What is the reason for the sudden change in the style of euripides's works?

With the development of the war, euripides no longer showed the consequences of human suffering as the sublimation and purification of Oedipus, but the degeneration and depravity of Orestes; The Trojan Women depicts the reality of adultery, plunder and slavery after the fall of Troy. And bad karma, the desperate queen of Troy, did not die like Priscilla and turned herself into a murderer. However, women in Orestes, Troy and Huepa were all noble people. In another situation, they would die like Etienne oakley, Polisina or Maccaglia.

Other men and women who are much happier than them are mediocre and humble. It is precisely because of their extraordinary qualifications that they are more sensitive to honor and pain. Their character, regardless of the great good and evil, comes from themselves, not from the religious beliefs and social habits of any particular era. Because euripides delves into the connotation of human psychology, his plays are not limited by the times. It had a great influence on seneca, and also influenced Shakespeare and Racine through seneca.

In the eyes of future critics, euripides is good at expressing "passion and madness" on the stage. He is the most tragic of all tragic writers, because his ending is a terrible disaster. To his contemporaries, he was a controversial figure, because the venue of his artistic performance was not the secular theater in the future, but the stage of religious festivals in Dionysius. His realism may reveal the terrible details of life more sharply than Sophocles' works.

However, what is his religious significance? His attitude towards this issue, like Socrates, is a kind of joking sarcasm. If Sophocles regards the gods as an almost abstract force in his plays, and Herodotus regards the gods as sometimes appearing and being given various names by the world in his historical works, then euripides returns to the stereotype that Shinto is ubiquitous in Homer's era, and he leads the gods to the stage of human life, sometimes even a noisy stage.

There are Apollo and Natus in Arcisse, Aphrodite and Aarti Mace in Hippolytus, Poseidon and Athena in trojan women, Hermes and Athena in Io and so on. This retro-ism is not out of religious piety, but an expedient measure of drama creation skills, because in this way, using secular scenes to express religious stories will not deviate from religious traditions. Sometimes, contradictions and conflicts are deliberately created between secular scenes and religious traditions, exposing the playwright's skepticism about religion.

In the drama La Richter, euripides shows two brothers and sisters with certain personalities who will kill their mothers for personal reasons rather than religious motives. Although he had fallen, Orestes refused to do anything to kill his mother at the last minute. He cried and said that Apollo, who asked him to kill his mother, gave a stupid order. Richter interjected, "If Apollo is a fool, who is still a wise man?" After they killed their mother, they all felt guilty and were shocked by the consequences of Apollo's order.

Can man be smarter than the God he believes in? Diogenes came to power to predict future events, thus ending the scene. They talked privately about their master Apollo: he was clever, but his orders to Orestes were not. In the play Orestes, the murder has already happened, and Orestes realizes that no one, even Agamemnon, will think that killing his mother is meaningless. However, Apollo said so, so Orestes scolded Apollo.

Similar accusations have appeared in other plays: "God should be smarter than people", but "Aphrodite destroyed her, me and our family; She is not a god, but she is something stronger than god. " "Zeus sent Helen to Troy just to make mankind suffer from constant military disasters and rivers of blood!" "I hope people's curse can knock down the gods!"

These words show that euripides does not believe in orthodox religion. It is hard to know whether he believes in something "stronger than God" or something hidden behind his fate. Because the basic forces acting on Hippolytus and Dionysus have no understandable form. He must believe that human nature can have more perfect ideals than those gods mentioned in orthodox religion. When can his choir sing "I don't believe this legend" in Dionysus Hughes' theater orchestra? Horror stories help to ensure people's belief in God. "When such lyrics are written, religion and drama will be separated, and the great era of Attica's drama literature will end.

The advanced viewpoint of the wise school, Socrates' satirical technique and euripides's realistic attitude are all the greatest writers of Attica's comedy, namely aristophanes of Athens (about 450 BC? About 385 BC). The comedies he wrote during the war reflected the Athenians' infinite energy and unparalleled liveliness, and his frank attacks on those political leaders showed how much the Athenians attached importance to freedom of speech. His humor is varied? Humorous one-liners, vulgar slang, brilliant puns, whimsical fantasies, implicit hints, wise confessions, obscene words, childish tone? Everything is available.

He also put all kinds of typical figures on the streets and festivals in Athens on the stage? Speakers, slaves, generals, prostitutes, philosophers, politicians, fishmongers, highwaymen, etc. His jokes come from the pleasure of life itself, which enables him to write some of the most touching lyrics? Song of clouds, song of birds, song of mystics, etc. Show a kaleidoscope of life in laughter. For these reasons, his humor today is more refreshing than any playwright before Shakespeare and more vivid than many writers after Shakespeare. Attica's comedy is to celebrate theseus, the god of Dionysus, so it is closely related to the religion of the polis. Aristophanes, like other writers, shoulders the mission of education.

His humor and satire are all for this purpose. In Barabba, he also taught in frank language. The poet told the audience through the chorus lyrics: "Demeter, the hostess of the sacred ceremony, inspired me to speak humorously, but more sincerely." In Frog, the assistant sang, "I hope my laughter can serve the festival and win the victory ribbon." Aristophanes, as the spokesman of people's conscience, rebuked everything that was not conducive to the polis with hatred. In the Babylonian (performed in 426 BC), which was circulated in fragments, the brutality of the Athenians to their vassals was compared to that of Darius to the Babylonians. In the chorus, it was sung that the allies of Athens were slaves of the mill, and the Samos among them were tattooed? Because in 440 BC, Athens tattooed Samos prisoners.

For this atrocity, aristophanes attacked the Chief Executive, especially Cleon, who was the initiator of the Mitlin Massacre at that time. Cleon later retaliated and accused the poet of treason, but he failed. In Akanai Man (425 BC) and Knight (424 BC) (both of which won the first prize), he condemned democratic demagogues including Pericles and Cleon as warmongers, and used the enemy's statement on the cause of the war to burst the bubble of boasting of warring factions, and also mocked the people for choosing such people as "Cattle Dealer" (referring to Okla).