Is Liangshan Juyi a petty official rebellion or a peasant uprising?

Hero in Liangshan Dialect, Shui Bo 19: Why did Song Jiang take the road of wooing an?

It is said that Liangshan, a robber who kills and sets fires, drinks in a big bowl, eats large pieces of meat and distributes gold and silver in a big scale, is a "peasant uprising" and is completely attached by future generations. Who are the real farmers except Ruan San, who idles around and spends three days fishing and two days drying nets, and Tao Wangzong, who is close to farmers?

Liangshan Juyi is not so much a peasant uprising as a small official rebellion. Many of these 100 commanders were petty officials within the system-at that time, the distinction between civil and military was not strict, so junior officers could also be regarded as petty officials. I made a rough calculation. These small officials are as follows.

The Image of Sung River in the TV Series Water Margin

The leader is Song Jiang, the satrap of Yuncheng County. He is a literary official, probably the director or secretary of the county government office. He must be cautious, well-written, knowledgeable about relevant laws and policies, resourceful and well-connected. It is no accident that Song Jiang made friends with heroes all over the world in this position, and won fame by taking public law and politics, and finally became the first rebel. There is also a copywriter, Kong Mu Pei Xuan, who is responsible for the rewards and punishments of internal soldiers.

Police sequence: Dutou (captain of Interpol), Jeikiy, Lei Heng, and others. Prison police or judicial police include Dai Zong, Li Kui jy, Shi En, Cai Fu, Cai Qing and others.

The junior officer is Lin Chonghe (800,000 imperial coaches are not high in rank, and he is not the chief coach. This is the difference between a staff officer and a chief of staff. The staff is not long and doesn't fart. If he is a senior military attache, how can he only bring a servant girl and brocade, and accompany his wife to make pilgrimages without going out on official business? How can you become sworn brothers with a wild monk? ) Lu Da, Yang Zhi, Hua Rong, Sun Li, Sun Xin, Xu Ning, Guan Sheng, Xuanzan, Hao, Shan Dinggui, Wei Dingguo, Zhang Qing and others. Hu Yanzhuo and Qin Ming are intermediate military attache.

In addition, Shui Bo's former leader in Liangshan, Chao Gai, was the leader of the villagers' self-governing organization in Dongxi Village.

The specific path of these people going to Liangshan is different. Some people take the initiative to go to Liangshan, some people are forced to go to Liangshan, some people are cheated to go to Liangshan, and some people blend in with the crowd. However, judging from the whole petty bourgeoisie group, their rebellious lethality is much greater than that of ordinary farmers, who are also losers who can't get into the sequence when they go to Liangshan. They took the salary of Zhao Guanjia, and the position of a small official brought them scenery. Why did they rebel?

We should start with the official system in ancient China. Since the Han Dynasty, China has gradually formed a mature civil service system. When a wife arrived in Sui and Tang Dynasties, the imperial examinations became more and more complete, and the status of civil servants became higher and higher. Officials and officials, namely administrative officials and affairs officials, are clearly defined. Without special opportunities, it is almost impossible for competent officials who have not passed the imperial examination to mix up a big official.

Specifically, in the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu, an official who started as a coup, was in Long Ting. In view of the gains and losses of the previous dynasty, he adopted the national policy of repairing prose and restraining martial arts. The political and economic status of literati is higher than that of any previous dynasty, and the admission quota of Jinshi is several times that of Tang Dynasty. This will inevitably lead to "redundancy". So many well-born literati will inevitably occupy any official position, and many small officials, even if they do well, can only serve for life. Unless they add some oil to their posts, they will not be promoted. Without incentive mechanism, there will be no sense of responsibility, and over time, the whole group will still be dissatisfied with the court.

Look at the passage of Jiang Yangtou by Song Jiangxun, whose title is anti-poetry. After drinking a few glasses of wine, Ren Songjiang usually knows the world very clearly and is very considerate. At this time, he is also drunk and tells the truth. He thought, "I was born in Shandong and grew up in Yuncheng. I am a scholar, and I have met many Jianghu heroes. Although I have a false name, I am over 30 years old, but my name is unreasonable and unprofitable. Instead, it is tattooed on the cheek, and it deserves to be here. " So there was the first poem full of paper, Xijiang Moon. This can be said to be all the exposure of Song Jiang's dissatisfaction with the system, and his anti-intention has long existed. If he has always been a small official loyal to the court, how can he take the initiative to make friends with thieves all over the world and take the initiative to be an umbrella for "evil forces"?

