Apart from the low quality of unification, what are the reasons for the rapid decline of the Western Jin Dynasty?

Sima Yan, the Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, made a lot of contributions to ending the troubled times of the Three Kingdoms and unifying the world, but all these were based on the Cao Wei regime. Without the foundation laid by Cao Wei, it is obviously impossible for Sima Yan to unify the whole country, and the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty by Emperor Wu of Jin is also the ancestral credit, which has little to do with Emperor Wu of Jin himself.

Jin Wudi, known as the founding emperor, is actually a king who keeps his promise. Sima family tried to usurp the throne by way of relay race. After three generations and four people, it finally turned Cao Wei's world into Sima Jin's world. However, this dynasty, which was obtained by usurping the throne, declined rapidly after reunification and was finally destroyed by the Hu people. The reasons are of course endless.

The unification of the Western Jin Dynasty was of low quality and level.

Although the Western Jin Dynasty was the only unified dynasty in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, as far as historical facts are concerned, the unity of the Western Jin Dynasty was only a low-quality and low-level unity. This low-quality, low-level unity will inevitably lead to its unity not being maintained for too long.

From Sima Yan's acceptance of Zen as emperor to the establishment and demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty existed for 565,438+0 years. From the Western Jin Dynasty to the destruction of Wu, the three kingdoms returned to Jin and the Hu people destroyed Jin. The Western Jin Dynasty only lasted for 37 years, and its later period 16 was spent in the Eight Kings Rebellion and the Five Rebellions. When summarizing the reasons for the short-lived demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, many people only stay on the surface, such as improper acquisition of the country, corrupt bureaucrats, idiots of successors, talking nonsense about the wrong country, too many princes and so on.

Western Jin territory map

These are of course part of the reasons for the short-lived demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, but they are not the core reasons. In the history of China, many dynasties had unhealthy countries, and the typical one was the Northern Song Dynasty. As far as the unhealthy degree of the country is concerned, the Western Jin Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty are equal. Then why did the Northern Song Dynasty last 167 years, while the Western Jin Dynasty only lasted 5 1 year? There are countless dynasties with corrupt officials in history, such as the Qing Dynasty, where corrupt officials were shocking, but the Qing Dynasty lasted for 276 years.

It can be seen that these are secondary reasons, and the fundamental reason is the great unity of the Western Jin Dynasty, which is a kind of great unity with low quality and low level. Its low quality and low level are reflected in two aspects:

The first is political and personnel issues. The Western Jin Dynasty inherited Cao Wei's army and politics. How to change the political tradition of Cao Wei to the political line of the Western Jin Dynasty? Si Mazhao of Jinwen and Sima Yan of Jinwen failed to deal with this problem, and later Jin Huidi and others failed to deal with this problem. Apart from the policy of vassal king, the Western Jin Dynasty basically inherited the political line of Cao Wei, and there was not much change.

Of course, this is impossible. Although the basic dish of the Western Jin Dynasty is Cao Wei, the transformation from Cao Wei to the Western Jin Dynasty is very great, and some reforms are needed to adapt to the development of the Western Jin Dynasty itself. However, the Western Jin Dynasty did not make much adjustment. As a new dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty is actually a lifeless appearance, and there is no new atmosphere at all. In the early Western Jin Dynasty, most of the bureaucratic backbones were descendants of Cao Wei and Chen Xun. You can imagine.

Eight heavenly kings

The second is to establish and lead the cultural concept, which Sima Jia did badly. As a dynasty seeking to usurp the throne, the Western Jin did not dare to advocate loyalty, so it had to make a fuss about filial piety. However, as early as the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the concept of filial piety was on the verge of bankruptcy, and the rulers of the Western Jin Dynasty still wanted to govern the country with filial piety, which of course did not work. Governing a new dynasty with old moral standards will certainly not succeed. In the late Western Jin Dynasty, the Eight Kings Rebellion was caused by Sima family killing each other. It is of course a joke that the Western Jin Dynasty advocated so-called filial piety. The rebellion of the Eight Kings made the old morality completely lose the hearts of the people, which led to the disintegration in the late Western Jin Dynasty.

The wanton enfeoffment of the captaincy laid the groundwork for the rebellion of the Eight Kings. The outbreak of the Eight Kings Rebellion directly shook the foundation of the Western Jin Dynasty.

The Eight Kings Rebellion broke out at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, which led to the Five Rebellions, which was the direct cause of the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty. If we explore the causes of the Eight Kings Rebellion, we will find that it is directly related to the arbitrary enfeoffment of the captaincy by Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty.

