We have known each other for four years.

1. Look at the classical Chinese for the third time, and see how to say, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, what, why, what, what in the fourth time.

And 1. Used as a conjunction. Connectives, phrases and clauses can express various relationships.

(a) said the coordinate relationship. Generally, it is not translated, and sometimes it can be translated as "you".

For example, a crab kneels six times and pinches twice. ("encourage learning") (2) indicates a progressive relationship.

It can be translated as "and" or "and". For example, a gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself by towering into the sky.

("encourage learning") (3) means to undertake the relationship. It can be translated into "Jiu" and "Then" or not.

For example, Yu Fang was eager to return, but loudly sent it on the water. (Shi Zhongshan Ji) (4) indicates a turning point.

It can be translated into "but" and "indeed". Such as: green, from blue, green is blue.

("encourage learning") (5) represents a hypothetical relationship. It can be translated into "if" and "if".

For example, those who are interested can look forward to the horse. ("Feng Wanzhen") (6) indicates a modified relationship, that is, a connecting adverbial.

There is no translation. For example, I've been thinking about it all day ... ("Persuasion") I'm embarrassed.

(Said the snake catcher) 2. Used as a pronoun. Used only as the second person, usually as an attribute, translated as "yours"; Occasionally, it is also used as the subject and translated into "you".

For example, Weng Changquan, if you move to Beijing, you will wait on your mother day and night. 3. The disyllabic function word "just" is placed at the end of the sentence, indicating the modal auxiliary word of restriction, which is equivalent to "just".

For example: one person, one table, one chair, one fan and one foot. ("Stomatology") I have heard of Taoism, and there are specialties in the art, that's all.

Use 1. As a preposition. There are mainly the following situations: (1) tools, methods and others used to express actions and behaviors, which can be translated as "use", "take", "rely on", "use (rely on) according to what status, and so on.

For example, taking the old law as the country is the same. ("Check in") I would like to invite a garden with fifteen cities.

(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) is an introduction. "What are you fighting for?" Cao Gui asked. "("Cao Gui Debate ") The others on board are inferior.

(Battle of Red Cliffs) Da Zhongcheng's Wu is Wei's Personal Caretaker (Tomb of Five) (2) Serving as a guest, which can be translated as "Ba". For example, Qin did not give the city to Zhao, and Zhao did not give it to Qin Bi.

(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (3) The reason for action and behavior can be translated as "cause" and "cause". For example, it is impossible to resist the joy of the Qin Dynasty with a unique reason.

("Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru") It is too half to starve to death. (Battle of Red Cliffs) (4) The time and place of imported actions and behaviors are the same as "Yu" and can be translated as "In" and "From".

For example, in December of the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, I rode a snowstorm from Beijing ... as for Taian. (Climbing Mount Tai) Today, it is difficult to travel to Zhang Yu, Changsha, because there are many waterways there.

(The Biography of Hanshu Southwest) (5) The object usage of action behavior is the same as "He", which can be translated as "He" and "Cong"; Sometimes it can be translated as "lead" and "lead". For example, the world has changed, and the king cut Hanzhong and made peace with Chu.

(Warring States Policy) (Childe) wants to be a guest with Zhao. ("New Stealing Symbol to Save Zhao") 2. Used as a conjunction.

There are many similarities between the usage and "er", but it can't be used for turning relations. (1) indicates a coordinate or progressive relationship, and is often used to connect verbs and adjectives (including phrases centered on verbs and adjectives). It can be translated into "He", "He" and so on, or it can be omitted.

For example, if a foreigner is nearby, there will be many tourists ... ("Shan Jutu") (2) It indicates the inheritance relationship, and the action before "One" is often the means or way of action behind. It can be translated as "and" or omitted.

For example, Yu and four people hold the fire and enter ... (Mountain tour) (3) indicates the purpose relationship, and the action after "one" is often the purpose or result of the previous action. It can be translated into "er", "lai", "use" and "make it so".