Song Jiang's anti-poem is just to vent his dissatisfaction.

Several times I refused to enter Liangshan on the grounds that my father was in the hall. For one thing, the time has not yet arrived, and for another, the capital has not accumulated enough. -This is the cunning of Song Jiang.

This is the fate of bibliophiles, especially officials in the Song Dynasty. Soldiers and prisoners in the Song Dynasty had the same status. A state military commander like Qin Ming knows the state capital when he meets civilians, just like a bodyguard meets a boss. Can he be persuaded? This is true of middle-level officers, not to mention junior officers, who can hardly stand out except for meritorious military service. However, under the policy of "buying annual coins" in the northern song dynasty for a hundred years, it is difficult for them to make achievements. Then, as long as there is a little trouble, these junior officers will easily rebel. -Lin Chong can't keep his wife. Visible officer treatment.

And at that time, power and responsibility were not directly proportional. Officials have the right but are not responsible for doing things, while small officials have no right but are not well paid but have great responsibilities. Just like today's saying: "A thousand needles above, a line below", any major event can only be implemented at the grassroots level through small officials. You see, Yang Zhi lost his birth contour and became a thief because he couldn't bear the responsibility. When investigating this shocking case, the relevant departments are also responsible to the prefect, who is responsible for observing the public. Finally, the pressure falls on small officials who do specific things. The magistrate threatened to banish the army, arrest the special envoy He Tao and solve the case quickly. -just like the leader instructed the following people to solve the case within a time limit. You see what the magistrate said: "I am a scholar, so it is not easy to be a vassal in this county!" " Today, Taishi Mansion in Tokyo is on a business trip, and I'm here to get an order for Taishi. Within ten days, I need to catch all the thieves and completely solve the problems in Beijing. If you still violate the time limit, you will not stop dismissing the official, but you will be restricted to go to Shaman Island once. "Of course, he only needs to hit specific people. How can this specific official be persuaded? Because even if the case is solved, it is the prefect who gives good news and rewards. What happened? Can officials be persuaded verbally? But it was He Tao who solved the case. What's the use of leaving a petty official for a surname and prefect?

Small officials are humble, but unfortunately their energy is not small. China has been a small official made of iron since ancient times, because he stayed away and was deeply moved. The officials who came out of the imperial examination are real "floating officials", who often stay in a strange place for a few years and then leave, while petty officials are mostly locals. Some people have been officials for generations and are too familiar with the local social situation. They know exactly how many rich families there are in Zhang Cun and how many loafers there are in Licun. They are not only familiar with social conditions, but also with various laws and regulations of officialdom and imperial court. And those who sit on the court as officials either read sage books and recite poems every day, or they are crony like Cai Jiu and Liang Zhongshu, and they are far less familiar with technical affairs. Therefore, the words of catching thieves, collecting money and sending official documents are naturally controlled by small officials. The official information channel is not smooth, but the specific processing ability is not good. When you meet a knowledgeable and powerful official, Jiang, can you not be easily deceived?

You see, after He Tao solved the case, he informed the prefect, but the prefect didn't catch the thief himself. Instead, let He Tao, the little arresting officer, inform Yuncheng county government-relying on local public security to catch thieves. I happened to meet Song Jiang, the sworn brother of Classical, the first umbrella of the underworld in Yuncheng County. -visible how bureaucratic at ordinary times. Government officials have no idea about the complicated social relations of their important bookkeepers in Yuncheng County, let alone Zhao Guanjia in Tokyo. This kind of information is not smooth, which gives Song Jiang a chance to tip off the news.

