Let’s share how to do Chinese reading questions! !

Give me some points~~~(1) Metaphor. It is a rhetorical method that uses a specific, superficial, and familiar thing or situation to explain another abstract, profound, and unfamiliar thing or situation. Metaphor is divided into three forms: simile, metaphor and metonymy. The form of simile can be abbreviated as follows: A (noumenon) such as (metaphor: image, like, ruo, yu, like, as if) B (metaphor body). The form of metaphor can be shortened to: A is (metaphor: become, become, become, act as, transform into) B. Simile is a similarity relationship in form, while metaphor is a correspondence relationship. Metaphor: only the metaphor appears, and neither the ontology nor the metaphorical words appear. For example: The sparrow knows the ambition of the swan!

(2) Metaphorism. Instead of directly naming the person or thing you want to talk about, use a name that is closely related to the person or thing to replace it, such as using part instead of the whole; using concrete instead of abstract; using characteristics instead of ontology; using proper names instead of general names, etc. Such as:

① Don’t take advantage of the masses. (One needle and one thread represents all the property of the masses)

②Don’t eat from a big pot. ("Big pot meal" represents abstract "egalitarianism")

③A gray beard sits in the corner smoking a cigarette. (The gray beard represents the identity with characteristics)

④ Tens of millions of Lei Feng are active on the land of the motherland. ("Lei Feng" represents abstract communist thought with a concrete image)

(3) Comparison. A rhetorical method that treats people as objects or objects as people. The former is called objectification, and the latter is called personification. For example:

①As a human being, you should neither stick your tail up nor tuck your tail between your legs. (Imitation)

②The wax torch turns to ashes and tears begin to dry. (personification)

(4) Exaggeration. A rhetorical method that enlarges or reduces the description of the image, characteristics, functions, and extent of things. Such as:?

①The white hair is three thousand feet, and the fate is as long as the worry. ("Three thousand feet" is an exaggeration)

②Don't worry about things as big as sesame seeds. ("Sesame seeds" is an exaggeration of reduction)

③As soon as the sun came up, the ground seemed to be on fire. (The "coming out" of the former thing and the "fire" of the latter thing are exaggerated to the point that they appear almost at the same time. Some people call this exaggeration method advanced exaggeration)

(5) Contrast. It is a method of comparing two things or two aspects of the same thing side by side. For example:

① Worry about the world's worries first, and rejoice after the world's happiness.

② Zhumen smells of wine and meat, and there are frozen bones on the road.

(6) Duality. Use a pair of phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure and equal number of words to express relative or similar meanings. Such as:

① If you are full, you will suffer losses, but if you are modest, you will benefit.

② With a cold eyebrow and a cold finger, he bows his head and is willing to be a Ruzi Niu.

③If you want to see a thousand miles away, go to the next level. (Running water pair)

④Looking at the inside and outside of the Great Wall, there is nothing left but a vast river, and the river suddenly stops flowing. (Sector facing)

(7) Comparison. A method of combining several (usually three or more) phrases or sentences with related content, the same or similar structure, and consistent tone. Such as:

But this time there are a few things that surprised me. One is that the authorities can be so cruel, one is that the gossips are so bad, and one is that Chinese women can be so calm in the face of difficulties.

(8) Repeatedly. A method of making the same word or sentence appear again and again according to expression needs. Repetitions can be continuous or occur at intervals. For example:

① Brave the enemy’s artillery fire and move forward! Move forward! Move forward!

② Wherever the enemy attacks, we will destroy it. Wherever the enemy attacks, we will destroy it. Want it to perish somewhere.

(9) Irony. That is what is commonly called "telling irony" - the actual meaning to be expressed is the opposite of the literal meaning. For example: "Friends" no longer need to be "surprised", just feel free to share.

(10) rhetorical question. It expresses a definite meaning in the form of a question, so no answer is required. For example: Is it still appropriate for middle school teachers and girls to ride bicycles? ("The Man in the Condom")

(11) Question. In order to highlight what is being said, express it in the form of a question. For example: Who are these seven people holding? It is none other than Chao Gai, Wu Yong, Gongsun Sheng, Liu Tang, and San Ruan. Suppose the question is self-asking and self-answering.

In addition, rhetorical methods that appear more frequently in textbooks include: quotations, puns, thimbles (or "linked beads"), calls, duplications, warnings, synaesthesia, euphemisms, taboos, etc. .

