Iran war

The Iran-Iraq war, known as the Iraq invasion war in Iran, is also known as the first Gulf War or the first Iran-Iraq war-material deployment.

The Persian Gulf War is an eight-year border war between Iran and Iraq. Both Iran and Iraq belong to West Asia geographically. Historically, the two countries have disputed the sovereignty of the Arabian River on the border. 1On September 22nd, 980, Iraq launched a military attack on Iran under the pretext of resisting the "Islamic Revolution", which led to a protracted Iran-Iraq war, which lasted for eight years and became the longest war after the Vietnam War. The whole war process can be divided into: the first stage, Iraq attack, Iran defense; In the second stage, Iran changed from strategic stalemate to strategic counterattack, and Iraq lost the initiative on the battlefield; In the third stage, Iran attacked and Iraq defended. The Iran-Iraq war is actually a marathon war of attrition. In the past eight years, the military expenditure and economic losses of the two countries totaled 600 billion US dollars, with 65.438 million casualties and 80,000 prisoners. Among them, the Iranian army killed 350,000 people, injured 700,000 people, captured 30,000 people, and lost about 150 combat aircraft, tanks 1500, artillery 1200, and ships 16. Iraqi troops were killed/KOOC-0/80,000, injured 250,000, captured 50,000, lost 250 combat planes, 2,000 tanks, artillery/KOOC-0/500, and ships/KOOC-0/5. At the same time, non-belligerents also suffered huge losses, 90 ships were sunk and destroyed, 546 ships were injured, and another 90 ships were trapped in the Arabian River, most of which were damaged. [ 1]

The reason for editing this paragraph

The war was triggered by Iraqi President Saddam Hussein's attempt to completely control the Arabian River in the northwest of the Persian Gulf, which is an important oil export channel for the two countries. The United States provided arms to Saddam Hussein to support his attack on this disputed area in an attempt to contain the Iranian regime, which had just come to power through revolution and was strongly anti-American. 1975, US Secretary of State Kissinger supported Iranian King Pahlavi to attack the waterway under the control of Iraq at that time. Iraq and other Arab countries are also worried that the armed regime generated by the February revolution in Iran 1979 will spread to the surrounding areas. Another factor that led to the Iran-Iraq war was the ambition of the leaders of the two countries. Iranian religious leader Khomeini tried to lead the Iran-Iraq war with him.

Islamic fundamentalism spread throughout the Middle East. However, due to the success of the recent Iranian revolution, attempts in this regard are still very limited. For Saddam Hussein, he has not been in power for a long time and is trying to give Iraq regional hegemony. The success of the war against Iran can make Iraq the hegemon in the Gulf region and control the oil trade. The internal cleaning of the army and the serious shortage of American-made equipment and parts have greatly affected Iran's once powerful military strength. In addition, Iran's defense in the Arabian River region is also very weak. 1On September 22nd, 980, Iraq seized the opportunity and launched an attack on the pretext of the assassination attempt supported by Iran against then Iraqi Foreign Minister Aziz. The territorial dispute between Iraq and Iran has a history of 100 years. In addition, the two countries have long-standing ethnic contradictions and religious differences, and both want to dominate the Gulf region. Therefore, the relationship between the two sides has been tense and border skirmishes have continued. 1978, civil strife occurred in Iran. Iraq supported King Pahlavi of Iran and expelled Khomeini who lived in Iraq. 1February, 979, the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran was overthrown; Khomeini came to power and incited Iraqi Shiite Muslims to overthrow Saddam Hussein's regime. 1In late September, 1980, Iraq took advantage of the political turmoil, economic deterioration and unstable military morale after Khomeini came to power, and Iran (Iran) broke off diplomatic relations with the United States, launching a war against Iran aimed at recovering lost territory, cracking down on Khomeini's export revolution and vying for hegemony in the Gulf.