For example, write "Shi Shuo" to make it last. ("Shi Shuo") collect money and send it.

It is not advisable to belittle yourself ... to block the way of loyalty and advice. ("Teacher's Watch") (4) indicates causality, which is often used before the clause indicating the reason and can be translated as "because".

For example, the princes invited more guests with their sons' virtue, and dared not add soldiers to seek Wei for more than ten years. The ancients ... were everywhere because of their profound thinking.

(The Travel Notes of Baochan) ⑤ indicates the modifying relationship, connecting the adverbial and the head language, which can be translated into "er" or omitted. For example, the trees are flourishing and the flowers are blooming in spring.

(Tao Yuanming's hometown speech) 3. Disyllabic function words "to be" and "to be" are equivalent to "therefore", which leads to rational development or inference. For example, many people take books as holidays ... (Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Yang) I remember them, lamenting Li Yuan's simplicity and laughing at Li Bo's rudeness.

(Shi Zhongshan Ji) is based on 19 years, and the blade is new. "Wei" is often used as a verb and preposition in classical Chinese, and can also be used as an auxiliary word.

Used as a verb, meaning "do". It can also be used to judge the word "yes".

These all belong to the category of notional words. Here are some usages of function words.

Used as a preposition. In addition to the passive voice, it is generally read out.

(a) the object of action and behavior. It can be translated as "Xiang" and "Right".

For example, there is a saying in China that "outsiders are not as good as people." (Peach Blossom Garden) ② stands for the substitution of action and behavior.

It can be translated as "substitution" and "giving". For example, when the world was rampant, it was for the Han family to get rid of the residue and filth ... ("Battle of Red Cliffs") was dedicated to me.

(The Hongmen Banquet) ③ indicates the time of action and behavior. It can be translated into "when" and "when".

For example, in order to come, I asked you to tie a man across the king. ("Yan Zi Shi Chu") 4 shows the purpose of action and behavior.

It can be translated as "for" and "for". For example, the bustling world is for the benefit; The world is bustling for profit.

(Biography of Historical Records and Huo Zhi) (5) Reasons for actions and behaviors. It can be translated as "because" and "because".

For example, I find it difficult, but I dare not quit and have no time to act. ("Knowing Cows") (6) indicates a passive relationship.

Reading rising tone can be translated as "Bei". "Wei" introduces the initiative of action; Sometimes there may be no initiative; Sometimes it is combined with "suo" to form "Wei suo" or "Wei suo".

2. This is a part of "The History of Song Dynasty, The Fork Road Biography".

"Look up the word Zhan Ran, Zhou Juan Xiuning people. Young and clumsy, it is rare to talk and laugh, like writing an inkstone. No crown, called by the word industry. Serve mother across the river, care for filial piety. When my mother was ill, she thought about making soup. Winter was bitter and cold, and the market didn't get it. Pray in the river, chisel the ice to get it, and get it back enough to make the mother recover.

At the beginning of the end arch, raise the Jinshi Gaodi. Kou Zhun recommended his talents and awarded Zuolang a book. When they arrived in Chunhua, the Shu soldiers rebelled and ordered Tao to pass the sentence to Suizhou. Those who make the two rivers fair and clean will be rewarded for their good faith. Secretary Cheng moved, and Russia moved. At that time, there were still people in the Kou Party who took danger as a barrier. His chief He summoned more than 200 disciples and stopped in front of the big wooden trough in Xichong, exposing the blade. The imperial edict requires it, but it hasn't been issued yet. Please send your troops to wait. "He is a fool," said the Taoist. "He wants to prolong his life because he is afraid of crime. Is there anything wrong with its party? " So I took some servants to ride alone in disguise, without a ruler and blade, and went to the thief for a hundred miles. I was scared at first sight, full of extroversion. Tao sat on Hu's bed with a smile and wrote him a letter. Or knowing it, he said, "magistrate, taste its benevolence, and would you rather hurt me?" In other words, lead troops to Luobai, shout confessions and give coupons to farmers.

