What is the level tone in poetry?

Pingping refers to the rhythm of poetry. Flat tone is an attempt to dualize the four tones. Four tones are four tones in ancient Chinese. Tone refers to the level, fluctuation and length of sound. On the basis of four tones, the flat tone is summarized through incomplete induction. Flat refers to straight, flat refers to twists and turns. In ancient times, it was raised, lowered, lowered, and the rest was flat. Since Zhou Deqing in Yuan Dynasty, Yin and Yang have been equally divided, with flat tone, flat tone, rising tone, falling tone and canceling tone. From ancient times to the present, the levels of balance are unbalanced, and the dispute between level balance and informal level balance is an eternal topic.

The tones of ancient Chinese can be divided into four types: flat, up (sh m 4 ng), falling tone and entering tone. "Ping" refers to the flat tone among the four tones, including Yin Ping and Yang Ping. "Wrong" refers to the mistake of four tones, including the upper, lower and middle tones.

tradition

According to the traditional view, a flat tone is a flat tone, a rising tone is a rising tone, a falling tone is a falling tone, and an entering tone is a short tone. Jade Tone, published in the Ming Dynasty, said: the tone is flat but not low, the rising tone is fierce and strong, the falling tone is clear and mournful, and the tone is short and urgent. Simply put, the key to equality is "inequality is equality".

Edit the flat tone of this Mandarin.

In the four tones of Putonghua, it can be divided into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone and falling tone. The tones of ancient "Pingsheng" are divided into Yin Pingping and Yang Pingping in Putonghua, which are the so-called first and second tones. In ancient times, the tone of "Shang Sheng" was partly disyllabic and partly Shang Sheng in Mandarin. Shangsheng is the third sound of modern Chinese Pinyin. In ancient times, the tone of "Qusheng" was still the fourth tone in Mandarin. The ancient "Rusheng" no longer exists in Mandarin. It has become a flat tone, a rising tone, a falling tone. The four tones of Putonghua are: flat tone (the first tone), flat tone (the second tone), rising tone (the third tone) and falling tone (the fourth tone). For example, in short, among the four tones of Mandarin, the first and second tones are flat tones; The third and fourth sounds are ligatures.

Edit this nine-tone Cantonese

abstract

Modern Cantonese also has four tones of "Ping, Shang, Qu and Ru", which are subdivided into nine tones, namely Yin Ping, Yin Shang, Yin Qu, Yang Ping, Yang Qu, Yin Ru, Zhong Ru and Yang Ru.

Cantonese nine-tone table:

Examples of tone-shifting words 1) Yin Pingsheng's poems 2) Yin Shangsheng's bear powder history 3) Yin Shuangyin's seal training 4) Yang Shangsheng's burning, 5) Yang Shangsheng's anger, 6) Yang Shuangyin's blade 7) Yin Rusheng's sudden ~ (loss) 8) Yin Rusheng ~ (choking) ~ Fragments 9) Yang Rusheng's Buddha's eclipse ()

Postscript:

The ancients recited poems with ancient sounds. Reading the ancient couplet of this kind of sound is easy to misunderstand that the level and level of the ancients do not conform to the law. For example, "suck the river to make new tea; Sell Qingshan as a painting screen. "

Press four tones in Mandarin.

Suck into the river to make fresh tea; Flat and light, flat and light, selling out the castle peak painting screen. It is flat, flat and flat, and it sucks the river to make new tea; Flat, flat, sold all the green hills as a painting screen. It's different from the above, and it's different from the ancient sound and the present sound (at least it's different from the flat iron law at the end of the sentence). Therefore, when we talk about Lian Zhongping's Biography in the future, we must first find out whether the creator is based on the ancient sound, modern sound or local dialect; Otherwise, it will make a joke.

Edit this paragraph with four tones and even tones.