An analysis of several easily confused figures of speech

1. The difference between metonymy and metonymy.

Analysis: Metonymy and metonymy are rhetorical techniques that can be easily misjudged if you are not careful. They have similarities and differences:

Similarities: They both use one thing to replace another. A thing, the thing itself does not appear.

Differences: ①Meonymy is a kind of metaphor. There are similarities but no correlation between the two things being compared and used for comparison. The function of metonymy is "metaphor", although there are also substitutions. function, but there is always generation in the metaphor. Therefore, even if there is no metaphor word "image" between the noumenon and the metaphor, the word "image" can be added to replace it with a simile. ②Methodology is to use related things to replace the things to be expressed. The function of metonymy is to "call the thing that is borrowed", that is, to directly refer to the borrowed object as the ontology. It is only metaphorical. There is no similarity between the ontology and the borrowed object, only correlation. This is the basis of metonymy, that is, it requires similarity in certain aspects of the borrowed object and the ontology. Therefore, the word "like" cannot be added to replace it with a simile. For example, the "perfect fly" in "A warrior with shortcomings is still a warrior, and a perfect fly is just a fly after all" is a metaphor, referring to those reactionary guys. Changed to a simile, it could be written in the form of "Reactionary guys are like flies." "Gange" and "Yan'an" in "A century of weakness and sighing, eight years of fighting in Yan'an" are metaphors. "Gange" represents the Anti-Japanese War, and "Yan'an" represents the Communist Party of China. These are concrete things. Modern abstract things cannot be replaced by similes. It would be a joke to describe it as "the Anti-Japanese War is like a war" or "the Communist Party of China is like Yan'an". The reason why they can be substituted is that the ontology and borrowing are closely related: Gangge is a weapon and is related to war; Yan'an is a revolutionary holy place and is related to the Communist Party of China.

2. The difference between metaphor and comparison.

2. In analogy, the noumenon and the "mimic" blend with each other, and the noumenon must appear, while the "mimic" generally does not appear; the noumenon and the metaphor of the metaphor are one master and one slave, and the noumenon or metaphor is a slave. Appear or not, the metaphor must appear. )

Metaphor and comparison are both rhetorical means to enhance the image of language, but they are two different ways of rhetoric. The junior high school textbook says: "The emphasis of metaphor is on 'metaphor', that is, to treat thing A as thing B, and the two things A and B have masters and slaves; the emphasis on analogy is to 'imitate', that is, to treat thing A as thing B, and two things A and B are integrated into each other. , integrated. "This is only a general principle of distinction, and I think it must be further explained as a whole.

(1) Metaphor and comparison have different natures and different functions. Metaphor is to compare another thing that has similarities with the original thing, that is, to make an analogy; there must be similarities, and through similarities Connect the ontology with the metaphor, arouse people's associations, and make people understand things more concretely. Analogy is simulation. It uses the characteristics of thing B (including names, actions, behaviors, etc.) to write about thing A, or in other words, "imposes the characteristics of thing B onto thing A. Things B are generally alive and can Activity and emotion; it is more concrete and real than thing A, so things that were originally more abstract and less real become concrete and real, which of course adds to the vividness of language. It can be seen that metaphor emphasizes the relationship between things A and B. Similarity, metaphor is to compare the ontology with a metaphor, focusing on the "metaphor", while analogy is to imitate the characteristics of the "subject" (the thing being simulated), focusing on the simulation; using the different characteristics between them, Integrating the two bodies into one is the most important sign of distinguishing metaphors and comparisons. Please see the following examples:

(1) The old friend has become a turtle in the urn, so let’s just forget about it for the time being. (Xu Haidong " "Foundation Ceremony")

(2) He is indeed a bit like an oak tree, strong, silent, and energetic (Lao She's "Camel Xiangzi")

(3) Moon One. When it appears, the stars in the sky disperse in shock (Yang Shuo's "Pyramid Night Moon")

(4) The truth will not bend (Zang Kejia's "Victorious Biao")

Example (1) Taking the turtle in the urn to be captured illustrates the enemy's situation at that time. There are similarities between the two.

It can give people a concrete image. This is a metaphor. Example (2) From the tree. The appearance characteristics are associated with the appearance and temperament characteristics of the appearance. The two have similarities and are also metaphors.

