Classical Chinese translation using respectful words and humble words

1. The Chinese meanings of common ancient words of respect and humility

Adverbs of humility

Adverbs of humility are used in classical Chinese to express self-effacement or respect for others. adverb. Such adverbs are often derived from verbs or adjectives. When they are verbs or adjectives, their meanings are concrete and real; when they become adverbs expressing humility, their actual meanings weaken or disappear, and they merely express a kind of politeness or euphemism.

Common adverbs of humility that express respect for others include "please", "respect", "fortunately", "sincerely", "hui", "humiliation", etc.

"Please" is originally a verb, meaning a request, and the object it brings can be either a noun or a verb. For example:

① Please make a request for it. ("Zheng Beike Duan Yu Yan")

② If you want to meet the uncle, please ask for help; if you can't, please get rid of him. ("Zheng Beike Duan Yu Yan")

③ The Marquis of Wei asked for an alliance, but the Jin people had no idea. ("Battle of Chengpu")

The request meaning of the adverb "please" has been weakened. It is used before a verb or a verbal phrase to express the respect of the other party. For example:

① He said to him: "As a loyal servant, you can fight. If you fight, please obey." ("Zuo Zhuan? Ten Years of Duke Zhuang")

② The city cannot be entered. , I invite you to return the completed jade to Zhao. ("Historical Records? Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

"Jing" is a verb, which means to respect, and often has a nominal object. For example:

① Respect ghosts and gods and stay away from them. ("The Analects of Confucius? Yong Ye")

② Respect the elderly and Salesians. ("Mencius? Gaozi II")

The adverb "Jing" is used before the verb to express respect for the other party, and is often used to express pride. For example:

① Confucius got off the car and came to see the visitor and said: "Confucius from Lu, I heard that the general has high righteousness, and I respect you again." ("Zhuangzi? Robber Zhi")

② The emperor moved and changed the appearance of the chariot to make people praise him: "The emperor respects the general." ("Historical Records? Jianghou Zhoubo Family")

"Xing" is used before the verb to express respect. , it is the behavior of the other party that makes you feel lucky and what you want. For example:

① The minister followed his plan, and the king was fortunate to pardon him. ("Historical Records? Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru")

② When I was marrying a wife for He Bo,... fortunately came to tell me. ("Historical Records? Funny Biographies")

"Jin" is originally an adjective, meaning cautious. When used before a verb to express respect for the other party, it indicates that the person making the action is serious and prudent. For example:

① I am sincere to Mr. Ruo’s words, and I would like to follow them in the spirit of the country. ("Historical Records? Biography of Lord Pingyuan")

② Chen Chang and others would like to discuss with Dr. Chen Ba.... ("Book of Han? Jie Guang Zhuan")

③ On the day of the ninth year of Yuanhe, Yongzhou Sima Yuan Tongzheng Liu Zongyuan came to the history museum. ("The Anecdotes of Duan Taiwei")

The usage of the humble adverb "Hui" evolved from the noun "Hui" with the meaning of favor. The adverb "hui" is added before the verb to indicate that a certain action performed by the other party is a favor to oneself. For example:

① The king favors his ministers and pays more attention to their fate. ("Guoyu? Jinyu")

② Today, my husband has not forgotten the meaning of Wen and Xiang, and he has been the successor of Uncle Huan. ("Historical Records? Jin Family")

"Hui" is often used before the verb "Gu". "Gu" means to show kindness and care for your family. For example:

① If you don't Forgetting the good deeds of the late emperor, he favored the state of Qi... ("The Marquis of Qi sent Yan Ying to invite his successor to Jin")

② If you patronize our city, care for the state of Jin, and give it to the lord, is it not just If you are a widowed monarch, you will be humiliated by the emperor and his subjects ("The Marquis of Qi sent Yan Ying to invite his successor to the Jin Dynasty")

The adverb "humiliation" also evolved from the verb, and is used before the verb to express the other party's utterance. A certain action is condescending. For example:

① If the king does not forget the good deeds of his ancestors, favors the state of Qi and humiliates the widow... ("The Marquis of Qi invites Yan Ying to succeed him in the Jin Dynasty"). )

② We have implemented political and criminal reforms, and the bandits have been punished. It is nothing like the humiliation of the subordinates of the princes, so we ordered the officials to complete the guest houses ("Zi Chan ruined the Jin Guan". "Yuan")

③ Qin Nu said: "My son, the crown prince of a country, is humiliated here. "("Shi Min? Jin Family") - Zi refers to Prince Hui of Jin Dynasty, who was pledged to Qin at that time.

