Common sense of pairing

There are too many knowledge contents in couplets, so we can only simply say: couplets are different in length, only one or two words apart; It can be hundreds of words long.

There are various forms of couplets, such as pairs, pairs, flowing pairs, couplets, set sentence pairs and so on. But no matter what kind of couplets are used, they must have the following characteristics, commonly known as "four stresses": First, the words should be flat and the sentences should be consistent.

In addition to deliberately leaving the position of a word to achieve a certain effect, the number of words in the upper and lower parts must be the same, neither more nor less; Phrase structure is the same as sentence reading. (exception: Yuan Shikai has been through the ages; Long live the people of China! -couplets pay attention to neatness. This couplet is not neat. The first couplet is "Yuan Shikai", and the second couplet is "Sorry for the people of China", which means that Yuan Shikai is sorry for the people of China! It was used untidily to achieve ironic effect. Second, be even and even, and have a harmonious tone.

The traditional habit is "flat", that is, the end of the last sentence of the first couplet is flat, and the end of the last sentence of the second couplet is also flat. It doesn't have to rhyme, but it should be flat, that is, flat to voiced and voiced to flat, rhythmic and catchy to read.

Third, the parts of speech should be relative and the position should be consistent. It is generally called "virtual to virtual, real to real", which means that nouns to nouns, verbs to verbs, adjectives to adjectives, quantifiers to quantifiers, adverbs to adverbs and related words must be in the same position.

Fourth, the content should be related and run through from top to bottom. Link up and down must mean to connect with each other, up and down; In addition to the "overlapping words" in the upper couplet, there are "overlapping words" in the lower couplet (such as using compound words, overlapping rhymes, thimbles, etc.). ), generally there can be no duplicate words and phrases in couplets.

2. Basic knowledge of China couplets

The characteristic of couplets is that there should be both "pair" and "couplet". In the form of pairs, they are "right" to each other; The contents of the context take care of each other and are closely related. The upper and lower couplets must have a complete and unified structure and neat and concise language. The characteristics of couplets are summarized as "six phases", which are classified as follows:

First, the number of words is equal

The number of words online equals the number of words offline. The number of words in each clause of the long couplet is equal. There is a special case that the number of words in the upper and lower couplets is intentionally different. For example, during the Republic of China, some people ridiculed Yuan Shikai's couplets: "Yuan Shikai is eternal; Long live the people of China. " The words "Yuan Shikai" in the first part and "China people" in the second part mean that Yuan Shikai is sorry for the people of China.

Overlapping or overlapping words are allowed in sentences. Folding in half and overlapping words are commonly used rhetorical devices in couplets, but attention should be paid to the consistency of the upper and lower couplets when overlapping. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, Gu Xiancheng wrote the title "Wuxi Donglin Academy Union": "The sound of wind and rain can be heard; Family affairs, state affairs, and what's going on in the world are all concerned. "

However, we should try to avoid "homophony" and "homophony" in couplets. The so-called homonym means that the same word is opposite in the same position of the upper and lower parts. The so-called ectopic reduplication means that the same word appears in different positions of the upper and lower links. However, some function words are allowed to have homophones, such as Ge Linglian of West Lake in Hangzhou: "The song of peach blossoms and flowing water, between the shade of grass and leaves."

The word "Zhi" in the upper and lower couplets is repeated in the same place, but it is OK because it is empty word. However, there is a special form of "heterotopia and mutual emphasis" (called "transposition case"), such as Lin Sen's couplet of Dr. Sun Yat-sen: "One person is eternal, one person is eternal."

Second, part-of-speech equivalence.

There are two types of parts of speech in modern Chinese, namely, notional words and function words. The former includes nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns. The latter includes adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeias. Part of speech equivalence means that words or phrases with the same position in the upper and lower parts should have the same or similar parts of speech. The first is the rule of "real to real, virtual to virtual", which is the most basic rule and has the widest meaning. In some cases, just follow this. Secondly, the corresponding rules of parts of speech, that is, the words 12 above correspond to each other. This rule should be observed in most cases. Thirdly, the semantic correspondence rule refers to putting things of the same type represented by Chinese characters together for confrontation. The ancients noticed this rhetorical method long ago. Nouns, in particular, are divided into many subcategories, such as astronomy, seasons, geography, government offices, vegetation, birds and so on. Finally, the corresponding rules of adjacent categories, that is, words in adjacent categories can be paired with each other. For example, astronomy belongs to the season, astronomy belongs to geography, and geography belongs to the palace.

The third is the structural proportion.