Example (3) "The moon" and "stars" are originally inanimate creatures, and do not have the characteristics of "appearing" or "dispersing". Now, they are described with the characteristics of biological creatures. Just to make the mood realistic and vivid on the paper, this is a comparison. Example (4) Personifying and visualizing the invisible abstract object "truth" is also a metaphor.

(2) The sentence structure of metaphor and comparison is different. A metaphorical sentence consists of three parts: ontology, metaphor and metaphor. Although metonymy does not appear in metaphors and entities, it can be transformed into similes and metaphors that have metaphors and entities. No matter what kind of metaphor it is, there is always a metaphor; metaphorical sentences mainly use imagination to simulate the ontology into a certain behavior, action or modality of a person or an object. Whether it is personification or object simulation, there is always no metaphor. For example, "East and West Chang'an Street has become a noisy teaching" (Yuan Ying's "October Chang'an Street"). This is a metaphor, consisting of the ontology (Chang'an Street), the metaphor (the sea), and the metaphor (cheng). It is also like "our hearing has been separated by a sad thick barrier" (Lu Xun (Hometown)). This is a metaphor for the gap between "I" and Runtu. It hides both the noumenon and the metaphor, and only uses the metaphor to replace the noumenon. Another example is "The waves sing and rush high into the sky to meet the thunder" (Gorky's "Petrel"). This is an anthropomorphic sentence, describing the "wave" as a person and giving it some human actions, thoughts and feelings.

Although metaphors and comparisons are two rhetorical figures that are partisan and easily confused, as long as we grasp the key to distinguishing the two, it will be clear at a glance.

3. The difference between metaphor and symbol.

Analysis: Conceptually, metaphor is a linguistic means of modifying words and sentences to visualize language, and it belongs to the category of linguistics, while symbolism uses some specific images to make people associate and express related things. Certain abstract concepts, thoughts, and feelings related to each other, as well as artistic creation techniques that express the theme of the work, belong to the category of literature and art.

From the perspective of application, some use symbols to conceive the whole text, some use symbols to depict the main characters, and some use symbols to suggest, create atmosphere or express emotions. In short, the symbolic meaning has an overall significance, while metaphors Often limited to local areas.

From a characteristic point of view, symbols use objects to represent objects, and concrete objects represent abstract objects, which are implicit, while metaphors use objects to compare objects, and concrete objects are used to express concrete objects, which is distinctive.

For example: Ba Jin's "Lamp" uses light as a symbol of light throughout, as a symbol of people's ideals, hope, strength and victory; Gorky's "Petrel" uses petrels to symbolize the fearlessness of revolutionary pioneers and prophets. The revolutionary spirit; the "red and white garland" in "Medicine" symbolizes the hope and prospect of the revolution. However, the "big house" in "Brotherhood" is only used to metaphor Chinese and foreign culture and has no symbolic meaning. Of course, in some articles, symbols also contain metaphorical qualities. They are symbols in terms of expressing abstract spirits, and they are metaphors in terms of expressing specific people. Even so, symbol and metaphor are separate.

4. The difference between parallelism and duality: (see textbook)

1. Symmetry and parallelism. Duality is two linguistic units, while parallelism is three or more linguistic units. Duality must be symmetrical. Parallelism requires that the structure is generally similar, and the number of words is not very strict.

2. Parallelism often uses the same word as each other's revealer, so that the lines are connected to each other and give people a sense of compactness and density. In a typical couplet, the upper and lower couplets do not emphasize words.

3. For duality, it is better to have an even match, but for parallelism, there is no such requirement.

5. The difference between hypothetical and rhetorical questions.

Analysis: Hypothetical questions do not express affirmation or denial, but rhetorical questions clearly express affirmation or denial; hypothetical questions mainly raise questions, attract attention, and inspire thinking, while rhetorical questions mainly strengthen the tone, Use a definite tone to express the author's own thoughts. For example: "Now we want to learn from foreign countries. In the future, when we have transformed from backwardness to advanced, do we still need to learn from them? At that time, foreign countries still have many good things worth learning, and we still have to learn from others. What's wrong with this? What?" In these sentences, both hypothetical questions (the former question) and rhetorical questions (the latter question) are used.

