About the composition of sentences.

1. Sentences have five basic structures: subject-predicate, subject-predicate object, subject-predicate object complement, subject-predicate double object and subject system table.

Subject: noun (noun), pronoun (pronoun. ), numeral (num. ), nominalized adjectives (adj.), adverbs (adv.), nominalized prepositions (prep. ), infinitive (to do), gerund (doing), nominalized participle, prepositional phrase and clause.

1. Noun is the subject.

A tree fell across the road. A tree fell across the road. )

Small rivers provide water for big rivers. A small river flows into a big river. )

2. Pronouns are used as subjects.

You are not far wrong.

He told a joke, but it didn't work. He told a joke, but it didn't make people laugh.

3. Numerals are used as subjects.

Three is enough. Three is enough.

Seven MINUS four leaves three. Seven minus four plus three.

4. Nominalized adjectives are used as subjects.

Idlers are forced to work. Lazy people are forced to work.

Old and young March side by side. Old and young walk side by side.

5. Adverbs are used as subjects.

Now is the time. Now is the time.

Do it carefully. Be careful.

6. Nominalization preposition as the subject.

The ups and downs of life must go with the times. We must bear the ups and downs of life.

7. The infinitive is used as the subject.

Finding your way may be a problem. Whether you can find the way may be a problem.

Nice to see him again.

8. Gerund is used as subject.

Smoking is harmful to you. Smoking is harmful to you.

Watching movies is enjoyable, but making a movie is hard work. Watching movies is a pleasure, but making movies is hard work.

9. Nominalized past participles are used as subjects.

Disabled people will get more money. Disabled people will get more benefits.

The fallen die of old age. The deceased died of old age.

10. Prepositional phrases are used as subjects.

It's not far to Beijing. It's not far from Beijing.

It takes three hours to ride from Yan 'an to Nanniwan. It takes three hours from Yan 'an to Nanniwan.

The 1 1. clause is used as the subject.

Whenever you are ready. When you are ready.

Just because Sally wants to leave doesn't mean we have to leave. We can't say that Sally is leaving, so are we.

Predicate: The position usually comes after the subject. Predicates may be composed of simple verbs and verb phrases.

1. It consists of simple verbs.

What happened? What happened?

He worked hard all day today. He worked hard all day today.

The plane takes off at ten o'clock. The plane takes off at ten o'clock.

2. Predicates composed of verb phrases.

I’m reading a book. I am reading a book.

What have you been up to? What have you been doing for half a day?

You can do it as long as you work hard. You can do it as long as you work hard.

③ Predication: The function of predication is to express the characteristics, status and identity of the subject. It is located after the connecting verb, forming the so-called system table structure. In the clock of system table structure, the connecting verb is only a formal predicate, and the second one is the predicate that really plays the role of predicate.

Words that can be used as predicative include nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, gerunds, participles, prepositional phrases and clauses.

1. consists of nouns.

The wedding was held on that Sunday. The wedding was held on that Sunday.

2. Composed of pronouns

I see. That's it.

3. It consists of numbers

Seven of us. There are seven of us.

Consists of adjectives

Are you busy? Are you free?

5. Composed of adverbs

Are you there? Are you listening? (telephone language)

Is anybody there? Is there anyone inside?

6. It consists of infinitives.

All I could do was to wait. All I could do was to wait.

My answer to his threat was to hit him on the nose. My answer to his threat was to hit him on the nose.

7. Composed of gerund

Compliment is lying. Compliment is lying.

Is this very demanding? Is this too high?

8. It consists of past participles

I am very surprised at this. I'm surprised at this.

I am satisfied with what he has done. I am satisfied with what he has done.

9 consists of prepositional phrases

She is in good health. She is very healthy.

The performance is from seven to ten, and the performance time is from seven to six.

10. Consists of clauses.

Is that why you are angry? Is that why you are angry?

This is the place where I first met her. This is the place where I first met her.

Object: it mainly acts as the receiver of the action in the sentence, so it is usually placed after the transitive verb.

Can be used as objects: nouns, pronouns, numerals, nominalized adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, gerunds, nominalized participles, clauses, etc.

1. consists of nouns.

Do you want a drink? Do you want a drink?

2. Composed of pronouns

They won't hurt us.

3. It consists of numbers

5 plus 5 is 10. Five plus five equals 10.

4. It consists of nominalized adjectives

I will do my best. I'll do my best.

5. Composed of adverbs

He left there last week. He left there last week.

6. It consists of infinitives.

Is she really going to leave home? Is she really leaving home?

7. It consists of nominalized word segmentation.

He never does anything unexpected. He never does anything surprising.

8. Composed of clauses

Do you understand what I mean? Do you understand what I mean?

⑤ Complement: a sentence component that complements the meaning of subject and object.

When 1. is used as the subject complement, the notional word is usually placed before the subject and followed by a comma.

Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. I was tired and sleepy, so I went to bed.

Sometimes it can be placed after the subject with commas before and after it, which is similar to an unrestricted attribute.

That man is incredibly cruel and won't listen to their entreaties. That man is undoubtedly cruel and won't listen to their entreaties.

2. Nouns, adjectives, infinitives, gerunds, participles and prepositional phrases can all be used as object complements.

They named the child Jimmy. They named the child Jimmy. (Nouns are used as conjunctions and complements)

My mother looks very young. You will think that she is my sister. My mother is very gentle, and you will think that she is my sister.

He boiled the eggs. She boiled the eggs well. (Adjectives are used as object complements)

I find this book very interesting. I found that book very interesting. (Adjective phrases are used as object complements)

Comrades want Dr. Bethune to hide. Comrades want Dr. Bethune to hide. (infinitive is used as object complement)

I call it robbing Peter to pay Paul. I call it robbing Peter to pay Paul. (Verb noun-object complement)

Don't take his kindness for granted. Don't take his friendliness for granted.