④ In the past, people were humiliated and gave books, teaching them to be cautious in receiving things, and to promote talented scholars. (Sima Qian's "The Book of Ren An")

Adverbs expressing self-effacement include "dare", "fu", "steal", "忿", "foolishness", etc. "Dare" is used before the verb, indicating that the person who made the action is self-effacing and presumptuous, which seems not to be the case. "Fu" is often used in the speeches of ministers to the emperor to show their respect for the emperor. "Stealing" as an adverb means "privately", indicating that the comments or opinions expressed by the person expressing the opinion are personal and immature private opinions. "忿" is used before a verb to express that you are ashamed to hold a certain position or do something to express self-humility. The word "foolish" means that self-effacement and self-restraint lead to ignorance and ignorance. For example:

① If you are not ordered to do anything, you dare to bother the doctor and call him your second or third son. Please stay away from your carriage, respect your affairs, and ask the court to see you. ("The Battle of Chengpu")

② The minister is planning to attack, and it is most appropriate for the king to visit the ancestral temple of his great ancestor. ("Book of Han? Chronicles of Emperor Wen")

③ The minister heard that the officials were talking about expelling guests, and he thought it was too much. (Li Si's "Book of Remonstrance and Chasing Guests")

④ I have a great responsibility, and my righteousness lies in Anguo. ("Three Kingdoms? Book of Wei? Chronicle of Three Young Emperors")

⑤ If you are foolish enough to think about the affairs in the camp and consult them carefully, you will surely be able to make the formation harmonious and achieve good and bad results. (Zhuge Liang's "Chu Shi Biao") 2. Humility and respectful words commonly used in high school classical Chinese, please note that they are from classical Chinese

1. Use the word "despicable": when talking to others, talk about yourself or things related to yourself, Often a "mean" is added before certain words to express the speaker's humility.

For example: I (referring to oneself), despicable meaning (referring to one's own opinions), despised view (referring to one's own opinions). 2. Use the word "杝": When talking to others, refer to yourself or things related to yourself. Sometimes add the word "杝" before certain words to show humility.

For example: I (call yourself in front of others), I (call your last name), I school (call your school), I (call the place where you are or your home) . 3. Use the word "Bo": When communicating with others, humbly refer to things related to yourself. Sometimes you can add the word "Bo" to certain words.

For example: Bojiu (referred to as the wine used to entertain guests), Boji (referred to as one's own skills), Boli (referred to as gifts given by oneself), Bomian (referred to as one's affection when begging for mercy). 4. Use the word "dare": When making requests from others, add the word "dare" before certain action verbs to express that you are taking the liberty.

For example: Dare to ask (presumptuous to ask), Dare to please (presumptuous to request), Dare to bother (presumptuous to trouble you). 5. Use the word "mean": When speaking to others, humbly refer to your own things, and sometimes add the word "mean" before certain words that express things.

Such as: Ji surname (saying one's own surname), Ji Nei ("Nei" refers to the wife, that is, one's wife. In early vernacular, some people would modestly address themselves in front of others like this. Wife), mean things (the ancients called their private affairs). 6. Use the word "忿": When talking to peers or others, add the word "忿" before certain verbs to indicate that your behavior may have insulted others and you feel guilty.

Such as: 忿List (I am ashamed to be included in or among them), 忝zai (I am ashamed to be among them), and Ren (I am ashamed to take responsibility). 7. Use the word "小": When talking to others, sometimes you refer to yourself or people and things related to you. Words with the word "小" are often used.

