Biao gradually became dissatisfied with Liu Qi. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang for advice on self-defense several times, but Zhuge Liang often refused. At a banquet, Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang to tell him the solution by taking the ladder from home. Zhuge Liang asked Liu Qi, "Don't you know that Shen Sheng is in danger now and Zhong Er is safe outside? You were in danger if you didn't see Shen Sheng in the Spring and Autumn Period, but can Zhong Er (referring to Jin Wengong) be safe outside? ) "At that time, Huang Zu was killed by Dongwu, and Liu Qi was recommended as Jiangxia satrap to protect himself. In August of the 13th year of Jian 'an (208), Liu Biao died of illness, and his second son Liu Cong succeeded to the throne. Hearing the news that Cao Cao was going south, he sent messengers to surrender. After learning the news of Fancheng, Liu Bei led the army and civilians to flee to the south. Cao Jun chased Liu Jun in Changsaka, Dangyang, and Xu Shu's mother was captured by Cao Cao's army. Xu Shu had to surrender to Cao Cao. When Liu Bei arrived in Xiakou, Sun Quan sent Lu Su to observe the situation and suggested to Liu Bei to ask Sun Quan for help. Zhuge Liang recommended himself to Chai Sang and made friends with Lu Su. After arriving in Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met with Sun Quan and first gave Sun Quan two choices by dichotomy: "If wuyue people can compete with China, it is better to get rid of it as soon as possible (if Wu Yuezhi's military strength can compete with the Central Plains, it is better to break diplomatic relations with Cao Cao as early as possible)"; Another option is to use the provocation method. "If not, why not put the case in the north!" If you think you can't resist, why don't you stop military action and surrender to the north! "North" has a double meaning here: First, Cao Cao is in the north; The second is that when the monarch and the minister meet, the officials generally face the north. ) "Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang why Liu Bei didn't surrender. Zhuge Liang raised Liu Bei's social status, saying that Liu Bei had backbone and would never surrender to show Sun Bei's determination. Sun Quan was furious and vowed not to surrender to Cao Cao, but he was worried about how many troops Liu Bei had left to fight. Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies. First, he said that there were 10,000 people in Guijun and Guan Yu's water army, and there were no fewer than 10,000 Jiangxia soldiers in Liu Qifan. Then he said that Cao Jun was exhausted from a long distance. He chased Liu Beishi and walked more than 300 miles a day and a night with a Qingqi. That is "a spent force, it is impossible to wear Lu Mao"; Moreover, northerners do not learn water warfare, and Jingzhou people are forced to obey Cao Cao, unconvinced; Finally, Cao's defeat is certain. Sun Quan is very happy. Later, after lobbying by Lu Su and Zhou Yu, he decided to unite Liu against Cao and sent Zhou Yu, Lu Su to lead 30,000 water troops against Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang went back to Liu Bei with the army; In November, Cao Cao's army was attacked by Sun Liulian in Chibi, and there was a plague in the army, which was defeated.

Adequate food, weapons and equipment

After Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei pacified the four counties in Jingnan in December, appointed and dismissed Zhuge Liang as a military commander, lived in Lin Xuan, supervised Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha counties, and was responsible for adjusting taxes and enriching military resources. In the 16th year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), Liu Zhang sent Liu Bei to assist Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others guarded Jingzhou. In December of the following year, Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others went to Shu to help out, leaving Guan Yu in charge of Jingzhou's defense, dividing troops to pacify counties and counties, and forming a capital with Liu Bei. In the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14), Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei entered Yizhou. Zhuge Liang received 500 Jin of gold, 50 million yuan of silver 1000 Jin, and 0/000 pieces of brocade/kloc-0, and was appointed as a strategist and general, in charge of the general's office. Every time Liu Bei sent troops to attack, Zhuge Liang was responsible for guarding Chengdu and providing Liu Bei with adequate food and clothing. For example, in the battle of Hanzhong, he provided resources for Liu Bei. In the first year of Emperor Yankang of the Han Dynasty (220), Cao Pi usurped the independence of Han Dynasty. In the second year of Wei Huang (22 1), ministers heard the news that Emperor Xian was killed and advised Liu Bei, who had become the king of Hanzhong, to be the emperor. Liu Bei refused, and Zhuge Liang persuaded Liu Bei with the story of Geng Chun lobbying Liu Xiu to be emperor. So Liu Bei promised Zhuge Liang to be prime minister, record history and have a holiday; In the same year, Zhang Fei was killed and Zhuge Liang became a captain.

Baidicheng Tuogu

In August of the second year of Zhangwu (222), Liu Bei was defeated on the way to recapture Jingzhou and retreated to Yongan. Zhuge Liang lamented that Fa was about to go, or Liu Bei's crusade would be stopped. In February of the third year of Zhangwu (223), when Emperor Bai Di entrusted orphans, Liu Bei was seriously ill and called Zhuge Liang to Yong 'an to entrust the affairs to Li Yan. Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang, "You are only ten times as talented as Cao Pi, and you will be able to settle down in the world and eventually achieve great things. If the heir can supplement it, supplement it; If he is incompetent, you can bear it yourself. Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and you will be able to achieve great things in the end. If the adopted son (Liu Chan) can help, help him; If he has no talent, you can take it yourself. " Zhuge Liang said with tears, "How dare I exhaust my strength to serve Loyalty Festival and then die! I will try my best to serve the faithful solar terms until I die! ) "Liu Bei asked Liu Chan to treat Zhuge Liang as his father. In April, Liu Bei died, and Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, making Zhuge Liang the marquis of Wuxiang and opening a yamen. Soon, Liu Chan relied on Zhuge Liang to take charge of Yizhou pastoral administration, and Zhuge Liang decided. It turned out that South China took the opportunity to rebel because of Liu Bei's crushing defeat. Zhuge Liang did not send troops because the country had just lost its monarch, but sent Deng Zhi and Kyle to Soochow to repair it.

