Standardize the basic knowledge of Chinese characters

1. Standardize the knowledge of Chinese characters

The so-called standardized Chinese characters refer to regular Chinese characters, simplified Chinese characters and inherited Chinese characters that have been sorted and simplified and officially published by the state in the form of word lists.

Simplified Chinese characters are subject to the simplified Chinese characters included in the Summary of Simplified Chinese Characters, which was re-published by the State Council 1986+00 in June. The traditional Chinese characters in the summary of simplified characters are nonstandard characters, which are generally stopped in public places.

Such as "book" is the traditional Chinese character of "book", "pen" is the traditional Chinese character of "pen", "light" is the traditional Chinese character of "light" and "wan" is the traditional Chinese character of "wan", etc., which are no longer used (except for reprinting and publishing ancient books, cultural relics and calligraphy works). The orthography is based on the words selected from the First List of Variant Characters issued by the Ministry of Culture and the China Language and Character Reform Commission 1955 (the list has been adjusted many times since its publication, and 28 obsolete variant characters have been restored, namely Osaka, Tudun, Ye, Yi, Pei, Qiu, Yu and Yu.

Therefore, the number of variants actually eliminated is 1027), and the corresponding variants are no longer used. For example, "Lin" is a variant of "bed" and "desire" is a variant of "desire", etc., which are no longer used.

Inherited characters refer to characters that have been handed down from history and have been used to this day, and have not been simplified or need to be simplified. Such as: man, knife, earth, big, small, mountain, Sichuan, king, field, sun, moon and so on.

Standardizing Chinese fonts shall be based on the List of Modern Chinese Common Characters jointly issued by the State Language Commission and the Press and Publication Administration 1988. In contrast, the old glyphs are not standardized and are no longer used.

For example, "stork" is an old glyph of "silence", and so on, which can no longer be used. In addition to the above-mentioned Summary of Simplified Characters, List of the First Batch of Variant Characters and List of Common Characters in Modern Chinese, there are also: List of Unified Characters for the Names of Some Units of Measurement (published by China Language Reform Commission and National Bureau of Standards and Metrology 1977), and a list of pronunciation checks for words with different pronunciations in Putonghua (based on the National Language Commission, the State Education Commission, and the radio). Issued by the State Education Commission 1988) and Basic Set of Chinese Character Coded Character Sets for Information Interchange (promulgated by the National Bureau of Standards and implemented in May 198 1).

In addition, from March 30th, 1955 to August 29th, 1964, with the approval of the State Council, the uncommon words in 35 place names above the county level were changed nine times, with a total of 37 names and 34 words. This is also a basis for the standardization of Chinese characters at present.

To learn standardized Chinese characters, you must master the above list. For readers to have a comprehensive understanding of the above-mentioned word list, please refer to the book "Handbook of Language Standardization" (revised edition, 1993 edition) published by Language Publishing House.

A summary of the research on the topic "Standardizing Chinese writing to improve learning ability" Yang Xiying, a primary school affiliated to tianshui normal university, Gansu Province, undertook the second-grade Chinese teaching this semester, and undertook the sub-topic "How to guide students to standardize Chinese writing to improve learning ability in teaching" in the topic "Standardizing Chinese writing to improve learning ability" issued by the State Language Committee. Because I am also participating in the online teaching and research of subject teaching experts in Gansu Province, I have also done a lot of work, which is summarized as follows: 1. Investigate the current situation and learn more. In teaching, we should master the methods, steps and measures to guide students to write Chinese characters in a standardized way and improve their learning ability. As experimenters, we must understand the current situation of students' writing and teachers' teaching. Therefore, I investigated and analyzed the students in my class and learned about all aspects of students' writing.

Wry-headed writing; Write with your chest close to this table; Write with your legs crossed; Wriggle to write; One leg presses the other leg to write; Write with your feet suspended; Write with your left hand under the table; One leg is upright and the other leg is inclined to write; Writing by hanging the two hind legs of the bench; Wait a minute. 2. The writing is wrong.