In the first year of Tianxi, Zhou was famous all over the world. In autumn, the people felt sorry for the locust plague and didn't wait for the news. Officials gave them rice to help them and set up porridge to save the hungry. Four thousand welcome trees were planted for the people of Zhoumai, and the people relied on it to help them. They all live in more than ten thousand people. In May of the following year, he died, and the obituary came. Zhenzong cherished it and ordered his son to take Li Lang's car to pass on the funeral. "

Translation:

Tea ceremony, Zhan Ran, from Xiuning, Anhui. Cha Dao was calm and unsociable when he was young. He seldom talks and laughs, but he likes to be close to paper and inkstone. When I was a minor, I was famous for my poems. Later, the accompanying mother moved from Jiangbei to Jiangnan and became famous for her filial piety. Once, my mother was ill and wanted to eat mandarin fish soup. It was September, and mandarin fish could not be bought in the market. Chad went to the river and cried and prayed to the river god to cut through the hard ice and get a foot-long mandarin fish for his mother to eat. Soon, his mother recovered.

In the early years of Duangong, Daocha was admitted to Jinshi. Kou Zhun recommended him to be talented, and he was promoted to Zuo Lang. In the middle of Chunhua, Sichuan robbers rebelled against the court, and the court appointed Cha Dao as the chief judge of Suizhou (now Suining City, Sichuan Province). An envoy sent to Sichuan reported the achievements of Daocha to the court, and the emperor gave him a generous reward by imperial edict. Later, he was promoted to Secretary Cheng, and soon he was transferred to Nanchong City, Sichuan Province. At that time, bandits set up a fence in the cave according to the danger (to resist the imperial army), and the leader He gathered more than 200 followers and occupied Damucao area in Xichong (now Xichong County, Sichuan Province). The situation was tense (with the potential of being an enemy of the imperial court). The imperial court intends to win them over, but the imperial edict has not yet been issued. Everyone asked Chadao to send troops to destroy them. Cha Dao said, "They are ignorant people, and they plan to live on for fear of taking the blame. Aren't those minions misguided? " So, Chadao disguised himself and rode alone, without a foot of weapons, only with a few servants, and walked in the ravines of the deep mountains and forests for more than 100 miles before he came to the place occupied by robbers. The robbers were frightened and prepared to fight. The tea ceremony (arrived) calmly sat cross-legged on the Hu bed and clearly told them the intention of the court to win over. Among them, someone who knows Daoism said, "This person is a first-class scholar. I heard that he is very kind. Will such people harm us? " The robbers immediately dropped their weapons and knelt at the foot of Chadao, shouting forgiveness. Find out all the documents and let them go home to be farmers.

In the first year of Tianxi, the fork was transferred to Zhou as the magistrate. This autumn, Zhou suffered from a plague of locusts, and the people failed to harvest. Before the court could reply, Chadao opened the granary of the government to help the people, set up a porridge shed to save the people, and took out 4000 kinds of wheat as the seeds of spring for the people. Thanks to his help, the people were able to save more than 10 thousand lives. In May of the second year of Tianxi, Cha Dao died. When the obituary arrived in Beijing, Zhenzong regretted it very much and made an imperial edict to let his son and gift-giving official Zhao Xunzhi go to the funeral by car.

3. How to say "Yong" in ancient Chinese is also "Yong" in ancient Chinese.

Use yang

Explanation:

1, people or things play a role: make ~. ~ heart. ~ soldiers. ~ Wu.

2. Available: ~ products. ~ and.

3. politely refuse who has a meal: ~ rice.

4. money spent: fee ~. ~ item. ~ capital.

5, the effect of material use: workmanship ~. Have a gift.

6. Need (mostly negative): Don't talk too much.

7, therefore: ~ here.