4. There are three situations in the comprehensive use of figures of speech:

1. Combined use - a sentence, from this point of view, uses a certain figure of speech, from another point of view Another trope is used. For example: Some of our comrades like to write long articles, but they have little content. They are really "lazy women's bound feet, long and smelly". ((Opposition stereotyped writing))

Used both as a metaphor and as a quotation.

2. Co-use - two or more different figures of speech are used in succession in a sentence. For example: "When the sun rises, the flowers on the river are as red as fire, and when spring comes, the river is as green as blue." This is the spring of revolution, this is the spring of the people, and this is the spring of science! Let us open our arms and embrace this spring warmly! ("Spring of Science") First quote, then parallelize, and then use personification.

3. Application - a sentence, taken as a whole, uses a certain figure of speech, but when viewed separately, it contains other figures of speech. For example: Isn’t the Yellow River shining faintly over there? The winding thing at the foot of the mountain is naturally the Wen River; the countless little steamed buns guarding the knees of Mount Tai are actually famous mountains such as Julai Mountain. ("Taishan Peak") Use rhetorical questions, metaphors, personification, and exaggeration in parallelism.

5. Analysis of typical test questions.

1. The following sentences without analogies are:

A. The chimney whined, as if choking in the dark night.

B. The flowers and plants bent by the storm stretched out as if they had just woken up from sleep.

C． The forest buildings in the distance are shining brightly, just like the eyes of a girl, which makes people's hearts agitate.

D. The water drops nestled on the petals and green leaves are shining with golden light, like pearls shining with brilliance.

2． The following sentence is different from the other three sentences in its rhetorical use:

A. These days are as lively as the holidays. B. Vegetables there are as expensive as fruits.

C． His face was as white as paper. D. The mice here are as big as cats.

Analysis:

This example tests the ability to distinguish correct and incorrect rhetorical methods. Comparison is also called personification. Example ① also tests the ability to distinguish between personification and metaphor. The chimney in sentence A is "choking", the flowers and plants in sentence B are "stretching", and the water droplets in sentence D are all using personification. Sentence C uses a metaphorical technique, comparing the shining "forest house in the distance" to "the girl's eyes". So the answer is C. Example ② tests the ability to distinguish metaphorical sentences and comparative sentences. The ontology and metaphor that constitute a metaphor should be different types of things with different properties but similarities. Three sentences A, C, and D can constitute a metaphor. The "vegetables" and "fruits" in sentence B are things of the same nature. The "same" in the sentence is just their price, which is a comparison. So, the answer is B.

Example ① and Example ② represent two testing methods. In Example 1, the question stem provides a comparison of the object of analysis. To answer this type of question, you can directly start with the object of analysis to find sentences that do not use this technique. Example ② is that the question stem does not provide the object of analysis. To answer this type of question, first summarize what the object of analysis (rhetorical method) is from the "three sentences", and then find a sentence that is different from the object of analysis. If the object of analysis is summarized If you get it wrong, you won’t be able to answer the question accurately. Therefore, generally speaking, the latter testing method is more difficult.

3. Among the following sentences, the inappropriate use of metaphors is ( )

A. He was carrying two bags and walking breathlessly, as if he were stepping on cotton.

B. With a submachine gun slung across his body, the little soldier rushed forward on the rugged mountain road, his steps as light as stepping on cotton.

C． A group of fairies stepped on the cotton-like clouds, slowly drifting into the distance with the faint fairy music.

D. She suddenly caught a glimpse of a big snake in the middle of the road, with its head raised and its mouth wide open. She suddenly felt as if her feet were stepping on cotton.

[Analysis]The answer is B. In sentence B, the footsteps "stepping on cotton" should feel soft and weak, which cannot be compared with "light

fast".

4． One of the following sentences uses rhetorical methods appropriately and really enhances the effect of expression: ( )

A. Children overseas are homesick, homesick, homesick, and this feeling lasts forever.

B. His words had no substance and were all like war drums.

C． Dandelions hold small yellow umbrellas on their soft stems, standing guard on both sides of the road.

D. Personal self-study, personal efforts, and personal independent research are important; but appropriate discussions, mutual discussions, and collective discussions are also necessary.

[Analysis]The answer is A. Item A uses repeated rhetorical techniques to express a strong homesickness. Item B

It is inappropriate to compare empty words to "war drums."