Hold the pen with the first section of the index finger. If the force is too large, the second section of the thumb and the first section of the index finger will hold the pen at the second joint. The distance between fingers and fingertips is too close; Put your little finger out, and so on. 3. Bad writing habits.

Writing habits lick the nib with your tongue; Writing habit of wiping with rubber fingers; Writing habits put books sideways; Sundries above the table; Tearing books indiscriminately; I don't know how to cherish stationery when writing, and the paper is not clean. From the analysis of the present situation of teachers' writing teaching, there are many problems.

One of the problems: vague and insufficient understanding of the importance of writing teaching is mainly manifested in: 1 Although literacy teaching and writing teaching in lower grades are linked, in fact, the phenomenon of emphasizing literacy over writing in teaching is extremely serious. 2. The teaching requirements are not strict, and students' writing habits are poor.

When you enter the classroom, you can see that the students' sitting posture and writing methods are very bad. It is common to turn over students' homework in various subjects with scrawled handwriting, irregular lines and untidy papers.

The second problem: the method is single, the teaching mode is rigid, and the spring breeze of the new curriculum reform in writing teaching has not blown into the classroom of writing teaching. The teaching mode of writing is single and rigid.

The situation of "full-time irrigation" and "full-time practice" in writing teaching is very common. In writing class, the teacher often talks about a stroke, while the students practice a stroke, or the teacher talks about writing skills, but the students listen carelessly. This kind of teaching effect can be imagined. In view of the above problems, I take corresponding measures to carry out writing teaching in a down-to-earth manner and improve the quality of writing.

Second, take countermeasures to improve quality. One of the countermeasures: unifying multiple understandings and attaching importance to writing teaching is an important basic skill of Chinese and the external expression of humanistic connotation. "Before Chinese characters entered the computer, writing was generally regarded as the' facade' of readers and could not be ignored.

The computer and Chinese character input technology make writing more and more unnecessary, and also provide great convenience for "hiding others". In fact, the benefit of writing is not only practical, but also of greater significance. The process of practicing writing is actually a process of cultivating sentiment, cultivating aesthetic ability and improving cultural literacy. "

Therefore, in today's information age, writing teaching should still attract the attention of schools, families and society. .

2. All the knowledge of Chinese characters

Chinese characters are an indispensable part of Chinese civilization, which not only carries our history for thousands of years, but also is an important means for people to communicate from ancient times to the present.

Calligraphy art originated from Chinese characters is a treasure of Chinese civilization. However, how are Chinese characters made? Studying the origin of Chinese characters has a history of more than 2,500 years in China.

According to the pre-Qin legend, Cang Xie was the lyricist, and Xunzi Jiemu recorded: "Although there are many good books, Cang Xie is the only one handed down from generation to generation." "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" records: "Xi Zhong made cars and books".

According to legend, Cang Xie is a historian of the Yellow Emperor and a representative of ancient Chinese characters in China. According to Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Cang Xie was a historian of word-making in the period of the Yellow Emperor, and was known as the "sage of word-making".

Historian Xu Xu believes that the appearance of writing should be related to Cang Xie. At that time, writing was needed to make calendars, and writing was also needed to make Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Therefore, Cang Xie should come from Zhuan Xu tribe.

He was "born in Sri Lanka and buried in Sri Lanka", so there is Cangjieling in Taipei. He lived in the 26th century BC.

Based on this, it is speculated that Chinese characters were relatively mature four or five thousand years ago. In modern times, some people recognized Cang Xie, and at the same time expanded the team of word-makers.

For example, Mr. Lu Xun thinks ".

Cang Xie is not the only one in this society. Some carve a small picture on the hilt, and some draw some pictures on the portal. As a result, word of mouth adds words, and historians can perfunctory notes as soon as they collect them. I'm afraid the origin of China characters can't escape this example. "

Lu Xun. On foreign languages. That is to say, of course, Chinese characters can't be created by Cang Xie alone, but gradually enriched by many people like Cang Xie, among whom Cang Xie is only more important and has a greater role.