The so-called structural proportion means that the grammatical structure of the upper and lower conjunctions should be as same as possible, that is, the subject-predicate structure is opposite to the subject-predicate structure, the verb-object structure is opposite to the verb-object structure, and the coordinate structure is opposite to the coordinate structure. For example, Li Bai's topic is Yueyang Tower in Hunan: "Water and sky are one color, and the wind and moon are boundless."

This conjunction is both a subject-predicate structure. Among them, "water sky" and "romantic moon" are both parallel structures, and "one color" and "boundless" are all positive structures.

However, in the case of equivalent parts of speech, the requirements for some similar or special sentence structures can be relaxed appropriately.

Fourth, the rhythm corresponds.

That is, the upper and lower couplets must be consistent, such as: "don't let the spring and autumn pass;" It is the hardest thing for an old friend. " This is a seven-character short couplet, and the rhythm of the upper and lower couplets is exactly the same, both of which are "223". Longer couplets must have corresponding rhythm.

The fifth is uniformity and harmony.

There are two aspects to the harmony between ping and ping: one is the opposition between ping and ping. Generally, word pairs are not required, but attention should be paid to the right ending, the upper part is different and the lower part is flat; The words at the end of the sentence or at the rhythm point should be flat and opposite; The end of every clause in a long couplet should be flat and even. Second, the upper and lower couplets appear alternately in their respective sentences. Yu Dequan, a contemporary theorist, summed up a set of "horseshoe rhyme" rules, which are simply "flat and even", just like the rhythm of horseshoes.

The problem of alignment is not absolute, and it can be flexible in many cases. If there are overlapping words, compound words, palindromes, humor, phonology, etc. Couplets can be decided according to the specific situation.

Sixth, the content is relevant.

What are couplets? It is both "right" and "related". The words mentioned above are all "right", with the same number of words, equivalent parts of speech, the same structure, corresponding rhythm and even harmony, but they still lack a "couplet". "Lian" is about content relevance. Between the upper and lower couplets of a couplet, the content should be related. If the upper and lower couplets each write an irrelevant thing, and the two can't reflect, connect and echo, it can't be regarded as a qualified couplet, or even a couplet.

However, there is a form of couplets called "no love pair". The upper and lower couplets are word for word, but the content is irrelevant. The comparison of the meanings of the upper and lower couplets can arouse unexpected interest. He Danru, who became famous at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, once used the Cantonese proverb "I don't know if the sect is losing money" to comment on the famous sentence of Tang poetry "Who rules the clouds all around?" Very distinctive.

3. The famous teacher summarizes the knowledge of couplets in the senior high school entrance examination and appreciates the composition.

Chinese comprehensive learning strategy for senior high school entrance examination II (continued from 18) II.

Marriage of Chinese and foreign masterpieces: Example 3. Please complete the following celebrity couplets according to the foreign classics read after class.

The first part: Playing a tragic piece of music against the storm of fate (Beethoven) The second part: The will of steel (ostrovsky) It should be noted that the content filled in is related to ostrovsky, which is the same as the number of words in the first part and has the same structure, and even words can be ignored. Example: Write the next glorious chapter.

Example 4. The first part: resourceful, Kong borrows an arrow to make the second part: the analysis should first analyze the image and deeds of Zhuge Liang in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and then think of other characters in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms or other famous works, and write in the blanks in connection with the relevant contents in the original work.

Example: ① The artistry is high and bold, Wukong bravely fights demons, ② Righteousness covers the sky, Guan Yu releases Cao privately, ③ Sentimentality, and Daiyu hurts flowers. 3。

Example 5 with illustrations. Couplets: "Three summonses focus on state affairs, and the second generation focuses on the heart of a child." The first part tells the story of _ _ _ _, and the next part tells the story of _ _ _ _.

The analysis only needs to grasp the "three concerns" of the upper allied party and the "two dynasties" and "old ministers" of the lower allied party. The answer is "three visits to the cottage" and "Zhuge Liang assisted Liu and his son for two generations". Example 6.

One day in early spring, a class of students from a school in this city engaged in Chinese practice activities in the suburbs. On the way home in the afternoon, the host threw out the last activity: matching scenes. On the mountain road, Wang Yiran of Group B found the first couplet left by Qiu Bibi, a talented poet of this class, and asked the students of Group B for the second couplet.

Wang Yiran looked around the field and began to answer happily. Look closely at the landscape sketches (water injection pool, moss, willow, birds, distant mountains, sunset, mountain roads, etc.). ), and you must have guessed Wang Yiran's bottom line at once, right? Wang Yiran's bottom line is that _ _ _ _ _ _ is difficult to analyze. When answering questions, we should first carefully observe landscape sketch, pay attention to the pool, moss, willows, birds, distant mountains, sunset, mountain roads and other scenery, understand the artistic conception of the painting, and then write the bottom line against the top line.