For example: Xiaodi (a man’s last name is used to call himself modestly in front of friends), Xiaoer (called his son), Xiaonv (called his daughter), Xiaoke (used to refer to himself in vernacular in the past), Xiao People (referred to as oneself), Xiaosheng (young scholars refer to themselves), Xiaodian (referred to as one's shop to others), Xiaozhao (referred to as photos of oneself). 8. Use the word "clumsy": Sometimes when talking about one's own books or articles, the word "clumsy" is added before a certain noun to show humility in speaking.

Such as: Zhuo Zhuo (calling one's own works), Zhuo Zuo (calling one's own works), Zhuo Bi (calling one's articles or calligraphy and painting), Zhuo Jian (calling one's own opinions), Zhuo Jing (the ancients called themselves oneself) wife). 9. Use the word "fool": This word is often used when talking about oneself, indicating humility when speaking in front of others.

Such as: Yuxiong (humbly referring to oneself in front of people smaller than oneself), Yujian (humbly referring to one's own opinions). Foolishly thought (Qian said he thought).

10. Use the word "family": humbly address your senior or older relatives in front of others.

For example: Jiafu, Jiajun, Jiayan, Jiazun (referred to as one's father), Jiamu, Jiaci (referred to as one's mother), Jiaxiong (referred to as one's elder brother), Jiajie (referred to as one's elder sister).

11. Use the word "家": humbly address your lower-ranking or younger relatives in front of others. For example: Shedi (called his younger brother), Shemei (called his sister), Shenie (called his nephew) 12. Use the word "老": Used to refer to oneself or things related to oneself modestly.

For example: Laozhou (humbly calling oneself uneducated), Laosheng (older people calling themselves modestly), Laofian (older people talking about their own face in front of others), Laoshen (older women calling themselves). 2. Classification of respectful words 13. Use the word "worship": used for one's own actions.

Show respect for the other person. Such as: read (read the other party's articles), visit (visit the other party), pay homage (ask to see the other party), meet the other party (get to know the other party), please (entrust the other party to do something), pay a visit (meet the other party), thank you (thank the other party), pay a visit (to visit the other party), to bid farewell to the other party (to bid farewell to the other party), to congratulate the other party (to congratulate the other party), and to admire the other party (to admire the other party).

14. Use the word "chui": used for the actions of others (mostly elders or superiors) towards oneself, to express respect for the other party. Such as: Chuai (saying the other person's love for you in a letter), favoring (saying how much others value you), caring (saying others' inquiries about you, and also saying "inquiry"), cherishing (saying others' respect for you) miss).

15. Use the word "big": to refer to the other party or things related to the other party. For example: uncle (respectfully addressed as an older man), eldest brother (respectfully addressed as a man of similar age), eldest sister (respectfully addressed as a female friend or acquaintance), aunt (respectfully addressed as an older woman), uncle (respectfully addressed as an older man), Adult (referred to as elders in letters), Dajia (respectfully addressed as the other party), Da Ming (referred to as the other party’s name), Daqing (referred to as the birthday of the elderly), Dazhuo (referred to as the other party’s works), and Dazha (referred to as the other party’s letters).

16. Use the word "Fang": used for the other party or things related to the other party. For example: Fang Ling (call the other party's age, the other party should be a young woman), Fang Lin (call the other party's neighbor), Fang Ming (call the other party's name, the other party should be a young woman).

17. Use the word "Feng": used when one's actions involve the other party. Such as: fengda (tell, express), fengfa (reply), fengda (told) fengfa (return), fengda (accompanying), advise (advise), fengda (tell, express), fengda (give), fengying (welcome) fengzhi (entrust) The other party is doing things) 18. Use the word "bow": used in official documents to refer to the other party's actions towards you.

For example: overlooking (referring to the other party or superior's understanding of oneself), condescension (used to ask the other party to agree to assume a certain position), overlooking (referring to the other party or superior's understanding), condescending (referring to the other party or superior) permission). 19. Use the word "high": refer to things related to the other party.

For example: Gao Jian (referring to the other party’s opinion), Gao Jiu (referring to the other party leaving the original position to take a higher position) | Gaoling (referring to the old man’s age), Gao Shou (mostly used to ask the old man’s age) , Gaozu (referred to as other people’s students), Gao Lun (referred to as other people’s comments). 20. Use the word "light": used to say that the other party is coming.