Four tones, here refers to the four tones of ancient Chinese. If you want to know the four tones, you must first know how the four tones are formed. So let's start with the tone. Tone is the characteristic of Chinese (and some other languages). The tone of Chinese is composed of the ups and downs and the length of the voice, and the ups and downs are the main factors. Take Putonghua as an example, * * * has four tones: the flat tone is Gao Pingtiao (it is called flat if it doesn't rise or fall); The upper voice is a rising tone (not high or low); The rising tone is a low rising tone (sometimes a low flat tone); Voiced is a high tone. Ancient Chinese has four tones, but it is not exactly the same as Mandarin today. The four tones in ancient times were: (1) flat tones. This tone is divided into Yin Ping and Yang Ping in later generations. (2) on the sound. Part of this tone will become unvoiced in future generations. (3) sounding. This tone is still unvoiced in later generations. (4) if you are born. This sound is short. Modern Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi and other places still preserve the milk sheng. There are also many places in the north (such as Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) where raw milk is preserved. The tone of entering tone in Hunan is not short, but it also retains the tone category of entering tone. In most spoken languages in the north and southwest, the entering tone has disappeared. In the north, some entering tones are flattened, some are flattened, some are raised and some are lowered. As far as Putonghua is concerned, the entering tone words become the most disyllabic, followed by the upper tone, and the upper tone words become the least. In the southwest dialect (from Hunan to Yunnan), the entering tone is changed to Yangping. What is the shape of the ancient four-tone ups and downs? Now we can't know in detail. Traditionally, the flat tone should be the middle tone, the rising tone should be the rising tone, and the falling tone should be the falling tone. The entering tone should be short. There is a Song formula in front of Kangxi dictionary, which is called "Four Tones Division". It says, "Don't go up and down, when the voice is loud, it is violent and strong; When the voice comes out, it is clearly mourning the distance; When the sound came in, it was short and urgent. This narrative is not scientific enough, but it also gives us a general understanding of the ancient four tones. The relationship between four tones and rhyme is very close. In rhyme books, words with different tones cannot be regarded as homophones. In poetry, words with different tones generally cannot rhyme. It is very clear in the rhyme book that what words belong to what tune. It is quite clear that a word belongs to a certain tone in Chinese dialects that still retain the tone of entering tone today. Pay special attention to reading one word and two words. Sometimes, a word has two meanings (often different parts of speech) and two pronunciations. For example, the word "for" is used as "because" and "for". In ancient Chinese, this situation is much more than that in modern Chinese. Now give a few examples: riding, flat voice, verb, riding; Disyllabic, noun, cavalry. Thinking, flat voice, verb, absence; Out of tune, nouns, thoughts and feelings. Fame, flat voice, verbs, praise; Disyllabic, noun, reputation. Dirty, flat voices, adjectives, filth; Voiced, verb, dirty. Number, consonant, verb, calculation; Disyllabic words, nouns, numbers, fate; Such as sound (read like new moon), adjective, frequent. Teaching, desensitization, noun, enlightenment, education; Life, verb, make, let. Command, silence, noun, command; Life, verb, make, let. Forbidden, silent, noun, forbidden, forbidden; Life, verb, can stand. Kill, Rusheng, transitive verb, kill; De-sounding (sounds like Sun), intransitive verbs, fade. Some words, originally pronounced in a flat voice, were later changed to disyllabic, but their meanings and parts of speech have not changed. Words such as "Wang", "Han" and "Kan" all belong to this category. " "Wang" and "sigh" have been pronounced in Tang poetry, and the word "Wang" always has pronunciation. There are more complicated situations: for example, when the word "Guo" is used as a verb, it is sometimes read twice. As for the use of nouns, when they are interpreted as wrong, they have to be read again. Distinguishing four tones is the basis of distinguishing flat tones. Next we will discuss the problem of leveling.

