Is the housing in Russia allocated by the government or freely bought and sold?

Although Russia's land area is larger than Pluto's, the average building area of each unit in Russian families is only 52 square meters. 1959 On July 24th, US Vice President Nixon visited the Soviet Union and unveiled the national exhibition in Kornicki Park, Moscoso. Soviet leader Khrushchev and Nixon launched a famous "kitchen debate". Khrushchev preached the success of housing reform in the Soviet Union, proudly saying that Soviets could live in practical houses without spending money. Such confidence comes from a standardized housing revolution-Khrushchev House.

Khrushchev Mansion was once the largest urban development project in human history. Faced with the explosive expansion of city scale, rapid population growth and serious housing shortage after World War II, the Soviet government put forward in the five-year plan from 65438 to 0954: "Improve the living conditions of urban residents at the lowest cost in the shortest time to ensure that every family can welcome the arrival of capitalism from 65438 to 0980 in their own houses."

Khrushchev ordered architects to develop a building template that can be copied quickly, making it a model all over the world. Different from the classical architecture in Stalin's era, Khrushchev Building is planned as five floors, which saves the cost of installing elevators and does not have any unnecessary decoration.

The whole building is simple and cheap, and can be mass-produced in large factories with fast production and construction speed. In practice, a building can be built in 15 days, and the appearance of the house is very simple, and decorative patterns are not allowed to be carved.

Under the leadership of "we are not against beauty, we are against waste", the building adopts precast slab structure, without garbage passage, and strictly controls the area of kitchen, bathroom, hall and aisle. Since the construction took only a few weeks, similar buildings soon blossomed everywhere in the Soviet Union.

1958, the first experimental residential area was started in Chelyomshki village in the southern suburbs of Moscow. The project adopts the winning scheme of residential design competition, and the three main units are 30 square meters one-bedroom, 44 square meters two-bedroom and 60 square meters three-bedroom respectively, which has since become a model house widely used in the Soviet Union.

Khrushchev's former residence, as a unique landscape in the Soviet era, once solved the serious housing crisis. By the time Khrushchev stepped down in 1964, nearly 1/4 (about 54 million) Soviets had moved into their new houses. 196 1 year, the urban population of the Soviet Union surpassed the rural population for the first time, reaching 1.27 billion.

Half a century ago, almost the whole world was amazed at the large-scale production of "new life" in the large-scale planned economy of the Soviet Union. 1967, an official of the National Bureau of Standards told the Chicago Tribune, "The Soviets wanted to invent the only large-scale low-cost housing construction model in the world, and what they did was amazing."

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From Moscow to St. Petersburg, similar buildings are quite common all over Russia. These cuboids made of precast concrete slabs stand neatly on bare black soil without any decoration, and look like piles of neatly arranged matchboxes from a distance.

During the Khrushchev period, a large number of standard residential buildings were built, which were very similar all over the country. So much so that there is a Soviet film on this subject. The man went to another city on business, and he actually had the same house as himself, except for his wife. In the Soviet film "The Trick of Fate", the mass-produced residential building became an opportunity for the hero and heroine to get to know each other. The drunken hero lived in a Khrushchev building in Moscow, boarded the plane to Leningrad by mistake on New Year's Eve, and then opened the heroine's door with his own key in a strange city, starting a love affair.

At the beginning of the design, Khrushchev's architecture tried to meet the residents' requirements for comfort. Nowadays, this kind of "comfort" is quite limited-the kitchen is 6 square meters, the bathroom is compressed to 4 square meters, and the per capita living area is only 5 square meters. But Khrushchev was very satisfied with this, saying that "as long as I can be accommodated, no one else will have a problem."

Although the space is cramped, the residents enjoy it. People invented folding sofas, cabinets that can be pulled out from desks, cabinets that can be pulled out from dining tables, refrigerators hidden under windowsills and so on. Under the desk, under the bed and all available corners are used as storage spaces.

In fact, the legendary Soviet-style new life, that is, "the upstairs and downstairs of capitalism, lights and telephones", is a lie. The housing shortage of ordinary people filled the whole Soviet period, from Stalin's time to Khrushchev's ruling, and then to Brezhnev.

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This is a typical Khrushchev style layout, with a small internal space, which is enough to meet the daily life of ordinary people according to the design. At the beginning, every square centimeter of building area has been calculated by detailed mathematical model and ergonomic design, including the range of human activities in kitchen, bathroom and bathroom. Finally, it is concluded that the most economical area can meet the living requirements. But real life is often not enough.

