The relationship between cooperative principle and speech act

on the relationship between cooperative principle and politeness principle in verbal communication

Abstract: An important theoretical cooperative principle in pragmatics was put forward by linguist philosopher Grice, but the cooperative principle in conversation itself is not perfect. Leech, a famous English linguist, puts forward politeness theory, which holds that politeness principle and cooperative principle can complement each other and politeness principle can save cooperative principle.

Keywords: cooperative principle, politeness principle

Introduction: The cooperative principle explains the relationship between the literal meaning of a discourse and its actual meaning, and explains how the conversational implicature comes into being, but it does not explain why people violate the conversational norms to express their intentions implicitly or indirectly. In order to make up for this deficiency, G.N.Leech put forward the politeness principle and the principle of "rescue" cooperation. This paper aims to achieve the art of speaking from the deficiency of cooperative principle and the violation of cooperative principle but the observance of politeness principle in daily conversation. Introduce the relationship between cooperative principle and politeness principle

by spoken language human relations in cooperation principle and politics principle relations

abstract: the language is linguist ph. ilosopher Grice proposes with study a center important theory cooperation principle but converses cooperation principle itself endlessly to consummate. English famous linguist Leech proposed politeness theory, thought politeness principle and the cooperation principle may mutually make up for the profit, and politeness principle may save the cooperation principle.

Key word: Cooperation principle, politeness principle

Introduction: The cooperation principle explained between the words wording significance and its practical significance relatio ns, explained how the conversation meaning is produces, but the cooperation principle had not explained why the people do have to violate the conversation criterion by implicitly, indirectly express own intention. In order to make up this kind of insufficiency, Leach (G.N.Leech) proposed politeness principle to "rescues" the cooperation principle. This article will violate the cooperation principle from in the cooperation prin ciple insufficiency as well as the daily conversation actually to observe politeness principle to achieve will speak art, Introduction cooperation principle and politics principle relations

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1 Cooperative Principle and politeness principle

Grice thinks that both sides of the conversation can communicate because they abide by some basic principles, which enable them to cooperate with each other in the conversation to achieve mutual understanding. This is the cooperative principle.

The cooperative principle includes four major principles, and each principle includes some sub-principles:

A: quantitative principle

a) What you say should include the information needed for the purpose of conversation;

b) What you say should not contain more information than you need

B: Quality guidelines

a) Try to make what you say true;

b) Don't talk about the lack of sufficient evidence.

C: relevant criteria

should be relevant.

D: mode criterion

a) avoid obscurity;

b) avoid ambiguity;

c) concise (avoid wordiness);

d) in perfect order.

Grice's main contribution is that he found that whenever a rule is violated, conversational implicature will be generated. He distinguished the violations of norms and summarized the following four categories:

① The speaker violated a norm quietly and quietly. In this case, he may deceive the other party or lead the other party astray.

② The speaker publicly declared that he would not cooperate. Such as "no comment" and "I don't want to talk" are typical expressions. This is an extreme situation, which will inevitably lead to the interruption of communication, so it will not produce conversational implicature.

③ The speaker is faced with the conflict between norms and is in a dilemma. He may meet the criterion of information quantity and violate the criterion of quality. This situation may produce conversational implicature.

④ The speaker can flout a certain criterion and openly refuse to implement it. Although some norms are violated on the surface, they still play a role at a deeper level. This is a real situation that produces conversational implicature by violating the norms, and it is also the center of our discussion. (Pragmatics, Rhetoric and Culture, page 44)

Grice also points out that people often don't abide by these principles in actual conversation, and sometimes deliberately violate some principles, which makes the listener infer the true meaning of the speech through the literal meaning of the speaker's speech.

example (1) a what do you think of the glasses I just got?

b It's beautiful.

(2) a What do you think of the glasses I just got?

The color of B's frame is good.

In Example (1), B abides by the principle of cooperation; In example (2), B violates the principle of quantity. In fact, B means "the color is good, but it doesn't look good on you". Grice believes that it is the speaker's failure to abide by the cooperative principle that leads to conversational implication, that is, the real meaning is hidden under the superficial meaning, which can be said to have something to say.

then, why do people violate the principle of cooperation instead of expressing their true intentions in a roundabout way? Although Grice put forward the cooperative principle and the conversational implicature caused by people's failure to abide by it, he did not point out why people violated it. Brown, Levinson and Leech put forward the politeness principle from the perspective of rhetoric and stylistics in their later studies, arguing that people violate the cooperative principle in conversation because of politeness.