For example: patronage (mostly merchants refer to the arrival of customers), visit (referred to as the arrival of customers). 21. Use the word "gui" to refer to things related to the other party.

For example: Guiqian (ask the other party what they want to do), Guigeng (ask the other party’s age), Guixing (ask the other party’s last name), Guichao (call the other party’s illness), Guizi (call the other party’s son) , your country (referring to the other party’s country. 3. Common respectful and modest words in ancient times and their meanings

Respectful words are often associated with modesty words.

Qianci are words that express modesty. , generally to oneself. Respectful words refer to words with a respectful tone, generally to others.

Commonly used words include order, worship, feng, hui, respectful, respectful, noble, high, big, respectful and please. , Qu, etc. 1. The word "ling" is used to refer to the other party's relatives.

For example: father: to call the other party's father; lingtang: to call the other party's mother; son: to call the other party's son; Ling'ai, Ling'ai: respectfully address each other's daughter; Ling's brother, Ling's brother, Ling's nephew, etc. 2. The word "worship" is used when one's actions involve the other party.

For example: to read: refers to reading the other party’s articles; to visit: to visit the other party; to worship: to admire the other party; to congratulate: to congratulate the other party; please: to ask the other party to do things; to visit: to visit the other party. 3. Feng The "Feng" family is used when one's actions involve the other party.

For example, admonish: tell; fenghuan: return; fengchai: accompany; advise: advise; fengfa, fengfa: give away. 4. Hui: The word "Hui" belongs to the family and is used for the other party's behavior towards you.

For example: Huicun (mostly used as the inscription when giving photos, books and other souvenirs): please keep; Huilin: refers to the other person coming to your place; patronage (mostly used in stores to customers) : Coming; Favor: Refers to the other party allowing you (to do something); Benefit: Refers to the other party giving (property, etc.) to you. 5. Gong The word "Gong" belongs to the family, which means treating each other respectfully.

Such as congratulations, congratulations, congratulations, congratulations, congratulations, etc. The most common ones are "Congratulations on getting rich" and "Congratulations on the New Year".

Extended information: Commonly used words: 1. Defending: refers to retaining the last championship title in the competition 2. Favor: a respectful speech, referring to a gift (property) from the other party 3. Favor: a respectful speech, referring to The other party allows him to do something. 4. My father: I am humble and call myself my father to others. 5. My mother: I am humble and call myself my mother to others. 6. Arrival: I am respectful and call the other party my arrival. 7. Seeing advice: I am humble and give advice (me). , such as "What do you think?" 8. Forgiveness: a humble word, which means asking for someone's understanding. 9. Borrow light: a humble word, used to ask others to facilitate themselves or to ask people. 10. Borrow: a humble word, which refers to borrowing the strength of other people. It is mostly used to express respect. Ci

Reference materials: Baidu Encyclopedia - Jingci. 4. Chinese meanings of common respectful and modest words in ancient times

1. Qianci 1. "家" character family: addressing others to one's senior or older relatives.

There are: family father (family strictness, family monarch, family respect) family mother (family kindness) family uncle, family brother, family sister. 2. The word family of "She": referring to one's lower-ranking or younger relatives to others.

(Some people summarize it as "the family is big and the family is small, and the outsiders are the outsiders". The word "ling" family is mentioned in the special "respect speech"): brother-in-law, sister-in-law, nephew-in-law, relative-in-law (humbly called One's own relatives), Shejian/Shexia (humbly referring to one's own home).

3. "小" character family: modestly referring to oneself or people or things related to oneself. For example: Xiaodi (a man calls himself modestly among friends or acquaintances), Xiaoer (his son), Xiaonu (his daughter), Xiaoren, Xiaoke (a person with a low status calls himself modestly), Xiaosheng (a young scholar calls himself), Xiaodian (his own store), Xiaolaoer (the elderly call themselves).

4. "老" word family: used by the elderly to humbly refer to themselves or people or things related to themselves. The main ones are: Laochan (old men call themselves humbly), Laoshen (old women call themselves humbly), Laoji (old monks call themselves humbly, such as "old beggar" and "old beggar"), Lao Ni (old nuns call themselves humbly) ), old face (old people refer to their own face), old rough (humbly saying that they are uneducated).