Our concern is not whether Cang Xie created Chinese characters, but the significance of creating Chinese characters. The appearance of Chinese characters indicates that the history of China has entered the era of written records, which is a major event in the long history and has had an important impact on later generations.

Cang Xie, the founder of Chinese characters, was named the official marquis of the Yellow Emperor and was honored as a "sage of Chinese characters". Today, in wucun, 35 miles northwest of Nanle County, there are Cang Xie Ridge, Cangjie Temple and Bookstores. Historians believe that Cang Xie was born in Sri Lanka and was buried there.

It is said that Cang Xie "began to change the book contract into a rope". Before that, people tied knots and kept records, that is, big knots were tied for big events, small ones were summarized, and connected things were linked.

Later, it was developed to carve symbols on wood and bamboo with a knife as notes. With the development of history, civilization is gradual, things are complicated and there are many famous things. The knotting and carving methods of wood are far from meeting the needs.

There is an urgent need to create words. The Yellow Emperor was a period of numerous inventions in ancient times. At that time, not only sericulture was invented, but also boats, carts, bows, mirrors, cooking pots and retort were invented. Under the influence of these inventions, Cang Xie was determined to create a kind of writing.

Legend of Cang Xie; Four eyes and heavy pupils, very clever. One year, Cang Xie made a southern tour, climbed a mountain with Yang Que (now Luonan County, Shaanxi Province) and confronted Xuan Huluo? In the water, I suddenly saw a chinemys reevesii with many blue patterns on his back. Cang Xie looked surprised, so he picked it up and studied it carefully.

He looked around and found that the pattern on the turtle's back was meaningful. He believes that patterns can not only express meaning, but if a rule is made, isn't it used by everyone to convey their feelings and record things? Cang Xie thought about it day and night, observed everywhere, and saw the distribution of stars in the sky, the appearance of mountains and rivers on the ground, the traces of birds, animals, insects and fish, the shapes of plants and tools, described and painted, created various symbols, and set the meaning represented by each symbol.

According to his own mind, he pieced together several paragraphs with symbols and showed them to people. After his explanation, he also understood. Cang Xie called this symbol "Zi".

Cang Xie succeeded in coining words, and strange things happened. On that day, it rained like millet during the day, and I heard ghosts crying and wolves howling at night. Why does it rain like rain? Because Cang Xie created words, words can be used to convey ideas and record things, which is naturally worth celebrating.

But why do ghosts cry? Some people say that because of writing, people's wisdom is growing, people's morality is dividing, and deception and cunning are born. The world will never be peaceful, and even ghosts will not be peaceful, so ghosts will cry. There is another saying: On one occasion, Cang Xie made a mistake in providing the historical records recorded in these knots to the Yellow Emperor, which led to the defeat of the Yellow Emperor in the border negotiations with Yan Di.

Later, it was a good way for Cang Xie to resign, travel around the world, visit and record historical events. Three years later, he returned to his hometown, Baishui Wu Yang Village, and lived alone in a deep ditch, "watching the joy of Kuixing and the traces of birds and animals' hooves", sorting out all kinds of materials and creating all kinds of symbols representing everything in the world.

He gave these symbols a name, called Zi. Cang Xie's words are made according to the shape of everything.

For example, Japanese characters are marked according to the red circle of the sun; The word "moon" is painted in imitation of the shape of the new moon. The herringbone is looking at the silhouette painting of people ... The first article that the Yellow Emperor learned was very moved, so he was named Cang. It means that a gentleman is better than one person and a villain is better than a gentleman.

Later, when God knew this, he sent down millet to reward Cang Xie. This is the origin of Grain Rain Festival on Earth.

Starting from Baishui County, get off the Luohe River along Wei (South) Qing (Jian) Highway, and then transfer to Bai (Shui) Luo (Chuan) Highway. The jeep ran for about an hour between the ditches and forks on the plateau before it came to Shiguan Village, where Cang Xie Temple is located.

