How to memorize the periodic table skillfully?

A summary of the memory and application rules of the periodic table of elements

1. Memories in the periodic table of elements.

Horizontal cycle is called cycle, with one to seven; The length is three or four points, and the seventh point is incomplete;

The vertical line is called clan, and there are always sixteen clans. Now 18 is 2, and 10 is 3.

Ⅷ family is the most special, with three columns as one family; Two or three points: master and deputy, first master and then deputy home 4;

Fifteen actinides of lanthanum and fifteen actinides of actinides belong to the ⅷ family, and their structures are complete and can be inferred from each other.

Note: ① The third and fourth cycles are the dividing line between long and short cycles, and the seventh cycle is an incomplete cycle.

② refers to the sequences of ia, IIA, iiib, Ⅳ b, Ⅳ b, Ⅳ b, Ⅳ b and Ⅳ.

③ refers to families Ⅰ b, Ⅱ b, Ⅲ a, Ⅳ a, Ⅳ a, Ⅳ a, Ⅳ a and 0.

(4) Where the number of families is two or three, it is the dividing line between the main family and the sub-family, and the main family is in front of the sub-family when it is first divided. In the second demarcation, the secondary clan was in front of the main clan.

Periodic Epitopes, Structures and Properties of Elements

The atomic structure of (1) determines its position in the element list.

① Atomic number = proton number

② Number of cycles = number of electron layers

③ Main family ordinal number = outermost electron number

The atomic structure determines the properties of elements.

(1) atomic radius: same main family-increasing gradually from top to bottom; Homoperiodicity-decreasing from left to right (except O family).

(2) The ability of elements to gain and lose electrons: During the same period-from left to right (except for O group), the metallicity gradually weakened, while the nonmetal nature increased; The same main family-from top to bottom, the metal is enhanced and the non-metal is weakened.

(3) Principal price: the highest positive price changes gradually from+1→+7 (rare gas is zero), and the lowest negative price changes gradually from -4→- 1;

Relationship: highest positive price+lowest negative price = 8; Maximum positive valence = main group number = outermost electron number.

(3) The position of atoms and the properties of elements influence each other.

(1) is similar to the main family, with gradual change.

② Recurrence in the same period.

③ Similarity between the lower left and the upper right.

13. The atomic number of the rare gas = the sum of the number of elements in this period and the number of elements in the previous period.

(1) The number of elements contained in each cycle is:

Cycle times 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Element types 2 8 8 18 18 32 32

(2) The atomic number of the rare gas is:

Element Name He Ne Ar Krypton Xenon Radon

Cycle times 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Atomic number 21018 36 54 87118.

For example, the atomic number of krypton =2+8+8+ 18=36.

(3) Using the atomic number of rare gases, we can infer the position of an element atom with a known atomic number in the periodic table:

Specific method: Subtract the number of similar rare gases from the atomic number.

(1) When the result is negative, in the rare gas of the same period, the group position is (8+ negative number), such as the position of element No.84, and 84-86=-2, so in the sixth period, 8-2=6, which is in the first ⅵ a.

(2) When the result is positive, in the next cycle of rare gas, the family number is consistent with the result, such as the position of element 56, 56-54=2, and in the sixth cycle, IIA.

3. The "triangle" law of the periodic table of elements

If elements A, B and C are in the following positions in the periodic table, all properties can be discharged in order (but A and D cannot). For example:

① Atomic radius: C>A>B

2 Metallic paint: C>A>B

③ nonmetal: b > A & gtC

Example 1. The sum of the number of electrons outside the nucleus of the two elements is equal to the number of protons in atom B, and the number of protons and neutrons in nucleus B is equal.

A c

B

(1) Write the names of elements A, B, C,,,.

(2) B is located in the first family of the first period of the periodic table of elements.

(3) The schematic diagram of the atomic structure of C is that the chemical equation of the reaction between the simple substance of C and water is:

(4) Compare the atomic radii of B and C, and write the hydration reaction equation of gaseous hydride of A and the highest valence oxide of B:

Analysis: (1) If the atomic number of A (equal to the number of electrons outside the nucleus) is X, then the atomic number of C is x+2 and the atomic number of B (equal to the number of protons) is x+9. Formula: x+x+2=x+9 x=7, so A is nitrogen, B is sulfur and C is fluorine.