"Yong" in ancient Chinese prose;

1, Zhan Rongchuan in Ming Dynasty

Twenty-two years, the right is the governor of Gansu. Lu Migong sent more than 90 people to stay in Ganzhou, and the company commander Yang Xin drove the imperial coach, one of the ten deaths. Rong Yan said: "He came with good things, but he used them as Depth Charge, losing the hearts of the people, which shows that China is weak."

Translation of vernacular Chinese: In the 22nd year of Jiajing (Zhan Rong), more than 90 people were stranded in Gansu Province with tributes from Lu, assistant minister of the Ministry of War and governor of Youdu. Yang Xin, the company commander, drove them to fight the Mongolian army, and one-tenth of them died. Uncle Zhan said: "Lu sent messengers to make friends for both sides, but we drove them away to fight against Mongolian soldiers." This will lose the hearts of people far away, and people will think that the Central Plains is weak. "

2. Biography of Zhang Wenkui in the New Tang Dynasty.

Ji said, "I have no suspicion of inaction. If one is not so determined, then give a knife to break the fruit; Some people are born with less inspections, so they are given a belt to keep them tied. If you are talented, you can give nothing. How can you use it? "

Li Ji said, "Don't be suspicious. Like so-and-so at home, he hesitated and lacked decision, so I gave him a sabre to make him decisive: if someone at home indulged and lacked discipline, I gave him a jade belt to make him abide by various rules and regulations. As for your talent, there is nothing you can't display, so what gift do you need? "

3. Huai Nan Zi Dao Ying Xun

Therefore, it can be thin without details, and it is also used by people.

Therefore, there are no people with low status and poor ability. The key lies in how wise monarchs use them.

Extended data:

Related words

1, supply [yǐ ng p ǐ n]

Article uses: life ~. Office.

2. Daily use

Daily living expenses: part of the money is spent and the rest is saved.

3, in [zh not ng yò ng]

The most important thing; Useful (mostly negative): It's really a pity that this is not done well.

Step 4 push hard

Use strength; Push: ~ shout. ~ push the door open.

Step 5 don't use it

In fact, there is no need: ~ introduction, we know each other. We're all on our own. You're welcome.

This article is an allegorical story.

The article describes that in ancient times, two children relied on their own intuition. One thinks that the sun is close to people in the morning, and the other thinks that the sun is close to people at noon. For this reason, they hold their own opinions and argue endlessly, even a knowledgeable person like Confucius can't make a judgment. This story shows that in order to understand nature and explore objective truth, we must dare to think independently and question boldly; It also shows that the universe is infinite and knowledge is infinite. Even the most knowledgeable people will know something and learn endlessly.

This story can be understood in three parts. Write the argument between Confucius and Lu Yu first, and point out the time, place, characters and reasons of the story.

Two children put forward two completely different views on how far the sun is from the earth at different times. Then write about two children who use the intuition (vision and touch) that people can experience in their daily lives to clarify their views in order to refute each other's views.

Finally, I wrote that the argument between Confucius and the two children was inconclusive, which led them to "laugh". The full text is only a hundred words, but it can give people a lot of inspiration.

It is the characteristic of language expression to express characters and unfold stories through dialogue description, which shows the innocence and loveliness of two children and Confucius' scientific attitude of being modest and seeking truth from facts. The main purpose of writing this article is to let students understand the language characteristics of ancient Chinese, and at the same time realize that knowledge is endless and learning is endless.

The difference in meaning between ancient and modern times is the difficulty in learning this article. For example, the meaning of "going" in "I want to be close to people when the sun rises" is different from that commonly used in modern times.

In addition, there are few words such as "who" and "ru" in modern Chinese, and such words should be understandable by students. The following translations are for reference only.

Confucius went to the East to study and saw two children arguing on the way. Confucius asked them why they argued.

A child said, "I think the sun is close to people when it first comes out, and far away from people at noon." Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it first comes out and close to people at noon.

The previous child said, "The sun was as big as a hood when it first came out, and it was like a bowl at noon. Isn't it far small and near big? " Another child said, "It's cool as soon as the sun comes out, and it's hot when you put your hand into hot water at noon. Isn't it cool to be near hot and far hot? " Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right and wrong. The two children smiled and said, "Who says you know much?" Second, the learning goal 1. Learn three new words in this lesson and make sense according to the notes after class.