5. "Stupid" character family: used for one's own modesty. Such as: Yuxiong (calling yourself to someone younger than yourself), Yujian (calling one's own opinions).

6. "Zhuo" character family: Zhuo Zuo, Zhuo Zhu (humbly referring to one's own articles and writings), Zhuo Bi (humbly referring to one's own words, calligraphy and painting), Zhuo Jian (same as "Foolish View"), Zhuo Bi Jing (humbly called his wife). 7. "Contemptible/杝" character family: modestly referring to oneself or things related to oneself.

For example: I/我人 (humbly refer to oneself), despise, despise (humbly refer to one's opinions and opinions), 坝surname (humbly refer to one's surname), 杝区 (humbly refer to one's own house) , place), our school (humbly refers to the school where I am). 8. "Dare" character family: It means to ask others presumptuously.

For example: dare to ask (ask the other party a question), dare to bother (trouble the other party to do something), dare to ask (ask the other party to do something). 9. Other words (idioms) with the meaning of modesty.

Humble house (humbly referring to one’s own home)/Quan Zi (one’s own son) Wife (calling one’s wife to others)/Bold (describing boldness, mostly used as a modest word)/Xin Xi (respectfully knowing) ) / Sincerely (respectfully stated) / Guoyu (humble words, excessive praise) / Advising: giving advice to others, with a sense of respect or politeness), often saying "I would like to give you something more" and "Boldly speaking") / Later learning (Lagging scholars or scholars are often used as humble words)/Humble position (①Officials below the old system of prefectures and counties call themselves their superiors ②Humble titles for humble positions)/Ignorance (①People with few virtues ②The humble title of ancient princes ③The ancient princes The lady’s self-proclaimed) A stupid bird flies first, a plum blossom shines, throws bricks to attract jade, broomsticks, cherishes nothing, receives salary, makes people laugh, great talent, little knowledge, small skills, small skills, simple things, this heart is painted in the east, west, short, deep, class door, axe, avoid the virtuous road girl, make nonsense Expression of an inch of heart, a hole in the eye, a foolish corpse, a plain meal, a meal of insufficient importance, a letter, a scribbling, a branch of habitat 2. Respectful words 1. "Ling" character family: used for relatives of the other party or people who are related to the other party. For example: your father, your father-in-law, your son-in-law, your father-in-law, your brother-in-law, your brother-in-law, your sister-in-law, your sister-in-law, your nephew, your father-in-law, your father-in-law.

2. "Bai" word family: used when one's actions involve the other party. Such as: pay a visit (to visit the other party), say goodbye (to bid farewell to the other party), pay a visit (visit the other party), pay a visit (read the other party's articles), please (entrust the other party to do something), pay acquaintance (get to know the other party), congratulate (congratulate the other party), bow to you ( admire each other).

3. "Feng" character family: The usage is the same as above. Common ones are: admonish (tell), advise (advise), return (return), accompany (accompany), send (gift), entrust (please), fengda (tell), fengfu (reply).

The latter two are mostly used in letters. 4. "Gong" character family: means treating the other party with respect.

Commonly used ones are: congratulations (congratulations respectfully), invitations (respectfully invitations), waiting (waiting respectfully), greetings (greeting respectfully), and congratulations (congratulations on the other party's happy event). 5. "Gui" family: refers to things related to the other party.

For example: Guiqian (asking the person what they want to do), Guigeng (asking the person’s age), Guixing (asking the person’s last name), Guizhi (euphemistically calling the other person’s illness), Guizi (calling the other person Saadi’s son) , your country (the other country), your school (the other school). 6. "Gao" family: referring to other people's things.

There are: Gao Jian (sage opinions), Gaoshou (asking the age of the elderly), Gaotang (referring to parents), Gaozu (other people’s students), Gao Lun (other people’s opinions), Gao Ling (sixty years old) The age of the elderly above), Gaojie (refers to people taking a higher position after leaving their original position, and also used to inquire about the unit where others work). 7. "大" character family: respectfully address the other party or things related to the other party.