This question is graded from three levels: ① it can basically work normally and has beautiful artistic conception, such as "one or two orioles at the bottom of the leaves and a touch of sunset red in the distant mountains", and you can get 5 points; 2 can be rough, with a certain artistic conception, you can get 4 points; Can be rough, basically no artistic conception, such as "One or two birds by the willow", you can get 3 points; (3) The rest will be deducted as appropriate. 4。

Examples associated with moral sentiments 7. Couplets to find relatives.

Below are four complete couplets, but they are separate. Please connect them with line segments to make them complete again. Answer.

Hands should be clean and body should be straight. A. Qinqi calligraphy and painting are from Tao Qing B.

Cultivation of bamboo, chrysanthemum and plum B. Frost, snow and cold in Mochow's temple.

I like a garden full of peaches and plums. Snow pressure cannot destroy the pine trees at the bottom of the canyon.

The wind can't move the horizon or the moon. The analysis of a humble room can only be done by grasping the characteristics of couplets and comparing them left and right. The answers are: A-D, B-A, C-B, D-C.

Example 8. Pair by pair.

The small test paper is spread out on the playground. Who is the owner of the language forest? ________,________! Analysis should be combined with life sentiment and tried again and again. Ex.: I try my best to show my edge and produce talents for the joint community! Life experience is great, I am a strong man of the times! Heaven controls the wind and cloud, and I am like a century eagle! The big society sets the stage, I am the protagonist of life! 5。

Contact with in-class knowledge: Example 9. Fan Zhongyan wrote these three paragraphs in "Yueyang Tower" in order to make use of the topic, arouse discussion and clarify his political ambition of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later"; Ouyang Xiu, his contemporary, used the word "music" to express his feelings throughout the book "Zuiweng Pavilion".

Please complete the following two sentences and ask them to reflect the center of these two articles respectively. (Fill in 7 words in each sentence) ① Fan Zhongyan.

② Ouyang Xiu. Examples of analytical answers: ① Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later.

(2) get drunk and have fun with the government and the people. Example 10.

Liu Zongyuan used the scenery of Xiaoshitang to express his depressed mood after being demoted. There are many famous classical Chinese articles that express their thoughts through scenery like this.

Please contact one of the chapters such as Zuiweng Pavilion, Yueyang Tower and Peach Blossom Garden. Take "Calm in Xiaoshitang" as the first sentence, and write down a sentence to make it a set of antithetical sentences. The previous sentence: Xiaoshitang is cold and quiet, and the next sentence: _ _ _ _ _ _.

Analysis can refer to the original text, you can create your own. Example: the mountain is beautiful; Yueyang Tower is magnificent; Peach Blossom Garden is quiet and peaceful.

This kind of topic should be deeply understood on the basis of reading the short article carefully, grasp the connotation of the article, and then contact the relevant paragraphs for analysis and answer. 6。

Take extracurricular reading as an example 1 1. Fill in the blanks according to the context of prayer.

Using dual knowledge, fill in the words reflecting the characteristics of eagle on the horizontal line, so that the upper and lower sentences form couplets. The ancient Great Wall is surrounded by mountains and eagles.

The analysis answer is: fierce, arrogant, sharp and fierce. Hit the sky, rush to the blue sky, fly to the blue sky.

4. What language knowledge can we learn from couplets, such as "the sound of wind and rain, the sound of reading, the sound of hearing."

You can learn a lot! First, you can learn the knowledge of duality. The so-called "duality" in couplets, in other words, is duality. For example, "the sound of reading in the wind and rain; This couplet makes good use of antithesis. The three sounds of wind and rain correspond to home, country and world, the sound overlaps with everything, and the ear reads verbs. In this couplet, wind, rain and reading correspond to family affairs, state affairs and what's going on in the world, and nouns correspond to nouns. " "Sound" corresponds to "everything", and quantifier overlap is opposite to quantifier overlap; Ear "corresponds to" care ",and verbs are verb-to-verb. Are words with similar meanings.

5. Complete knowledge of couplets

There are too many contents in the encyclopedia of couplet knowledge, so I can only briefly say:

Couplets vary in length, only one or two words are short; It can be hundreds of words long. There are various forms of couplets, such as pairs, pairs, flowing pairs, couplets, set sentence pairs and so on. But no matter what kind of couplets are used, they must have the following characteristics, commonly known as "four stresses":

First, the number of words should be equal and the sentences should be consistent. In addition to deliberately leaving the position of a word to achieve a certain effect, the number of words in the upper and lower parts must be the same, neither more nor less; Phrase structure is the same as sentence reading. (exception: Yuan Shikai has been through the ages; Long live the people of China! -couplets pay attention to neatness. This couplet is not neat. The first couplet is "Yuan Shikai", and the second couplet is "Sorry for the people of China", which means that Yuan Shikai is sorry for the people of China! It is deliberately used untidily to achieve ironic effect)

Second, it is necessary to be honest and have a harmonious tone. The traditional habit is "flat", that is, the end of the last sentence of the first couplet is flat, and the end of the last sentence of the second couplet is also flat. It doesn't have to rhyme, but it should be flat, that is, flat to voiced and voiced to flat, rhythmic and catchy to read.