south

It was not until the spring of the third year of Jianxing (225) that Zhuge Liang led the army south. Before he left, Liu Chan gave Zhuge Aliang a gold cymbal and a curved cover. He advocated one before and one after, with 60 warriors. Later, Zhuge Liang went deep into the barren land (idiom: the barren land is bhamo on the northern border of Myanmar today) to crusade against Lv Yong and Meng Huo. Zhuge Liang took the advice of joining the army in Ma Su, focusing on attacking the enemy. He first defeated Lv Yong's army, then captured Meng Huo seven times, and settled all the chaos in the autumn. After the Shu Han settled in the south and obtained some supplementary troops, after a long period of accumulation, they had the foundation of the Northern Expedition.

Pu 'er tea "tea ancestor"

China tea culture has a long history, so I have to say Zhuge Liang's contribution to tea culture. Kong Ming led his army south to Yunnan, and the soldiers were sick in the mountains because of miasma poisoning. One day, Zhuge Liang dreamed that the white-haired old man had a dream and had an epiphany on how to treat diseases with tea. The tea was cured and the morale was greatly boosted. In order to thank the white-haired old man for his dream and to benefit the local people, Zhuge Liang planted a large number of tea seeds on the local mountains after the battle, planted tea into forests, and taught the local people the skills of making tea. In ancient tea areas of Yunnan, there were "Kongming" and "Kongming Tea". Every year, on July 23rd of the lunar calendar, on Kongming's birthday, the local people hold a "tea ancestor meeting" to commemorate the virtues of tea seeds, health and advanced culture brought by Kongming.

northern expedition

1. In the spring of 228 in the sixth year of lite, Zhuge Liang raised his voice and took Xiegu Road ahead of schedule, so that Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi set up suspected soldiers to attract Cao Zhen's heavy troops and led their own troops to attack Qishan (now northwest of Xihe County, Gansu Province). Nan 'an, Tianshui and Anding counties in Longyou opposed Wei's attachment to Shu. Zhang He refused to break Ma Su in the street pavilion. Zhuge Liang pulled more than 1000 families back to Hanzhong from Xixian County. This is the first time out of Qishan. 2. In the winter of the same year, Zhuge Liang went to Sanguan (now southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) to surround Chencang (now east of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) and returned all the grain to Hanzhong. Wei Zhui was beheaded. 3. In the spring of 229, the seventh year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (now Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Yin Ping (now Wenxian County, Gansu Province). Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, led the troops to rescue him. Out to Jianwei (now west of Xihe County, Gansu Province), Guo Huai withdrew, so he got the second county. 4. In the autumn of lite eight years (230), Wei Jun attacked Hanzhong, Sima Yi went to Xicheng (now northwest of Ankang City, Shaanxi Province), Zhang He went to Woods Valley, and Cao Zhen went to Gu Jie. Zhuge Liang was stationed in Chenggu (now east of Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province) and Akasaka (now twenty miles east of Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province). It rains thirty times, and Wei Jun retreats. In the same year, Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan and Wu to Qiang, and defeated Fei Yao, the general after Wei Dynasty, and Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, in Yuyang River (now Nan 'an County, southwest of Wushan Mountain in Gansu Province). 5. In February of the 9th year of Jianxing (23 1), Zhuge Liang led an army to attack Qishan, only to get lucky. When Cao Zhen was seriously ill, the Guanzhong commander Sima Yi refused. Zhuge Liang cut wheat in Shangguan (now Tianshui County, Gansu Province). Sima Yi chased the light to Lucheng (now between Tianshui City and Gangu, Gansu Province), dug up the camp and held on, which was a mockery of "fearing Shu like a tiger". In May, Sima Yi led a crusade against Zhuge Liang, and Zhuge Liang fled in defeat. The Shu army won the first enemy's 3,000-level armor, 5,000-level armor and 3,100 crossbows. In June, Li Yan called back because of poor grain transportation. Zhang He chased Liang, retreated to the wooden door and was shot dead by an arrow. This is his second time out of Qishan. 6. In February of the 12th year of lite (234), Zhuge Liang led a great army out of Gu Jie Road. According to Wu Wuzhangyuan (now Qishan South, Shaanxi Province), he settled in Weibin. During this period, Zhuge Liang gave Sima Yi a headscarf and hair accessories for a woman, and Sima Yi could not bear to be humiliated. In August, Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan. Yang Yi and others led the army back, and there was a story about "Zhuge died and Zhong Dasheng was born". The six battles, Qishan only twice; The fourth time, Wei Jun took the initiative to attack, and the Shu army defended. Due to continuous rainstorm and flash floods, the plank road was washed away, and Shu and Wei surrendered without a fight.