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Iraq received great diplomatic and military support from the Soviet Union. Arab countries, mainly Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, provided economic assistance. In addition, the United States is partial to Iraq and provides it with weapons and economic assistance. Starting from 1985, the United States sold weapons to Iraq and Iran. This triggered the Iran-contra incident of the Reagan administration. This war is very fierce. In the war, Iran often used a lot of tactics similar to those in the First World War .. Iraq used chemical weapons, including tabun poison. Although Iraq took the lead in provoking war and using chemical weapons, the international community did not exert too much pressure on it. 1In June 1982, Iran launched a series of counterattacks to recapture the land occupied by Iraq at the beginning of the war. In view of the possibility of being completely defeated, Iraq proposed a truce to Iran. At this time, Iran tried to defeat the Iraqi regime, so it rejected the proposal. This led to another six-year war. During this period, western naval forces intervened in the area to try to protect the smooth flow of the bay. As a result, Iranian missiles attacked the American frigate Stark. The USS Vinson shot down an Iranian passenger plane, killing 290 passengers and crew.

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In the first stage, the war was fought in Iran. 1on the morning of September 22, 980, Iraq mobilized a large number of planes to carry out air strikes on Iranian capital Tehran and other cities and air bases. At 2: 00 a.m. on 23rd, more than 200 tanks from 5 divisions and 2 brigades of ground troops/kloc-0 were dispatched to attack Iran in three directions: north, middle and south. By the end of 10, Iran had blocked the full-scale attack of the Iraqi army. From March 1982, the Iranian army turned to counterattack. 1On June 29th, 982, Iraq announced its withdrawal from the occupied Iranian territory, and the border between the two countries was restored to the pre-war state. In the face of Iraq's powerful offensive, the Iranian army rushed to catch up. Its air force attacked 16 targets in Iraq. The ground troops adjusted their deployment and moved to the border. Seven divisions and two brigades are assembled at the front, in addition to a large number of revolutionary guards. Iran's fortification focuses on the northern line to guard the main passage and delay the Iraqi army's attack. After Iran blocked Iraq's offensive momentum, the Iran-Iraq war gradually started.

Seized and mastered the initiative in the war. 1981September, Iran began a large-scale counterattack. At the end of September, Iran concentrated more than 654.38 million troops and launched a large-scale counterattack against Abadan, thus lifting the Iraqi siege of Abadan. 1982 In late March, after careful deployment, Iran launched the "Operation Victory" offensive, annihilated two Iraqi brigades, severely damaged two divisions, killed 25,000 Iraqi soldiers, captured15,000, destroyed 360 tanks, shot down more than 20 planes and seized hundreds of armored tanks. On April 20, Iran concentrated the forces of nearly three divisions and a large number of revolutionary guards with about 654.38+10,000 people, and launched the "Jerusalem Holy City Action" offensive aimed at recovering the city of Khorramshahr. After 25 days of fierce fighting, Horam Shaer, an important port city in the south, was finally recovered. 10 in June, Iraq proposed a ceasefire across the board and unilaterally implemented it, declaring that the Algiers agreement signed by the two countries in June 1975 was still valid, and was ready to negotiate with Iran on the basis of recognizing Iraq's basic rights. On June 20th, it was announced that all troops would be withdrawn from Iran within 10 days. On June 29th, its troops basically withdrew from Iran. In the second period, the war was fought in Iraq. 1On July 3, 982, Iran concentrated 654.38+million troops and launched a fierce attack on Basra in southern Iraq. After many tug-of-war, by the end of September, the Iranian army had taken control of a narrow strip covering more than 200 square kilometers in Iraq. Since June 5438+ 10, Iran has deployed another 50,000 troops to attack the Mandali region in northern Iraq, penetrating deep into Iraq, posing a threat to Baghdad. The Iraqi army organized seven counterattacks before and after, blocking the Iranian army along the border. Following February 1983, Iran once again launched a series of offensives on the central and northern lines. Iraq basically held the line of defense. By the end of March 1984, the Iranian offensive had basically stopped. In order to further force Iran to negotiate a truce, since April 1984, Iraq has adopted the policy of "promoting peace through war" and launched continuous active attacks on Iran from the ground and sea. A series of small-scale attacks were launched on Iranian troops in some areas, and chemical weapons were used many times in the battle. At the same time, Iraq also used its air superiority to launch a "ship attack war" that shocked the world. 1986, the Iran-Iraq war became fierce again. Iran opposes the past policy of waging a war of attrition and strives for a quick decision. 1At the beginning of February, 986, Iran dispatched more than 90,000 troops to launch a large-scale offensive codenamed "Dawn -8" and captured Fao, an important port city in southern Iraq. Responding to the battlefield on the ground, in 1986, the "ship attack war" between Iran and Iraq escalated again and again, and 106 ships were attacked, including 28 ships entering and leaving Kuwait ports. As the "ship attack" between Iran and Iraq affected the interests of non-belligerents, Kuwait made a request for charter escort to five permanent members of the United Nations, namely, the United States, the Soviet Union, China, France and Britain, on June 5438+0986+065438+February 65438. The Soviet Union and the United States have successively agreed to escort Kuwaiti oil tankers, and on this ground, they have continuously sent warships to the Gulf, adding greater danger to the already tense situation in the Gulf. In order to avoid further escalation of the war, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 598 on July 20th, 1987, demanding that both Iran and Iraq immediately cease fire on Iranian soldiers wearing gas masks on the battlefield.