Such as: uncle, uncle, aunt, aunt, eldest brother, eldest sister, lord (referred to as elder in letters), master (respectfully addressed as monk), dajia (referred to as the other party), daiming, dazuo, dazha (the other party) letters), Daqing (the birthday of the elderly). 8. "Jing" family: One's own actions involve others.

For example: tell (tell), congratulate (congratulate), wait (wait for), please (please), salute (used at the end of a letter), admire (respect and admire), thank you (refuse to do something) thing). 9. "Please" word family: I hope the other person will do something.

For example: Excuse me (requesting the other party to answer a question), please come in (asking the other party to come in), please sit down (asking the other party to sit down). 10. "Hui" word family: the other party's actions toward you.

There are: Huicun (please save it. Used for the payment when giving photos, books and other souvenirs), patronage (coming.

Mostly used by merchants to customers), Huilin (meaning that the other party comes to you), Huilin (the other party gives you property), Huiyun (the other party allows you to do something). 11. "Cui" family: the actions of elders or superiors towards oneself.

Such as: inquiry/asking (others' inquiries about oneself), cherishing (the other's love for oneself), cherishing one's thoughts (others' longing for oneself), favoring (the importance others attach to oneself). 12. "Qu" character family: Asking others to do something.

For example: condescending (a grievance is great. Used to invite people), condescending (lowering status to condescend), condescending (acknowledging grievances and inviting people to take up positions), condescending (being in a lower position aggrievedly).

13. The word "push" family: used in official documents to refer to the other party's actions towards you. Such as: condescend (ask the other party to agree to assume the position), condescend. 5. In ancient times, how to say respectful and modest words when asking someone to send someone off in a hurry

In ancient times, when asking someone not to see someone off, they said: stay, stop, don’t see someone off, etc.

When the host sees off guests, the guests ask the host not to see them off.

China is a country with a long history of etiquette, and there are many respectful and modest words in Chinese. Jingci are words that express respect for others; Qianci are words that are used to express humility to oneself. For thousands of years, Chinese people have used many respectful and modest words in interpersonal communication, which fully reflects the characteristics of China, a country of etiquette. The use of respectful words and modest words can also reflect a person's cultural accomplishment.

The words of respect can be summarized as "the family is big, give up to the small, and treat outsiders", which means that when others call their elders and older peers, they call them "jia", such as "family father" (family strictness) ), family mother (family affection), family uncle, family brother, etc.; when referring to others who are younger than one's family members, the title "she" is used, such as brother-in-law, sister-in-law, nephew-in-law, etc.; when referring to people in other people's families (outsiders), Then the title "Ling" shows respect, such as your father's hall, your father's honor, your son, your love, etc.

Extended information:

1. Idioms to express respect:

To show your respect: polite words, mostly used to ask for forgiveness or accommodation.

Don’t hesitate to teach: Use it to ask others for their opinions or ask questions.

Help with all your strength: Help with great help (used to express requests or thanks).

Clean your ears and listen respectfully: Clean your ears and listen respectfully. Describes listening to others respectfully and carefully.

The house was full of distinguished friends: Noble friends filled the seats. Describes many guests.

Use big materials in small ways: Use big materials in small places. It is a metaphor that a person with high talents succumbs to a low position and cannot give full play to his talents.

2. Idioms expressing humility:

The stupid bird flies first: It means that you are poor in ability and may fall behind, so you are one step ahead of others.

To attract others' wise and mature opinions by using one's own superficial and immature opinions.

Peng Pi Sheng Hui: Used to thank others for coming to one's home or to thank others for sending inscribed calligraphy and paintings to one's home. Pengpi: the abbreviation of "Pengmenpihu". A thatched house with a door made of Pengcao and Jingzhu is used as a metaphor for a poor family.

I cherish a broken broom very much: I cherish a broken broom very much. It is a metaphor that no matter how bad your own things are, they are still worth cherishing.

Laughing generously: Refers to an expert joke. Yi means to leave; generous means a person with extensive knowledge or expertise.

Reward without merit: Remuneration without merit.