This Cang Xie Temple, with a history of over 1800 years, has been officially listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council. Cang Xie Ridge is on the west side of wucun, facing the west and east of Cang Xie Temple. This is a big mound five meters high.

There are ancient cultural relics from Yangshao to Longshan under the mausoleum. There is a stone lion in Weng Zhong in front of the tomb, and there is a stone square with the word "Cang Xie" written on it.

Cang Xie Temple, whose construction date is unknown. According to the existing inscriptions in the temple, "it has not been replaced since the Han and Tang Dynasties".

Today's Cang Xie Temple was built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, covering an area of about 2,700 square meters, with a pair of stone pillars facing south, beautifully carved and elegant; The gate and the second gate are hard mountain buildings, and the worship hall, the main hall and the sleeping pavilion are generous and beautiful. There are inscriptions on the seals of famous people in Ming Dynasty and stone carvings of Cang Xie and his wife.

There are many inscriptions in the temple, with pines, cypresses, bright flowers, pavilions and pavilions. The whole building is magnificent and records China.

3. What are the standardized Chinese characters?

Standardized Chinese characters promulgated by standardized Chinese characters.

Standardized Chinese characters refer to simplified characters and inherited characters that have been sorted and simplified and officially published by the state in the form of word lists.

At present, the basis of Chinese character standardization is:

1955 published "the first batch of variant forms", in which the regular characters are standard characters, while the relative variant forms are nonstandard characters, are no longer used except surnames and some special occasions. 1986 republished Summary of Simplified Chinese Characters and General Chinese Characters both revised the variant characters put forward by the first batch of variant character sorting tables.

1986+00 The simplified Chinese characters in the Summary of Simplified Chinese Characters, which was approved for re-publication by the State Council in June, are standard Chinese characters, while the traditional Chinese characters in contrast are nonstandard Chinese characters, which are generally stopped in public places.

New glyphs 1988 The new glyphs included in the Modern Chinese General Character List are standard glyphs, while the old glyphs are nonstandard glyphs, so they are no longer used.

In addition, there are: a unified list of names of some units of measurement, a pronunciation list of different words in Putonghua, a list of commonly used words in modern Chinese, a basic character set for information exchange, and uncommon names approved by the State Council.

"Non-standard Chinese characters" include simplified characters, abandoned variant characters, abandoned simplified characters, non-standard simplified characters and typos.

4. standard word Information

Standardized Chinese characters refer to simplified Chinese characters that have been sorted and simplified and officially published by the state in the form of "Summary of Simplified Chinese Characters". A total of 2274 simplified characters, such as Fu, Kun, Fu, Fu, etc, were collected in the Summary of Simplified Characters.

Non-standard characters mainly refer to traditional Chinese characters and variant characters (Note: Article 17 of the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates that traditional Chinese characters and variant characters are allowed to be retained or used in "special" circumstances: 1. Cultural relics and historic sites; 2. Variants in surnames; 3. Calligraphy, seal cutting and other works of art; 4. Handwritten words in inscriptions and signboards; 5 publishing, teaching and scientific research need to use; 6. Special circumstances approved by the relevant departments of the State Council), two simplified characters (the second simplified character scheme (draft) was published on 1977 and will be abolished soon), typos and fabricated characters.

5. Information about writing standard words

It is the requirement of social development to speak Mandarin well and use standardized words well.

With the advent of the information age, we must vigorously strengthen information technology education. Chinese information processing is the focus of China's information technology development, and the standardization of language and characters is the premise of Chinese information processing. Popularizing Putonghua and standardizing the use of Chinese characters are conducive to improving the efficiency and level of language information processing and communication.

Only when teachers and students speak Mandarin well and use standardized words well can they meet the needs of information technology education. Speaking Mandarin well and using standardized words well are the requirements of the construction of spiritual civilization on campus.