You see how skilled this capable official is in officialdom. He first complimented He Tao: "Observation is the person sent by the boss to be responsible. How dare a small official neglect him? " "Don't say that the official document has landed, just observe that the official document is coming, and you dare not catch it." He cursed Chao Gai: "Chao Gai is really a traitor." Hold He Tao steady with a glib tongue, and then go to Dongxi Village to inform him. -In the action of arresting classical people, not only Song Jiang, but also Zhu Tong and Lei Heng, the two main leaders of Yuncheng County, were tipped off. Small officials who mainly handle affairs are like this, so it is no wonder that thieves like Classical can escape casually.

Jiang Lai, a competent bookkeeper, said that an official is easily deceived, but his colleagues are also officials, so it is not necessary to be deceived. Because they usually pretend to be Jiang, no one knows their own tricks. You see, when Song Jiang arrived in Jiangzhou, he drank and had fun with the guards Dai Zhong and Li Kui jy in the prison every day, but the local officials could not get information, which is another evidence of serious bureaucracy. Until another capable official, Huang Wenbing, reported the inscription of this poem to Cai Jiu, and the magistrate ordered the arrest. This Dai zhong gave advice again, which made Song Jiang pretend to be crazy. Nowadays, there are many such tricks. How many people pay off hospitals for psychiatric diagnosis after committing crimes to avoid criminal punishment? However, Huang Wenbing is not as stupid as a constantly chauffeured Cai Jiu. He said, "Don't believe this. My poems and words are not rheumatism patients, but they are all lies! At least take it with you! If you can't walk, you will be embarrassed in the future. " Jin Shengtan, who commented on Water Margin, read here and praised Huang Wenbing Can. Later, Cai Jiu wrote to his father Cai Jing for instructions. Wu Yong invited Xiao Rang, a scholar, and Jin Dajian, a jade arm craftsman, to forge documents and seals. He almost fooled Wan Ku Cai Jiu, but he still fooled Huang Wenbing. It turns out that this fake book is stamped with the seal of Hanlin Cai Jing. The trouble in the middle is that people with high levels of technical fraud like Jin Dajian and Liangshan naturally don't understand. Only Wu Yong and Huang Wenbing understand this. You see what Huang Wenbing said: "Now that I have been promoted to the position of Prime Minister, how can I publish the Hanlin book?" It is also a bad idea for a father to send a book and a son to send a book, and it is unacceptable to use a book with taboo words. "This fake letter almost killed sung river and dai zhong. Sung River and Dai Zhong, two talented people, ended up in the hands of another talented person. Among bibliophiles, there are many talented people, Jiang. Their abilities and achievements are not commensurate with their own treatment and status. How can they be loyal to their country? They just regard the official position as a tool to seek personal gain, hurt others and protect themselves. At that time, the salary of collectors was not high. I'm afraid the rich Jiang and Zhu Tong are collectors more to protect the interests of their own families, while the prison army like jy may still be supernumerary. Can he not blackmail the prisoner? Officials have a humble position and no system guarantee, so they can hurt others and are easily hurt by others. Then it is completely understandable that they are half-hearted in the system and leave a way out for themselves everywhere. Is it possible for you to make them really serve the Zhao regime and superiors with that little money, thus offending Jianghu people? Unless they are crazy-Huang Wenbing's fate is a negative example for all small officials.

Huang Wenbing is an able official, but he can only accept the fate of the bottom.

The accumulated grievances and grievances meet opportunities, and then there is only resistance. Because they come from within the system, they are not really opposed. They objected to the unfair treatment they received. It's just Jiang. His ability is outstanding, but he is only a hollow reputation in the Jianghu, and he doesn't have an official position that can really honor his ancestors. It is their natural choice to be recruited as senior officials after the rebellion. At that time, we said that Song Jiang was the leader of the capitulationists, which was natural, because they, as small officials, did not really create the rebellion of that system, but created the rebellion of senior officials whose ability was not as good as their own, only occupying a high position and taking advantage of the distribution of fertilizer. The purpose of the rebellion is to divide the fat more conveniently from the official to the big official.

Such rebellion is not a real rebellion, so such surrender is not a real surrender.