Edit this paragraph

Knowing what four tones are, it is easy to understand the flat tone. Flat tone is a term of poetic meter: poets divide four tones into two categories, flat tone is flat tone, and flat tone is three tones. Well, literally, it means uneven. What makes it possible to divide it into two categories? Because the flat sound does not rise or fall, it is long, while the other three sounds do rise or fall (the incoming sound may also slightly rise or fall), and it is short, so it forms two types. If these two tones are interlaced in poetry, they will make the tones diversified instead of monotonous. The so-called "sonorous voice" of the ancients is one of the important factors, although there are many stresses. How are the flat lines in poetry staggered? We can sum it up in two sentences: (1) Flat lines appear alternately in this sentence; ⑵ Flat lines and even lines are opposites in the dialogue. This kind of flat and even rule is particularly obvious in metrical poems. For example, the fifth and sixth sentences of Chairman Mao's poem "The Long March" say: Jinsha River is warm in the clouds and cliffs, while Dadu Bridge is cold on the crossbar. These two poems are flat: flat | flat | flat | flat | flat | flat | flat | flat | flat | flat | flat | flat | flat | flat | flat. As far as this sentence is concerned, every word has a rhythm. Pingping's sentence is followed by Xu Wei, followed by Pingping, and the last one is Xu Wei. When you start a sentence, it is flat, followed by flat, and finally flat. This is alternation. As far as sentences are concerned, "Jinsha" is flat to "Dadu", "Shuipai" is flat to "Qiaodu" and "Yunya" is flat to "Tiesuo". This is opposition. Regarding the rules of poetry, we will discuss them in detail from the following aspects: the rules of poetry, the rules of poetry. Now, let's talk about how to distinguish the level. If your dialect has an accent (for example, you are from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanxi, Hunan and South China), then the problem will be solved easily. In those dialects with entering tones, there are more than four tones, not only yin and yang, but also yin and yang. Like Guangzhou Rusheng, it can be divided into three categories. It's all easy to do: just combine them, for example, combine the level tone and the level tone into a flat tone, and combine the above-yin, above-yang, out-yin, out-yang, in-yin and in-yang into a flat tone. The problem is that you must first find out how many tones there are in your dialect. It is necessary to find a friend who understands the tone to help. It would be better if you had learned the corresponding rules of dialect tone and Mandarin tone in Chinese class, and made clear the tone of your own dialect. If you are from Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and northern Guangxi, all the Rusheng words in your dialect belong to Yangping. In this way, we should pay special attention to Yangping characters, some of which belonged to Rusheng characters in ancient times. As for which words belong to entering tone and which words belong to entering tone, you have to look them up in a dictionary or rhyme book. If you are from the north, then the method of distinguishing flat tones is slightly different from that in Hubei and other places. Because most of the ancient entering tone words in Putonghua have become disyllabic, so disyllabic is also a disyllabic; The other part of the voice changed, and the voice was low. Therefore, the words from entry to change and from entry to change do not prevent us from distinguishing levels; Only when the entrance is leveled (Yin Ping and Yang Ping), it is difficult to distinguish leveled. We came across a place where rhyme was stipulated in the Law of Poetry, and the poet used a word that sounded very flat today, which aroused our suspicion. We can look it up in a dictionary or rhyme book.

Edit the leveling in this paragraph name.

Among the names of China people, there are all-encompassing names such as Li Taibai and all-encompassing names such as Wang Xizhi. There are flat ones like Ye Guichun and flat ones like Chen Hongshou. There are (Pingping) in Pingping, Jet Li (the word "Pingping" means Pingping) and Li Pingping. There are Zhang Li in plane format and Ma Ming in plane format. There are leaves in the format and Joe in the flat format. Flat tone is produced by speech speed plus the vibration frequency of vocal cords. The speed of speech can be changed, but the vibration frequency of vocal cords is relatively fixed. See the next paragraph on the new theory of flat tone. Syllables and sounds are not entirely in the level tone itself, for example, the word Singapore is even. But people don't think this is a mouth. Today, we should emphasize the naturalization of equality and avoid the dispute between equality and compromise.