. After the adoption of Resolution 598, UN Resolution 598 has not been implemented for a long time, because Iran and Iraq have different positions and great differences on the ceasefire issue, and neither of them is willing to take the initiative to make concessions. The third period, 1988, was a major turning point in the Iran-Iraq war. From February to April, the two sides used hundreds of missiles to attack each other's towns, setting off an unprecedented "siege war." Since then, in the stalemate, Iraq has gradually gained the upper hand. On April 17, the Iraqi army launched an attack code-named "Ramadan" on Iranian defenders in Fao. After two days of fierce fighting, the Fao area occupied by Iran for two years was completely recovered on the afternoon of June 18. Foreign military experts commented that this was a "turning point" in the Iran-Iraq war, which "opened the door to end the Iran-Iraq war" and "opened the way for peace between Iran and Iraq". In July 1988, Iran was forced to announce its agreement to accept UN Security Council Resolution 598. On August 20, the two sides achieved a ceasefire, and the eight-year Iran-Iraq war finally came to an end. For more than four years from April 65438 to April 0984, the two sides attacked and defended each other in the border areas, and the war turned into a long-term war of attrition. By July 1988, almost all Iranian territories occupied by Iraq had been lost.

Edit this truce.

In order to end the Iran-Iraq war as soon as possible, the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 598 on July 20, 1987, demanding an immediate ceasefire between Iran and Iraq. The next day, Iraq welcomed the United Nations resolution and decided to suspend its attack on Iranian maritime targets to show its sincerity. But the Iran-Iraq war

Iran did not take a stand, and it did not announce its acceptance of resolution 598 until July 1988. Since August 25, the fifth day after the cease-fire in the Iran-Iraq war, the foreign ministers of Iran and Iraq have held many talks under the auspices of the UN Secretary-General, but the negotiations have not achieved any results. 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait. After the Gulf crisis broke out, Iran used the crisis to force Iraq to finally accept Iran's peace conditions, recognize Iran's half sovereignty over the Arabian River, and withdraw its troops from Iranian territory. The eight-year Iran-Iraq war caused losses for both sides. There were 480,000 Iraqi casualties and prisoners, 250 combat aircraft, more than 2,000 tanks, 0/500 artillery pieces, 0/500 Iranian combat aircraft, 0/500 tanks, 0/200 artillery pieces and 0/6 warships. The military expenditure of the two countries is nearly 200 billion US dollars, and the economic loss reaches 540 billion US dollars, which greatly weakens the comprehensive national strength of both sides.

Edit this passage after the war

The Iran-Iraq War lasted seven years and 0 1 1 month, which was one of the longest wars in the 20th century. This is a veritable war of attrition, a war that is not worth the loss for both sides and has no winner. Before this war, Iraq's foreign exchange surplus was nearly $40 billion, which was a cruel eight-year Iran-Iraq war.