⑥ Attribute: Attribute is a word or a group of words used to explain the nature and characteristics of nouns (pronouns).

Adjectives, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adverbs, infinitives, gerunds, participles, prepositional phrases, clauses and sentences can all be used as attributes.

1. There are many adjectives used as attributes.

She is a born musician. She is a born musician.

He must be the best violinist alive. He must be the best violinist alive. (post-attributive)

2. Nouns are used as attributes. such as

A baby girl. Baby girl

well

Sports car two-seater light car

A fool's paradise, a dream paradise

2. Pronouns are used as attributes.

Your hair needs cutting. It's time for you to get a haircut. (Possessive pronouns are used as attributes)

Everyone's business is nobody's business. Everyone is responsible, but no one is responsible. (indefinite pronouns's possessive case is an attribute)

3. Numbers as attributes

There's only one way to do it. There's only one way to do it.

Do it now, you may not get a second chance. Do it now, and you may never get another chance.

The original word is used as a postattribute: 24 pages 20 1 year 1949.

Adverbs are often used as attributes.

The room upstairs The room upstairs The way out for the world today has a day off today.

5. infinitives are used as attributes

Her promise to write a letter was forgotten. She forgot to promise to write a letter.

That's what I did. That's what I did.

6. Gerund is used as an attribute.

Crutches crutches sleeping pills sleeping pills eating utensils tableware learning methods learning methods

7. Partitions act as attributes

A sleeping child, an alcoholic, an alcoholic, a retired worker, a withered flower, a withered flower.

7. Preposition phrases are used as attributes.

This is a map of China. This is a map of China.

The wildness in his eyes speaks louder than words. His fierce eyes could not be explained more clearly.

8. Clauses are attributive, that is, attributive clauses.

The car parked outside is mine. The car parked outside is mine.

I noticed your car was hit by another car outside. I saw your car outside. It was hit by another car.

⑦ appositive: When two sentence components of the same thing are placed in the same position, one sentence component can be used to explain or explain the other sentence component, which is called the same predicate of the latter.

Can be used as attributes: nouns, pronouns, numerals, infinitives, gerunds, phrases, clauses, etc.

1. There are many nouns used as synonyms.

We have two children, a boy and a girl. We have two children, a boy and a girl.

We in China are determined to build China into a strong and prosperous country. We in China are determined to build China into a strong and prosperous country.

2. Pronouns are used as synonyms.

They all want to see him. They all want to see him.

Let's get to work, Oliver. Let's go to work.

3. Numerals are used as the same predicate.

Are you two ready? Are you two ready?

The two of them went and the three of us stayed. They both went, and the three of us stayed.

The infinitive and gerund are used as the same predicate.

Their recent proposal to focus on primary education met with opposition from some people. Their recent proposal to focus on primary education met with opposition from some people.

The first plan, the night attack, was rejected. The first plan was a night attack and was rejected.

5. phrase 5. Of is used as the same predicate

The Art of Writing in Rome

The vice of smoking, the hobby of smoking.

6. Clauses use the same predicate, that is, the same predicate appears repeatedly.

The news that we will have a holiday tomorrow is not true. The news that there will be a holiday tomorrow is not true.

We're not investigating his trustworthy problems. We are not investigating whether he can be trusted.

Adverbial: it is a sentence component that modifies verbs, adjectives, adverbs and the whole sentence.

Adverbs, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, infinitives, participles, prepositional phrases and clauses can all be used as adverbials.

1. Adverb is the most commonly used adverbial with flexible usage, which can be placed at the end, beginning and middle of a sentence.

He doesn't speak the language well, but he reads it well. He doesn't speak the language well, but he has a good reading ability.

Naturally, we want hotel guests to lock the door. When we expect hotel guests to lock the door.

2. Adverbials can be divided into time, place, way, reason, result, purpose, condition, concession, degree, way, accompanying, etc.

(1). Adverbials of time are mostly located at the end and the beginning of sentences, and sometimes they can also be placed in sentences.

Shall we go shopping today or tomorrow?

China is now ahead of the world.

(2) Adverbials of places are often placed at the end of sentences, sometimes at the beginning and in sentences.

There are many fish in the sea.

She kissed her mother on the platform.

(3) Adverbials for reasons, including adverbials for reasons, are often placed at the end of sentences and sometimes at the beginning of sentences.

Tom lost his job because of illness.

I eat potatoes because I like them.

(4) Adverbials of results, mostly expressed by infinitives, participles and clauses, are often located at the end of sentences.

She suddenly woke up and found someone standing at the door.

She spoke so softly that I couldn't hear what she said.

(5) Adverbials of purpose, mostly expressed by infinitives, prepositional phrases and clauses, are often located at the end of sentences and can be placed at the beginning of sentences when emphasized.

He ran to the shelter. He ran to shelter from the rain.

In order to get into a good school, I must study harder.

(6). Conditional adverbial. Most of them are expressed by phrases and clauses, which are often placed at the end and the beginning of sentences.

We will be lucky to get there before dark.

What shall we say to him if he comes?

(7) Adverbials of concession are expressed by phrases and clauses, which are often placed at the end and the beginning of sentences.

Rich as he is, he seems unhappy. Rich as he is, he doesn't seem happy.

Although he didn't know me, he helped me.

(8). Degree adverbial. It is usually expressed by adverbs, prepositional phrases and clauses.

This lecture is very interesting.

To what extent will you trust them? How much do you trust them?

(9) Adjectives are often expressed in phrases and independent nominative cases. Right is at the end and beginning of the sentence.

My train leaves at six and arrives in Chicago at ten.

He stood there with a pipe in his mouth.