Leech's politeness principle has the following aspects:

1) strategy principle

a causes the least harm to others

b benefits others the most

2) generosity principle

a causes the least harm to oneself

b causes the most harm to oneself

3) praise principle

A tries to minimize the derogatory damage to others

. > a tries to minimize the praise for oneself

B tries to exaggerate the derogatory remarks for oneself

5) Agree with the principle

A tries to narrow the differences between oneself and others

B tries to exaggerate the agreement between oneself and others

6) Compassion principle

A tries to minimize one's dislike for others

B tries to exaggerate one's sympathy for others

Look at the following example < No hands.

B: She may be too busy.

(4)A: Your son is so tall when he is only thirteen years old.

B: At first glance, he is a big fool.

Example (3)B gave up the principle of "quality" in the cooperative principle and followed the principle of "sympathy" in the polite principle. Example (4)B violated it. It can be said that as long as we carefully experience the words in our daily communication activities, we will be surprised to find how many words we "speak insincerely" for polite reasons. As a social phenomenon, politeness exists in any language group, which is a universal phenomenon.

the complementary development of politeness principle to cooperative principle

Grice believes that in order to achieve a certain communicative purpose, people can deliberately violate a certain criterion, say lies, talk too much or "half-talk", say irrelevant words or ambiguous words, and beat around the bush and be blunt. However, his theory explains how conversational implicature is produced and understood, but does not explain why people violate conversational norms and express so many indirect meanings. Leech's politeness principle makes up for the deficiency of cooperative principle and enriches and develops the theory of "conversational implicature". Leach found that in many cases, people violate the principle of cooperation out of politeness considerations and needs, and weaken the expression of impolite ideas to a minimum under the same other conditions. Leach's analysis is reasonable. In verbal communication, it is not uncommon for people to violate the cooperative principle out of politeness. The following is an example:

A and B are high school alumni. B is two grades higher than A. Occasionally, they met and became good friends on campus. B graduated from high school and went to college. At that time, A secretly read B's volunteering. After the college entrance examination, I filled in the same university introduction with B: the cooperation principle explained between the words wording significance and its practical significance relations. explained how the conversation meaning is produces, but the cooperation principle had not explained why the people do have to violate the conversation criterion by implicitly, indirectly express own intention. In order to make up this kind of insufficiency, Leach (G.N.Leech) proposed politeness principle to "rescues" the cooperation principle. This article will violate the cooperation principle from in the cooperation prin ciple insufficiency as well as the daily conversation actually to observe politeness principle to achieve will speak art, Introduction cooperation principle and politics principle relations

A has also been admitted to this university. After arriving at the university, A began to have a crush on B, but out of the girl's reserve, she was embarrassed to say that she liked B and told her good friend C. B is graduating soon, and the three of them are having dinner together. C wants to take the opportunity to fix them up. C says to B: A is great, and she thinks of others for everything. She is beautiful and studies well. Whoever marries her will be happy for life. If you marry her, you will be happy for life. B said: This meal is delicious today, but it's a pity that you can't eat it in the future. You two still have two years to cherish it.

C was interested in setting them up, but she didn't explicitly say that she violated the quantity criterion out of politeness. She didn't want A to feel embarrassed. B listened to C's meaning, deliberately changed the subject and euphemistically refused C's proposal by violating the relationship criterion. Let's look at another counterexample that abides by the principle of cooperation and violates the principle of politeness:

She walks up to him, leans down to him and asks tenderly, "What's the matter with you?"

Her warm tone fascinated him. He opened his eyes and saw her gaunt face and deep wrinkles on his forehead. He couldn't help but blurt out, "How old you are!"

He suddenly woke up. "Why did I say this?" So he jumped up from the table, knelt down, began to kiss her hand, and looked at her eyes kindly.

His vague words made her feel embarrassed and depressed. When she came here for an appointment, she imagined how happy and grateful he would be because they fell in love ten years ago. But now, this one touched a sore spot with a wave of his hand. She can't forgive him, and she will never forget it in this life. ([Su] Aleshenna