(2) 3. Eva

⑶、2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2

⑷ According to the diagonal rule: B > c，2NH3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4

⒌ "Diagonal" Rule of Periodic Table of Elements

The two main families (upper left corner and lower right corner) of the boundary between metal and nonmetal are similar in nature, mainly in the second and third periods (such as

Lithium and magnesium, beryllium and aluminum, boron and silicon).

Example 2. Magnesium and lithium have special diagonal positions in the periodic table of elements and their properties are similar. For example, when their simple materials is burned in excess oxygen, only normal oxides are generated. The following description about the properties of lithium is correct ()

A.li2so4 is insoluble in water.

B. Li Can cannot replace hydrogen from water.

C.LiOH is a strong alkali, which is easily soluble in water and does not decompose when heated.

D.Li2CO3 is decomposed by heating to produce Li2O and CO2.

Analysis: Because magnesium sulfate is soluble in water, Li2SO4 is soluble in water; Mg cannot replace hydrogen in water, and neither can Li Can. Mg(OH)2 is insoluble in water and is a strong alkali for thermal decomposition, and LiOH is insoluble in water and is a strong alkali for thermal decomposition. Mg CO3 is decomposed by heat to generate Mg O and CO2, and Li2CO3 is decomposed by heat to generate Li2O and CO2.

⒍ "Sex" Law of the Periodic Table of Elements

When the number of electron layers = the number of outermost electrons, this element has two genders: metal and nonmetal. (such as b and Si).

Dear Li Pippen, let go and be happy. (hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, neon)

That beauty Guilin, beef needs calcium supplement. (sodium magnesium aluminum silicon phosphorus, sulfur chlorine argon potassium calcium)

Hangzhou Taitai is counter-revolutionary and insists on inferior copper core. (Scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc)

Fake people are happy and ashamed, but they can be as good as teachers. (gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium)

Your eyes are not good, so put down the silver. (niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, indium and tin)

Be a fairy for my brother. Belan is an ordinary girl. (antimony, tellurium, iodine, xenon and cesium, barium, lanthanum, cerium and neodymium)

Breaking cedar tempted Zat, who lost his mind in anger. (thulium, samarium, europium, gadolinium and terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium and ytterbium)

Because of corruption, I wear platinum and mercury. (Lutetium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum mercury)

He will be uneasy about money. (thallium, lead, bismuth, plutonium, plutonium, radon, radium, actinium and thorium)

Puseducing said it was not beautiful, for fear of being cute and fat. (praseodymium, uranium, neptunium, plutonium and americium)

When children grow up, they like Bosnia and Herzegovina and sell uuuuub!

Harm Li Bipeng, explore Danyang to pay for milk. (hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and neon)

That beautiful woman, Guilin, revealed that she was married. (sodium magnesium aluminum silicon phosphorus, sulfur chlorine argon potassium calcium)

Anti-Taiwan counter-revolution has provided new problems. (Scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc)

Fake people are happy and ashamed, but they can do whatever they want. (gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium)

Your mother has tuberculosis, and the Bayin Pavilion is silent. (niobium, molybdenum, technetium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, cadmium, indium and tin)

Be a fairy for my brother. Belan is an ordinary girl. (antimony, tellurium, iodine, xenon and cesium, barium, lanthanum, cerium and neodymium)

Breaking cedar lures Zat, and my brother loses his mind in anger. (thulium, samarium, europium, gadolinium and terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium and ytterbium)

If I get corrupt, I will attack. (Lutetium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum mercury)

He will be uneasy about money. (thallium, lead, bismuth, plutonium, plutonium, radon, radium, actinium and thorium)

Puseducing said it was not beautiful, for fear of being cute and fat. (praseodymium, uranium, neptunium, plutonium and americium)

When children grow up, they like Bosnia and Herzegovina and sell uuuuub!