Popularizing Putonghua and standardizing the use of Chinese characters is an important language policy of the country and an important content of building socialist spiritual civilization. Schools are the forefront of spiritual civilization and shoulder the task of building a model of socialist spiritual civilization.

Therefore, it is urgent for schools to popularize Putonghua and standardize the use of Chinese characters, strengthen the construction of campus spiritual civilization and improve the language quality and comprehensive humanistic quality of teachers and students! In order to respond to the call of the country to speak Mandarin well and use standardized words well, create a lively and civilized campus atmosphere and implement the quality education project, the school issued an initiative to all teachers and students: First, speaking Mandarin well and using standardized words well is one of the necessary conditions for qualified teachers. Teachers' language characteristics and language quality are directly related to teachers' teaching effect.

Teachers should adapt to the requirements of the development of the times, strive to improve their comprehensive quality, constantly improve the quality of education and teaching, and better perform their sacred duties. Teachers should first speak Mandarin well and use standardized words well. Second, college students should become models to speak Mandarin well and use standardized words well.

It is an important content of quality education to speak Mandarin well, use standardized words well and improve the ability to apply the national common language and characters. Improve language quality and comprehensive humanistic quality, master scientific and cultural knowledge, cultivate innovative spirit and practical ability, inherit and carry forward the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation, cultivate patriotism and enhance national cohesion. College students should also speak Mandarin well and use standardized words well.

Dear teachers and students, from now on, let's speak Mandarin well and use standardized words well, establish the image of "speaking Mandarin, using standardized words and being civilized people", form a good atmosphere for speaking Mandarin and using standardized words, make Mandarin and standardized words become campus languages, and work hard to create a research university with distinctive characteristics.

6. Give me some standard words and Mandarin.

Proposal:

Mandarin is the common language of our motherland. If you can't speak standard Mandarin, you will make a lot of jokes. I have heard such a joke. One day, a foreign friend with a high level of Chinese went to a China restaurant for dinner. The owner of this restaurant is from Guangdong, and his Mandarin is not standard. After the foreign friend ordered the food, the boss loudly told the chef behind him, "Two steaks and two plates of vegetables must be' dead' (washed) clean." Foreign friends have a strange expression when they hear this. He must be thinking: how can a green vegetable die and be clean? Don't eat the wrong thing. As a result, he didn't eat a bite of rice, so he turned and left.

Through this example, we can see how important Putonghua is, so students should actively carry out the activities of "promoting Putonghua and writing standardized words". First of all, in the family to carry out the "promotion of Putonghua" activities, every student advised their parents to insist on speaking Putonghua; In various activities, students not only speak Mandarin themselves, but also persuade others to speak Mandarin. Homework is written in standard words, and students urge each other to make progress. Students should also carry out activities to "catch" typos, search shop signs and billboards, and immediately "catch" typos when they are found, and put forward suggestions to the owner to "write standard words". Engaging in such activities not only improves students' awareness of speaking Mandarin well, but also plays a role in popularizing Mandarin and writing standardized characters.

As primary school students in the new century, we are the future and hope of the motherland. We represent not only ourselves, but also our motherland. Therefore, we should learn Mandarin well, write standard words and be the master of the country.

Little knowledge:

Putonghua Promotion Week: from 1998, in the third week of September every year. 2007 is the tenth.

Definition of Putonghua: Putonghua is "modern Chinese with Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm", which was determined at 1955 National Conference on Character Reform and Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese.

The importance of speaking Mandarin and writing standard words;

The so-called Mandarin is a popular language, which enables children of 56 ethnic groups in China to communicate harmoniously. Without it, the consequences are unimaginable.

A southern woman traveled to the north. Because of carelessness, her shoes fell into the river, and she was not good at swimming. She shouted, "My child (shoes) fell into the river!" "Many northerners immediately jumped into the river for this, because the" shoes "in the southern dialect sounded like" children "to northerners.

Another example is a southerner and a northerner drinking together. The northerner's generous sentence "This wine thief is fierce" shocked the southerner on the spot, because the "thief" in the northern population means "very, very".