The picture above shows the one-bedroom plan of Khrushchev Building. The kitchen is 5.3 square meters, the hall is 3. 1 square meters, the bathroom is 2.7 square meters, and the bedroom 12.4 square meters, with a total area of 23.5 square meters, which can meet the needs of a family of three. Of course, there are also big ones. Generally, five people live in a house of 50 square meters.

In the early days of the Soviet Union, apartment buildings were mixed family apartments and shared kitchens. Housewives often quarrel over the priority of cooking, while men use the kitchen as a public space for chatting, so that most political jokes are circulated in public kitchens. Toilets in tube-shaped buildings are also public, only equipped with toilets, but without toilet gaskets, so every family needs to bring their own. When going to the toilet, residents bring their own toilet seats. ......

Khrushchev thought that houses in Stalin's era were too extravagant, and designers wasted the money of the country and people to design vase-like buildings that ordinary people didn't need at all. Who will appreciate the beauty of your corridor and the carving of the eaves?

The sound insulation is very poor, and the design life is at most 50 years. At that time, it was thought that everyone would realize socialism in a few decades, and they would definitely change houses then. Although it is actually found that it may have been used for more than 50 years, there are still many families living in Russia, and some houses have become dangerous buildings.

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During the Brezhnev period, a slightly better house was built, which was actually an improved version of Khrushchev Building, which was more comfortable. If you have no choice, you can buy and live, mainly in the 1980 s. There are dozens of floors with elevators, and the room area is relatively large.

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At present, old houses are being rebuilt all over Russia. According to the plan to be implemented soon, Moscow will spend 3.5 trillion rubles to demolish 8,000 old houses in the Soviet era within 20 years, including 1 0,000 Khrushchev-style buildings, and10.6 million residents will be resettled.

There are a large number of pre-revolutionary buildings in Russia (Russian: дорволюционыедом), and the quality of these houses is very good.

The grades of Stalinist buildings vary greatly, and Soviet cadres and intellectuals live in better houses. If divided by age, the Stalinist architecture in the middle and early 1950s has the best quality and exquisite appearance. Stalin's buildings in the late 1950s were the ugliest and simplest. Because Khrushchev came to power and emphasized frugality, many Stalin's buildings decided to reduce decoration in the middle of construction.

The construction time of Stalinist architecture lasted from the 1930s to the middle and late 1950s.

The interior and exterior decoration of Stalin's buildings are beautiful, and the internal facilities are all available. Well-preserved buildings are excellent houses even in 2 1 century. The ceiling of the room is at least 3.5 meters higher.

Until now, Russian housing is not as spacious as the legendary atmosphere. According to statistics, 77% of Russian residents live in unit houses, and only 23% live in single-family houses. The apartment building area in Russia is generally very small, and the bedroom area is also quite small. The average construction area of each apartment in Russian families is only 52 square meters, of which the average area of one bedroom is 33 square meters, the average area of two bedrooms is 47 square meters, the average area of three bedrooms is 63 square meters, and the average area of four bedrooms is 100 square meter. Housing in Russia is mainly two-bedroom. Among the existing units, one bedroom accounts for 23%, two bedrooms account for 40%, three bedrooms account for 29%, and four bedrooms and above account for 7.7%.

But in Russia, the area of the house is not the building area, but the actual use area. The pool area of Russian housing is also much smaller, basically only the pool area from your door to the elevator door is calculated. In Russia, whether it is a new house or an old house, the living environment is very good, with towering trees and green grass.

The above picture shows the common buildings in Russia, which were built in 20 16. A yellow one-bedroom apartment with an area of less than 40 square meters. Green is 2 bedrooms meters, with an area of less than 60 square meters. Blue is three bedrooms with an area of less than 80 square meters. In Russia, apartments with an area of more than 150 square meters are considered local tyrants.

Free housing in Russia is also misinformed. The fact is this: after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Yeltsin promulgated the Law on Privatization of Housing in the Russian Federation, the Law on Protection of Single-family Houses or Single-family Houses, and the Law on Housing Public Utilities Reform, which stipulated that existing public houses were transferred to individuals as private property free of charge, with per capita 18 square meters, and the excess was made up by residents. After that, families in the Great Patriotic War and people with low living allowance can still apply for free housing allocation, but it takes 100 years for Putin to take office. At present, the private housing rate of Russian residents is about 70%, and another 30% is state-owned housing, which is allocated to eligible residents for rent, such as officers of the armed forces, government officials, veterans of the Great Patriotic War, etc.

In 199 1 year, the per capita housing area in Russia is 16.8 square meters. In 20 13, Russian per capita housing area increased to 22 square meters, while China's per capita housing area was 32.9 square meters and 37. 1 square meter respectively.