Item C uses personification, but compares dandelions

to the guards of "Xiongjiujiu", which is inappropriate and affects the expression effect. Item D uses parallelism, but

" "Self-study", "hard work" and "independent study" cannot be juxtaposed. Self-study already includes personal effort, and personal effort includes independent study. "Appropriate", "mutual" and "collective" are said from different angles. "Appropriate" refers to the degree, while "mutual" and "collective" refer to the form of discussion. The three cannot juxtaposed.

5. Which of the following sentences is an inappropriate metaphor ( )?

A. He was carrying two bags and walking breathlessly, as if he were stepping on cotton. It's like one foot is deep and one foot is shallow. ?

B. The little soldier straddled his submachine gun diagonally and rushed forward on the rugged path, his steps as light as stepping on cotton. ?

C. A group of fairies stepped on the cotton-like clouds, slowly drifting into the distance with the faint fairy music. ?

D. She suddenly caught a glimpse of a big snake coiled in the center, with its head raised and its mouth wide open. She suddenly felt as if her feet were stepping on cotton.

Analysis: The answer is B. The word "as light as stepping on cotton" in item B is inappropriate. If you step on cotton, your steps will be difficult and it is impossible to feel light. Obviously, the ontology and metaphor are contradictory. ?

When using metaphors, you must pay attention to the similarities between the ontology and the metaphor, otherwise it will not constitute a metaphor. ?

6. .The correct understanding of the rhetorical method and its expression used in the following sentence is (). ?

The moonlight is like flowing water, quietly flowing on this leaf and flower. ?

A. Use metaphorical rhetoric to vividly depict the natural beauty of the moonlight pouring down. ?

B. Use exaggerated techniques to express the clear and pure moonlight on the lotus pond. ?

C. Use metaphors to describe the pure and soft moonlight on the lotus pond. ?

D. Use personification to describe the silence and tranquility of the moonlit night. ?

Analysis: The answer is C. The original text does not use the two rhetorical methods of exaggeration and personification, but metaphors. However, the understanding of item A does not capture the characteristics of the metaphor "flowing water", while item C captures both, so item C is the best answer. ?

To use rhetorical methods correctly, you must first understand the functions of various rhetorical methods. ?

7． The correct understanding of the following rhetorical method and its expression is (). ?

A. When talking about the Chinese people, we must not be deceived by the self-deceptive powder applied on the surface, but look at their muscles, bones and backbones. (A metaphor is used to refer to a work style that is not meticulous.)?

B. "Closing your eyes to catch sparrows", "A blind man fishing", being careless, boastful, and being satisfied with a little knowledge are extremely bad This style of work, which violates the basic spirit of Marxism-Leninism, still exists among many comrades in our party. (A metaphor is used to refer to a work style that is not meticulous.)?

C. My heart is often floating on a dark island. If it were not guided by the light, it would one day be forever. Sunk to the bottom of the sea. (The author uses metaphors to express my feelings of depression and hesitation in the dark days. If there is no light to guide the way, I will be depressed.)?

D. But it brings people’s hearts. What reaches a sublime state are those pine trees that "suck the green clouds and die prematurely". They are not afraid of high mountains. They put their roots in the gaps of the cliffs, twist their bodies like dragon pillars, and spread their branches and leaves in mid-air, as if they are competing for the sky with dark clouds, or playing with the breeze and white clouds. Some pine trees look through the autumn water, but they don't see you coming. They go up to a high place alone and look sideways. Some pine trees are like a big dark green umbrella, waiting for you. Some pine trees are enjoying themselves and look cool. No matter what, it makes you feel that they are the masters of Mount Tai, as if no one should be missing. (The author uses metaphors, personification and other rhetorical techniques to show the natural beauty of pine trees in various shapes and tastes.)?

Analysis: The answer is C. Item A uses metaphor, not personification. The analysis error in item B should be “subjectivist style”. Item D uses metaphorical rhetorical techniques, such as: "Some pine trees are like a big dark green umbrella"; uses personification, such as: "Some pine trees look through the autumn water, but don't see you coming. They go up to a high place alone and look sideways. ".

In addition, this paragraph mainly expresses the "pride and strong vitality of struggling in adversity" of the pine tree. Therefore, after considering these two aspects, choose C.

Pay attention to the analysis based on the role of rhetoric.