2. Read the text with emotion. Recite the text and repeat the story.

3. Understand the content of the text, learn the spirit of the ancients who are good at thinking and boldly questioning, so as to understand nature and explore the truth, and Confucius? How about the sofa? [6] What about defecation? Dental caries? Hey? Where is the car? Iii. Teaching suggestions 1. Before class, the teacher can refer to the scientific common sense involved in the text. Students can also be arranged to ask, "Does the distance between the sun and the earth change during the day?" ? Why does the sun look big in the morning and small at noon? Why does it feel cold in the morning and hot at noon? ".

Although this article is concise, it is still difficult for students to read and understand the different meanings of ancient and modern words. For example, the modal particle "Hu", which rarely appears in modern texts, appears three times in the article. There are three steps to solve this difficulty.

(1) After reading the text, students can understand the meaning of each sentence according to their notes. For students who don't understand, the teacher can give them a little guidance to let them understand the context.

(2) Read repeatedly to understand the story. (3) Tell this story in your own words.

This story contains profound truth. Teachers can organize students to discuss and exchange their ideas after reading this text.

Students should be encouraged to speak freely and feel from multiple angles. For example, two children like to explore, and their spirit is commendable; Two children know things from different angles and have different results; Confucius can treat children's problems correctly and seek truth from facts.

At the end of the article, Confucius was "uncertain", so students should know that many natural phenomena are common-sense scientific knowledge for us, but in ancient times, it was difficult to solve the mystery because of underdeveloped technology, so Confucius' "uncertainty" was understandable. It can be seen that the universe is big and the knowledge is wide, up and down, although the wise can't know everything.

Confucius did not "think he knew what he didn't know", but adopted a realistic attitude of "knowing what he knows is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing". So when teaching, don't take Confucius as the theme to understand.

For beginners of classical Chinese, repeated reading is the most important method. When studying this article, we should pay attention to guiding reading aloud.

Read the article aloud and read the pause in the sentence according to the following tips. Confucius traveled eastward to see/two children/debate and asked him why.

A son said, "I started from the day when I was near and the day when I was far away." A child goes far at the beginning of a day and comes near at the beginning of a day.

A son said, "when the sun rises, it is as big as the hood of a car, and at noon, it is like a dish." Isn't this/the far is small/the near is big? " A son said, "It's cool at sunrise and cool at noon, like exploring soup. Is it not hot near/cold far away? " Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong. The two children smiled and said, "Who/for you/for Zhihu?" The description of two children's language and dialogue is the key point for teachers to guide students to read aloud.

In the second paragraph, the two children put forward completely different views on the distance between the sun and the earth at different times, so students should be instructed to read their views and uncompromising attitudes in a positive tone. In the third and fourth paragraphs, the two children put forward reasons to prove their views and refute each other's views according to their own feelings and experiences.

The two paragraphs are consistent in sentence structure and structure, and both end with rhetorical questions, so we should pay attention to the reading of rhetorical questions. Among them, "As Big as a Car Cover" and "As Soup as Soup" should be re-read, while "As a Vegetable Bowl" and "The Vicissitude of the Beam" should be read lightly, so that they can be read in a contrasting tone, forming a confrontation between the two peaks, which needs to be solved urgently.

In the fifth paragraph, when two children saw that Confucius could not govern the country, they laughed and said, "Who is Zhihu?" Rhetorical questions are also used. What is clear here is that the laughter of the two children is not ironic. Students should be instructed to read a lively and relaxed tone to show their innocence and cuteness. To guide students to read classical Chinese, we should pay attention to model reading and reading guidance.

On the basis of students understanding the content of the article and reading the full text with emotion, guide students to read in different roles and try to recite it in class. 5. Expand after class.

It is suggested to arrange a Chinese practice activity and perform "New".