After all, that petty official is a "petty official from the North Gate, and he talks about it when he is worried." I am poor after all, and I don't know that I am difficult. "This is a poem in the Book of Songs, which describes the poverty and hardship of small officials. This is probably the earliest extant literary work about the existence of petty officials in China. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the ceremony collapsed and the music was bad, and the princes did not piss on the king, nor did doctors and feudal lords everywhere. As a small official in a small country, he really doesn't have many ways to make money, and he doesn't have much social status. He had to lament: "You obey me, but politics slap me. I went in and out, and everyone in the room visited me. "You should not only do endless work like cattle and horses, but also be laughed at and accused.

The economic and cultural prosperity of the Song Dynasty surpassed that of any previous era. When the commodity economy is relatively developed, there are many opportunities for public servants to seek rent, and they can take all the lawsuits and blackmail farmers. Although the petty officials at this time are better than those in Beimen, as I wrote in my last article, most of them are either purely for a bowl of rice like jy, or privatize their public power, Jiang, Dai Zong and kindness, which shows this. But without institutionalized guarantee, their social status is still humble, and in the eyes of those who came from the imperial examination, they are just slaves. After Song Jiang killed Yan Poxi in a rage, he fled back to his hometown to avoid disaster. Zhu Tong and others came to the manor to find Song Taigong, and Song Taigong showed his documents, saying that he and Song Jiang were separated from the father-son relationship and did not bear joint responsibility. "Water Margin" said: "It turned out that in the Song Dynasty, it was easy to be an official, but it was the most difficult to be an official. Why is it easy to be an official? It was all because the traitors in the imperial court were in power at that time, arrogant and exclusive, and they didn't use it unless they were close to each other, and they didn't take it unless they were rich and heartless. Why is it the hardest to be an official? At that time, I was an escort, but I was responsible for the crime, from stabbing the military state to robbing the property, which caused the rest of my life, so that I arranged such a place to hide in advance. I'm afraid I'll implicate my parents. I taught my parents to sue me for disobedience, so I went out of the register. Each family lives in another house. I gave the official a document to keep the photos, but I didn't come and go, just put the furniture in the house. "

This is the truth that the bigger the officer, the better. The risk of being an official is so great, why can you recruit such an artist as Song Jiang? Mainly because they minimize or pass on risks in various ways to maximize benefits. For example, Song Jiang and others broke off relations with their in-laws, just like some officials' wives divorced falsely after committing crimes. Being an official is so risky that if you don't make a good profit, you might as well go home and be a Tian She Weng. Thus, cishi and his son competed with Lian for the right to operate Happy Forest Entertainment Company, and Mr. Dai made every prisoner pay a "gift". The risks and costs borne by small officials will generally be passed on to ordinary people in various ways. In fact, many small officials in later generations are like this. If you are not careful, you will become a scapegoat thrown by big officials. Officer, not only the small officer who was sacrificed was not convinced, but I'm afraid other small officials also felt sorry for the rabbit. Since they are at risk of becoming scapegoats, why not take advantage of this opportunity to make a fortune?

Although Jiang, a small official, is well-informed and ruthless, most of their experiences are at the bottom, and they are very clear about the affairs in the rivers and lakes and the operation of the grass-roots government. Know how to cheat others, how to make friends with malicious people, and how to resolve risks. For example, Song Jiangping relied on the principle of "helping the poor generously". When he met Dai Zong and Li Kui jy in Jiangzhou, he made money all the way. After seeing Song Wu in Chai Jin Zhuang, he also used money to win Song Wu over. This method should be a universal truth, but there are still differences between grass-roots units and temples in how to make money and how to get through the door. Jiang, a talented official, was not very clever when he entered Beijing, and made friends with Classical and Classical.

Song Jiang likes to take four people with him every time he visits Liangshan privately. The first two are naturally friends of Dai Zong and Li Kui jy when he is in trouble. Dai Zhong was his first confidant, and like Chiang Kai-shek's Dai Li, he was of course the intelligence chief. Li Kui is not only loyal, but also superb in martial arts. He is the best bodyguard. The other two are Yan Qing and Chai Jin, whose advantages are what Song, Dai and Li lack most. Yan Qing grew up in a big city and was a confidant of the famous entrepreneur Lu Junyi. He is handsome, proficient in various dialects and knows all the romantic places. Even Li Shishi, who has been read by countless people, fell in love at first sight, showing its charm. At best, Jiang could only play music in the karaoke bars of Shandong county, but when they reached the "heaven and earth" of the metropolis, he was dumbfounded.