Third, the parts of speech should be relative and the position should be consistent. It is generally called "virtual to virtual, real to real", which means that nouns to nouns, verbs to verbs, adjectives to adjectives, quantifiers to quantifiers, adverbs to adverbs and related words must be in the same position.

Fourth, the content should be related and run through from top to bottom. Link up and down must mean to connect with each other, up and down; In addition to the "overlapping words" in the upper couplet, there are "overlapping words" in the lower couplet (such as using compound words, overlapping rhymes, thimbles, etc.). ), generally there can be no duplicate words and phrases in couplets.

6. Basic knowledge of couplets

Couplet rule

(1) The number of words in the upper and lower parts must be equal, and repeated words cannot be used.

(2) The last sentence of the first couplet must be written silently, and the last word of the next couplet must be flat.

(3) The sentence patterns of the upper and lower couplets must be consistent (equivalent parts of speech and corresponding structures).

(4) The horizontal lines of the upper and lower couplets should be relative. Where the upper couplet uses flat sound, the lower couplet must use flat sound, and vice versa (flat: flat sound; Cue, Cue, including words with three tones of up, down and middle).

(5) The upper and lower couplets can have similar or opposite meanings, and they can only say one thing, or they can say two things separately.

The antithesis between couplets and regular poems is related to inheritance and evolution, and the flat and even meter of regular poems and the principle of "whether 135246 is clear" are also applicable to couplets. As for the number of words in each couplet, there is no limit, ranging from four words, five words, six words, seven words, eight words and nine words to tens or hundreds of words, as long as you have something to say. Here are some examples to illustrate this point:

The motherland is strong; These people are new here.

(average, average. )

The motherland, mountains and rivers in the upper part and the people and years in the lower part are nouns, and the last word Zhuang in the upper part and Xin in the lower part are adjectives, which are relatively harmonious, and their contents and forms are consistent with the above five laws.

In short, writing couplets should rhyme harmoniously. The language is concise, consistent with the law and has certain content. Words are not relative, levels and levels are not harmonious, or slogan-style sentences are divided into two lines, which can't be regarded as couplets.

Excerpt from the Editorial Department of Literature and History Knowledge by Zhonghua Book Company —— How to make couplets

At the same time, the contents of the upper and lower couplets should be related to some extent, but they should not be the same or repeated. Similar antitheses are commonly known as "fighting", such as "Welcome Five Blessingg in the New Year, and receive more than three during the Spring Festival", among which "Spring Festival" and "Spring Festival", "Welcome" and "Receive" are all agreed. Traditionally, this kind of couplets is considered as a taboo in making couplets.

7. Skills and related knowledge of couplets

Couplets and their skills

The origin and appellation of couplets: Couplets are also called couplets and couplets, and there are different kinds. There is no fixed number of words. But on the whole, it is the evolution of a new form of poetry to demand the neatness and harmony of antithesis. It is said that the oldest couplet is the inscription "New Year's Eve" by Meng Changjun, the Emperor of the Five Dynasties after Shu Dynasty. The origin of this is the Ming Dynasty. After Zhu Yuanzhang acceded to the throne in Nanjing, in order to whitewash the peace, on New Year's Eve, he ordered that "no matter whether officials are high or low, ordinary people should add a pair of Spring Festival couplets", and he also made a tour to watch and have fun. Zhu Yuanzhang also personally sent a pair of couplets of "the unparalleled strategist in China, the first article in Hanyuan" to Tao An, a civil servant. Since then, couplets have become popular among the people. Later, they were widely used as decorations and exchange celebrations. ; Couplet talk >; Now the new couplets are not completely restricted by duality and levelness, but reflect new ideas and new contents.

Generally speaking, there are the following couplets: 1 Spring Festival couplets, 2 wedding couplets, 3 congratulations couplets, 4 birthday couplets, 5 gift couplets, 6 sets of sentences and 7 fun couplets.

8 stage couplets 9 scenic couplets 10 oral couplets1/satirical couplets 12 epigram couplets 13 elegy couplets 14 industry couplets 15 Tibetan fans couplets 16 can be summarized after the break.