Edit this plan summary table.

abridged table

Flat and even summary table: the first word and the second word of the first sentence are flat and even tones; The first word and the second word of the first sentence are all flat and even; The second word of the first sentence must be even and flat; The second word of the first sentence must be flat and even; The first sentence rhymes flat. The first sentence of the five-element poem rhymes with Pingping (rhyme), Pingping (rhyme) and Pingping (rhyme). The first sentence of the five-element poem does not rhyme. Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping ping. Yun) Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping PingPing Flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat

abstract

The problem of entering tone is the only obstacle to distinguish the level tone. This obstacle can only be eliminated by looking up a dictionary or rhyme book; However, the truth of leveling is easy to understand. Moreover, about half of China is reserved for entering tone, so people in those places have no problem in distinguishing flat tones. Whether this statement is scientific or not needs further argumentation.

New theory of leveling

Ping refers to the speed of speech, and the new ping theory emphasizes the establishment of natural ping, not the ping in books. Gu [1] first put forward the relevant argument: "The sound of peace is light and late, and the sound of going forward is heavy. Due to the technical conditions at that time, Gu's view was one-sided. In Chinese, even words refer to the speed of speech. Vowel A is pronounced loudly as A and quietly as A. In the case of similar decibels, A sound is brighter than O sound. Because a's opening is big. Therefore, a fair and light sentence is not established. The reason why there is a dispute between the theory of leveling and the theory of compromise is that the academic circles have no practical understanding of leveling. Mathematically, leveling is based on incomplete induction. From a physical point of view, Pingze can be better understood by singing rhymes. The pitch of the tone formula (1) is high all the way, from middle to high, first falling and then rising zigzag, and then rising sharply at the bottom. pay attention to

Tone formula (2) The level tone is not low, so the level tone rises, the rising tone falls first and then rises, and the falling tone falls from high to low. Through the formula, we can be firm: Pinge refers to the speed of speech, and only by correctly understanding Pinge can we apply Pinge. But most of the explanations of Pinge in the book are incorrect. Release the vacuum "Jade Key Song Formula" mentioned: "The sound level road should not be low at ordinary times. When the sound is loud, the sound is loud and powerful. When the sound is long, it is obviously sad, and the sound is short and urgent. Although his theory is based on the system of Ming Dynasty in China, it also reveals a new theory of Pinge. The new leveling theory is the basis of leveling application. Special reminder, the distinction between upper and lower couplets depends on the context and banner, not just the level. The establishment of new leveling theory makes the ancient leveling culture serve the society better. The new theory of leveling, the naturalization of leveling.

The purpose of editing this paragraph

The artistic conception of poetry can give people a sense of beauty, please readers, or convey feelings and inspire people. Therefore, some people think why the voice of poetry can't give people a sense of beauty, and it is catchy to read, and the saying of straightforward narration comes into being. With the deliberate development of the leveling theory, to a certain extent, it later restricted the exertion and expansion of the poetic momentum and artistic conception, and became the lame shoes or burdens of the poet, which greatly went astray and violated his original intention. In particular, the theory of leveling varies from time to time, from place to place and from person to person, so it is difficult to unify and standardize it, which makes learners feel at a loss and useless after learning it. This is a self-sealing of poetry and literature, which is extremely unfavorable to the inheritance and promotion of poetry and culture. The ultimate goal of poetry is to enter and serve the public. We can't keep people away because of the traditional imperfect and impartial theory, which makes people feel unattainable and daunting. Poetry is just a style. We should go into the classroom, into the textbooks and into the examination papers, so that teachers, students and even the public can appreciate it and participate in it. Li Bai, Wang Wei, Su Dongpo and Xin Qiji. Are divorced from the law to varying degrees. Therefore, whether creating or judging the quality of poetry, modern people should not be too cautious about the rhythm and frankness of poetry, but should focus on the artistic conception and momentum of poetry. As for the tone of poetry, it can be smooth.