You see, they arrived in Tokyo and met Li Shishi. "But what Li Shishi said about the beauty of the market, Chai Jin answered, and Yan Qing stood aside and teased." "Wine tour, sung river mouth slippery, fist sleeves, pointing, water margin. Chai Jin said with a smile: My cousin has never been like this after drinking. Don't laugh, madam. "Such a big mesa, natural only Chai Jin and Yan Qing can hold up. Chai Jin fooled Cui Hua on duty (ouchi passport, there was no photo at that time), and then went to the palace to be a detective. This work can only be done by Chai, a descendant of Zhou Shizong, who is a real aristocrat. No one in Liangshan can learn that noble temperament. Dai Zong is capable enough. He took Cai Jing's forged letters to see the magistrate Cai Jiu. The magistrate asked him who he had met in Cai Fu, and he made it up in Cai Fu. In the morning, he found a door to answer the letter, then received it again and returned it the next day. Jin Shengtan commented, "The word' find' is funny, written like a city gate, and birds can be released." "It's just that this door is similar to the door of the poor." A prison officer, often at the grassroots level, how can he imagine the style of the Prime Minister? As the joke says, farmers imagine that the emperor's life is to eat fried dough sticks every day and wipe his ass with satin. Cai Jiu is more convinced that the letter is false. He blamed Dai Zong and said, "I can't enter the yamen, but letters from all over the country should be sealed and pasted. You must pass through Zhang Qian in the government hall, and then you can be supervised by Li See, and then you can give them gifts. I have to wait three days to get my book back. " Poor manager Dai, poor little officials and people in small places can understand such complicated procedures, especially when the traffic is inconvenient and the information is underdeveloped.

The image of Li Shishi (played by Ann) in the TV series Water Margin, in front of her, Song Jiang acts like a clown.

Later, for economic and military reasons, Song Jiang tried to lure senior talents such as Chai Jin, Lu Junyi and Hu, but one reason that cannot be ignored was that he hoped to change the situation that the leadership was mostly composed of low-level figures. It is ok to start a business with such a person, but it is impossible to grow up. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has always insisted on taking Zijingshan as the old brother of Guangdong and Guangxi and regarded Confucianism as a dog. How can we be unbeaten?

Smart bandits don't want to be bandits forever, and they will try their best to change the composition of their core layer whenever they have the chance. Liu Bang started as a small official in Pei County, but he was able to attract all the nobles in the world, such as Sean, a descendant of North Korean nobles. Zhu Yuanzhang is a beggar, but his men Song Lian, Liu Ji, Li Shanchang and others are outstanding in knowledge, prestige and wisdom. When we study history, we often say that after the success of the peasant uprising, the landlord class won the fruits of victory, but only in this way will the dynasty last, and if we persist in being a peasant regime, I am afraid the country will not last long. Liu Bangjin also likes to drink and gamble with Fan Wei's fellow villagers in Xianyang, just like an emperor. With uncle's courtesy, Wang is a little down a peg or two.

Song Jiang felt very inferior, so regardless of Chai Jin, Lu Junyi and Gao Qiu, he repeatedly called himself a "tattooed little official". The way for him to prove his position is by no means to gather more and more people who can only use it for a while like Li Kui jy, but to call on more people like Chai Jin and Lu Junyi. Just as uneducated people always write on their business cards that they are "doctors of XXX", rich people wrap themselves up with famous brands. Song Jiang, who was born in a small official, certainly didn't satisfy the lifestyle of bandits. He needed to establish a set of rules and regulations and a foreign program to consolidate his position, so he made great efforts to make various flags and rely on them, and put Pei Xuan in charge of military law. But the most performative and authoritative place is naturally the imperial court. There is only one way to win over DaSong except to overthrow him as emperor. Song Jiang didn't have the power to overthrow DaSong, and choosing to woo was also in line with the life ideal of a petty official.