After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Jin felt that the imperial clan of Cao Wei was too weak, and Sima seized the world of Cao Wei, so he enfeoffed 27 princes in one breath. In their respective administrative organs, these captives not only have the right to participate in political power, but also have the right to lead the army. Captains are often armed to the teeth and can also participate in state affairs. This is also the capital they later participated in the Eight Kings Rebellion.

Sima Yan

Of course, the painful lessons of the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion in the Western Han Dynasty were unknown to Emperor Wu of Jin, so he still tried his best to give the vassal king the military power while still keeping the court in control. When Emperor Wu of Jin was in power, his strategy could ensure that the court kept effective control over the princes. However, after his death, due to Jin Huidi's mental retardation, the power struggle of the imperial court was fierce, and the imperial court had lost control of the vassal king.

Sure enough, Emperor Wu of Jin died and Sima Zhong acceded to the throne. In order to seize power with Yang Jun, the minister of Fuzheng, Queen Jia Nanfeng secretly sent someone to contact Sima Liang, the king of Ru 'an, and Sima Yi, the king of Chu, and asked them to lead troops into Beijing to crusade against Yang Jun. Sima Yi, the king of Chu, immediately led the troops into Luoyang to cooperate with Jia Nanfeng. Opened the prelude to the Eight Kings Rebellion.

With the support of Sima Yi, the king of Chu, Jia Nanfeng wiped out the three clans of Yang Jun and the forces of Yang Jun ... However, the power of state affairs fell to Sima Liang, the king of Runan, and Wei Guan, the prime minister. So Jia Nanfeng, in the name of Emperor Sima Zhong of Jinhui, ordered Sima Yi, the king of Chu, to kill Sima Liang, the king of Runan, and Wei Guan.

After Sima Yi killed Sima Liang and Wei Guan, Jia Nanfeng designed and executed Sima Yi, and finally won the power of state affairs. Eight years after Jia Nanfeng came to power, Jia Nanfeng deposed Prince Sima Yi and imprisoned him in Jinyong, a suburb of Luoyang. After Sima Lun, the ambitious prince of Zhao, instigated Jia Nanfeng to kill Sima Yi, he wiped out Jia Nanfeng and his associates in the name of revenge for the prince. The Eight Kings Rebellion entered the second stage.

Jia Nanfeng

After Sima Lun killed Jia Nanfeng, he abolished Emperor Jinhui and became emperor on his own, which aroused strong dissatisfaction from other governors of Sima family. In order to compete for the throne, there were many vassals in Sima's family. In the end, Sima Yue, the king of the East China Sea, won. He established the restoration of Emperor Jinhui and monopolized the power.

This civil strife, which broke out because of the struggle for power and profit within the imperial clan in the Western Jin Dynasty, later induced five chaos and brought heavy disasters to the country and people. The Western Jin Dynasty was badly weakened, and it was not far from national subjugation. The Book of Jin says: Since Yongxi, ten years and one year, people don't see virtue, but slaughter is smell. The disaster of public usurpation, the owl's punishment of the same flesh and blood, the king's imprisonment, and the princess's sorrow. Looking at the previous generation, the disaster of the country and the chaos of the closest relatives were not as bad as today. ?

The Eight Kings Rebellion became the turning point of the Western Jin Dynasty from prosperity to decline, which led to a sharp decline in the strength of the Western Jin Dynasty and shook the ruling foundation of the Western Jin Dynasty. When the Western Jin Dynasty lost control of the country, the country entered the countdown.

Emperor Wu of Jin chose the wrong successor.

After the early death of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, Sima Zhong, the second son, was made a prince. Caused a lot of controversy. Because Sima Zhong has a serious mental retardation, he is no different from a fool. Everyone knows about it.

Weiguan

After Sima Zhong was made a prince, Wei Guan, a veteran of the Western Jin Dynasty, pointed to the emperor's dragon chair and said? What a pity! , suggesting that Sima Zhong is not a qualified successor. At that time, the popular successor was Sima You, the younger brother of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty. In order to stabilize Sima Zhong's successor position, Emperor Wudi of Jin made many moves to attack Sima You. When Sima You was seriously ill, he forced Sima You to leave the capital and return to Qi as a vassal, which led to Sima You's sudden illness and death.

Although Emperor Wu of Jin knew that Sima Zhong could not shoulder the heavy responsibility, he was still selfish and opinionated, insisting that Sima Zhong should be his successor. Emperor Wu of Jin certainly hoped that the blood of the royal family would be passed down by his own blood, not by Sima You. Therefore, Emperor Wu of Jin was desperate to help Sima Zhong to take the upper position and became an idiot emperor. The consequences can be imagined.

