About dialects.

In ancient times, Mandarin was the Putonghua at that time, called Yayan. Since the Heluo area has always been the center of rule in ancient times, the current official language of the Central Plains is Yayan. Among them, Luoyang dialect and Kaifeng dialect are the representatives of ancient elegant languages. So ancient Henan dialect is ancient Mandarin.

Henan was known as Zhongzhou, Zhongyuan, and China in ancient times. It was the political, cultural, and economic center of all Chinese dynasties before the Southern Song Dynasty. Since the Tang Dynasty, literati and poets of all dynasties have regarded the dialects spoken in Henan as the lingua franca of the whole country.

[Tang Dynasty] Li Fu: No Chinese sound can go beyond the Eastern Capital.

[Song Dynasty] Lu You: Only Luoyang in the Central Plains has the most correct pronunciation among the people in the world." "Notes of Laoxue'an"

[Song Dynasty] Kou Zhun: Only the people from Xiluo have the country - Among them, the pronunciation is the most correct. "Shuo Yong"

[Song Dynasty] Luther Chapter: Zhejiang is close to the Central Plains and has a good pronunciation. I don't know that the Huai River is the end of the world. "Xuyi Hotel"

[Song Dynasty] Chen Hu: The local pronunciation is different, but the Kyoto Celestial Dynasty has it right. "Xitang Collection"

[Yuan Dynasty] Zhou Deqing: If you want to correct the language, you must follow the pronunciation of the Central Plains.

[Yuan] Fan Deji: The four directions of partial Qi language are not intelligible, but the Central Plains Chinese can be used in all directions. "Mu Tianjin-Yu"

[Yuan] Kong. Qi: The sound in the north is upright, which is called the elegant sound in the Central Plains. The customs in the south are different, and the sounds are also different. As for the reading words, they are all wrong, and there is no distinction between the importance and the opening and closing. It is said that it is not as good as the Central Plains. This is why the south cannot be upright. "Record"

[Ming] Shen Chongsui: The dialect of Wu Nong represents the elegant rhyme of Zhongzhou. The characters are logically complex and the pronunciation and meaning are different. Who can be admired by Zhou Lang? The rhyme of the Central Plains is regular script! "Xiansuo Bianyi"

[Ming Dynasty] Lu Kun: The Central Plains is the intersection between the north and the south, so the Song Dynasty made the Central Plains elegant sound. [Ming Dynasty] Chen Quanzhi's "Pengchuang Catalog": Hangzhou's Bian people race, when they crossed from the south, there are many Bian people who arrived there

[Ming Dynasty] Lang Wei's "Seven Revised Catalogs": In the city (inside Hangzhou City) ) pronunciation is better than other places. In the early days, they were both from Bian, and they moved south in the Song Dynasty, so the pronunciation is quite similar to that of Bian.

[Ming Dynasty] Wang Boliang: "In order to learn Chinese characters, you must first learn Fanqie. Because the local pronunciation of the four directions is different, it is necessary to refer to Zhongzhou." ------- "Fangzhuguan Qulu·On the need to be literate"

[Ming Dynasty] Yang Wencong: "To obtain the correct pronunciation of the Central Plains, go to the five Fang Zhiza"---------"Tong Wenduo"

[Qing Dynasty] Pu Yinzi: "The words are strict in pronunciation and rhythm, and the rhyme must be Zhongzhou. Gai Heluo is among the nine realms, and its sound can be heard in all directions." ------- "Poetic Rhymes·Preface"

[Qing Dynasty] Pan Lei: "In the Heluo world , the sound and rhyme of the elegant sound is correct"--------"Leiyin·North and South Sound Theory"

[Qing] Luo Yu: "The photo is taken with the opening and closing of the mouth, and the correct sound is the Zhongzhou sound"-- ------"Pictures of Cutting Characters"

[Qing Dynasty] Yan Ruochu: Luoyang is the center of the world. The northern and southern phonetic words are correct here.

[Qing Dynasty] Wang Dehui: "The world is so big, and there are hundreds of miles of unique sounds, there are very few good ones. One often laughs at the other as a dialect, and the other scorns as a dialect... Foolishly, he calls the five directions of the Central Plains true and makes them all return to the phonology of the Central Plains. There should be no such thing as being outlandish and crude." ----------- "Gu Chulu"

[Qing Dynasty] Zhang Xiecheng: "The characters in the pictures are all filled in according to the Zhongzhou rhyme, and scholars cannot Due to the corruption of modern and ancient pronunciation and the differences between the northern and southern pronunciations, it has been changed. For Zhongzhou, the pronunciation is correct. There are many Bian people from Hangzhou who traveled south with the Song Dynasty, so the pronunciation of Hangzhou is Zhengzhou.

"Shanmen Xinyu"

After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, due to Beijing's long-term position as the political center of the country, the transformation of Mandarin from Henan dialect to Liaodong Hanyin (the predecessor of Mandarin) was gradually completed. It is now the earliest dialect about the Henan region. The record is the Book of Songs, from which linguists have basically sorted out the context of ancient Chinese. Although it records poems from different vassal states, its phonological basis is the same. The ancients believed that Luoyang, located in the world, is the "China" ""The Book of Songs" represents the common language "Yayan" in the pre-Qin era, which was the dialect of Luoyang in that era.

The pre-Qin Yayan became the "Tongyu and Fanyu" mentioned in Yang Xiong's "Dialect" in the Han Dynasty. Like the pre-Qin Dynasty, it belongs to ancient Chinese.

The standard language of the Tang Dynasty was based on the dialects of Luoyang and Chang'an at that time. The strong national power of the Tang Dynasty made the use of lingua franca more popular, thus making modern Chinese dialects, in addition to Min dialect, In addition, they are all developed from the changes in Medieval Chinese represented by "Qie Yun", and all changes can be attributed to the phonology of Medieval Chinese.

The capital of the Northern Song Dynasty was Kaifeng, and Luoyang was Xijing. The Henan dialect in the Song Dynasty was slightly simpler than that in the Tang Dynasty, but it still belonged to the category of Middle Chinese. Due to its capital status, the dialect of Luoyang in Kaifeng during the Song Dynasty was still the national language. The Northern Song Dynasty was defeated by the Jin Dynasty. Some soldiers and civilians of Bianliang City moved south with the royal family. Some civilians and craftsmen of Bianliang City were plundered by the Jin people and brought to the Heilongjiang area. The large number of immigrants from the Central Plains had a huge impact on the dialect of Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, which spoke the Wu dialect at that time. It also had a huge impact on the dialects in Heilongjiang, so much so that traces of the influence of the northern dialects at that time can still be seen in the Hangzhou dialect. After the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the political center gradually shifted to Beijing, and the Henan dialect gradually became stable, but the Henan dialect is still popular. Mandarin across the country. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, the Beijing dialect replaced it. The Mandarin of the Republic of China and the Mandarin of the Republic of China gradually changed to the Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation.

I have never heard of anyone killing people because of dialects, but I have heard historical jokes about the huge differences in Chinese dialects.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Guangxu summoned Kang Youwei to ask about specific matters regarding the political reform. However, because he really couldn't understand Kang Youwei's Cantonese version of ordinary, the two ended up communicating in half-baked English. It can be seen that Chinese dialects are very different.