After Sima Zhong ascended the throne, when faced with the problem that the victims had no food, he actually said? Why not eat minced meat? . Its worrying IQ is amazing. When Sima Zhong was in office, he didn't make any achievements because he never came to power.

Due to Sima Zhong's serious lack of ability, Jia Nanfeng dared to usurp power, which caused strong dissatisfaction from the imperial clan. Triggered the chaos of the eight kings in the future.

Officials are corrupt.

The establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty was based on the support of the gentry. Therefore, after the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, in order to repay the support of the gentry, Emperor Wu of Jin granted many privileges to the gentry, but he also turned a blind eye to the things that the gentry violated the law and discipline. Almost all the senior officials in the Western Jin Dynasty were monopolized by officials from the gentry background. They have nothing extraordinary in themselves, and they occupy a high position by the shadow of their ancestors.

Shi Chong

Officials in the Western Jin Dynasty advocated luxury and neglected their duties. During the period of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, the phenomenon of officials competing for money was very serious. The most famous are Shi Chong and Wang Kai. Liang Wudi learned that instead of punishing them, he supported them in their struggle for money. "Shi Shuo Xin Yu" records like this: Shi Chong and Wang Kai compete for beauty, and they are poor in clothes. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Kai's nephew, helped Kai. Try a two-foot-tall coral tree, Xu Cikai, with lush foliage, chinese odyssey. Kay is a symbol of respect. Respect it, strike it with iron, and break it with your hands. Kay felt sorry for herself, but she thought it was a treasure for herself. Her expression was very serious. Chongyue:? If you don't hate enough, you're still in the Qing Dynasty today. ? I ordered all localities to take coral trees, which are three feet four feet high and peerless, and there are six or seven beautiful trees. Kay panicked. ?

Besides being extravagant and flashy, the officials of the gentry were particularly fond of talking and were extremely enthusiastic about government affairs. Officials are proud to talk about metaphysics and Taoism, and ashamed to handle government affairs. Wang Yan, the early representative of Wang Langya, was an expert who spoke clearly. He is in a high position, but he is indifferent to political affairs and indulges in talking all day. Wang Yan was killed by Schleswig, the leader of Jie tribe.

Before Yan Wang died, he sent out? Although Cao is not as good as the ancients, if he has no ancestors, he is still open-minded and dedicated to the world. Is it still today? Sigh. Many years later, Huan Wen in the Eastern Jin Dynasty severely criticized Wang Yan's behavior. Huan Wen then crossed Huaisi, practiced in the north, and boarded Pingna Building with his men, overlooking the Central Plains. He said generously: Therefore, people on the land of China, time-honored brands Xu Qiu and Wang Yifu should shoulder their responsibilities! ?

The conflict between Hu and Han is serious, and the ethnic problems have not been effectively solved.

In fact, during the Cao Wei period, many Hu people moved in, including Xiongnu, Jiezu, Xianbei, Bian and Qiang living in the north, and lived together with the Han people in the Central Plains. After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains has reached? Guanzhong has a population of more than one million, which is very small. Is Rong Di half? The state of.

How to deal with these conference semifinals, the Western Jin Dynasty lacked effective governance and control measures. During the period of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, some officials wrote to suggest sending troops to escort the Hu people back to their hometown in the north, but Emperor Wu of Jin did not adopt it and could not come up with other ways to appease the Hu people's forces. In the later period of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, the contradiction between Hu and Han was very serious. The western Jin government did not solve any situation, but allowed the contradiction between Hu and Han to intensify and spread. Several rebellions launched by Hu people broke out in the early and middle period of the Western Jin Dynasty. Although the Western Jin Dynasty was finally pacified, the conflict between Hu and Han still existed.

In addition to being unable to win over the Hu people, the scholar-officials in the Western Jin Dynasty often plundered the Hu people and even traded them as slaves, which caused strong dissatisfaction among the Hu people. They especially hated the Western Jin Dynasty. These make the contradiction between Hu and Han more and more serious. However, in the Western Jin Dynasty, officials often refused to deal with the business of buying and selling conference semifinals. This further aggravated the contradiction between Hu and Han.

During the Eight Kings Rebellion, several governors of Sima family introduced the influence of the Hu people in succession in an attempt to realize their political ambitions in order to compete for the throne. Hu people joined the Eight Kings Rebellion, which made the political situation in the Western Jin Dynasty.