At the end of the war, its foreign debt was $80 billion, of which more than 40 billion was owed to western countries and the Soviet Union, and more than 30 billion was owed to other Arab countries. In the war, the death toll in Iraq was 6.5438+0.8 million, 250,000 people were injured, and the direct loss (including military expenditure, war damage and economic loss) was 350 billion US dollars. Iran still owes $45 billion in foreign debt, with 700,000 people killed and 165438+ 10,000 injured. In Tehran alone, 200,000 women lost their husbands. The direct loss is 300 billion US dollars. The war has delayed the economic development plans of the two countries for at least 20 to 30 years. The war has caused heavy losses to the two countries, economic development has stagnated, oil exports have dropped sharply, and millions of people have been killed or injured. Therefore, Iraq has also undertaken a large number of debts, and the debt owed to Kuwait alone amounts to $654.38+04 billion. This is one of the reasons why Saddam later invaded Kuwait. At the end of the war, the dividing line between the two countries returned to the pre-war state. This war is one of the most deadly wars after World War II, second only to the Vietnam War and the Korean War. There are many explanations for the specific number of casualties, and it is generally believed that the death toll is around one million. The Iraqi army has grown from 240,000 before the war to 6,543.8+0.2 million after the war.

Edit this paragraph to inspire influence.

(1) A huge sum of money can buy modern weapons and equipment, but it can't buy the modernization level of the army. Therefore, the introduction of foreign advanced weapons and equipment must be combined with domestic reality. Iran and Iraq are rich oil exporters in the Middle East. Since 1973, both countries have spent Iranian soldiers in the military parade in the capital Tehran.

Hundreds of billions of dollars, competing to introduce a lot of advanced weapons and equipment from abroad. However, Iran and Iraq have a weak industrial base, and many spare parts of advanced weapons cannot be repaired at home, and ammunition is mainly supplied from abroad; The soldiers of both countries have a low level of education. It is quite difficult to master advanced weapons such as Soviet-made Sam and English lightsaber and eagle-type surface-to-air missile, and to drive T-72 tanks and MiG -23 fighters. (2) In local wars under modern conditions, it is necessary to attach importance to quick decision, but at the same time, we must be prepared for long-term operations. At the beginning of the war, Iraq took a blitzkrieg action of sudden attack, aiming at achieving a quick victory, and achieved certain results. However, because it completely gambles on this point, it lacks the preparation for long-term operations ideologically and materially. Therefore, once the attempt to make a quick decision is shattered by the other side, there is nothing to do, and it gradually changes from initiative to passivity. Iran has adopted the strategy of "protracted war" by virtue of its own advantages and advantages. (3) In modern local wars, the main goal should still be to destroy the enemy's effective strength, and don't dwell too much on the gains and losses of one city and one place. In the Iran-Iraq war, almost all the battles were offensive and defensive battles targeting cities (towns). Both sides are satisfied with the apparent "victory" of attacking the city and plundering the land, ignoring the large-scale annihilation of the enemy's effective forces. (4) In modern local wars, weapons, equipment and materials are greatly depleted, which puts forward new tasks for logistics support. Although the Iran-Iraq war is not a high-level modern war, the war consumption is unique in the history of local wars since World War II. For example, at the beginning of the war, Iraq fired tens of thousands of shells at a small town with 1 000 households. The two Iraqi armies are mainly armored mechanized units, which consume a lot of oil. It is estimated that the Iraqi army consumes 2,000 to 3,000 tons of oil every day. After resisting the Iraqi army's attack, Iran also delayed its counterattack because of the difficulty in supplying. After turning to counter-offensive, Iran launched several ground offensives against Iraq, but the interval between the two campaigns was relatively long, sometimes as long as more than five months. The main reason is that the logistics system is chaotic and the supply of combat materials such as weapons and equipment can't keep up, so the ability of sustained combat is not strong.

Edit this paragraph for later evaluation.

The Iran-Iraq war, which was criticized by the world military circles as the most typical victim of "advanced weapons fighting low-level wars"

For example, the boastful world military powers at that time used all advanced weapons except the atomic bomb (using chemical weapons), such as F 14, F4, Mirage jet and Scud missiles. They fought for eight years, killing and injuring millions of people. Finally, they were exhausted and the people fell into poverty. Nobody can do anything about it. They almost collapsed, perished and finally stopped fighting. [2]

The war impact of editing this paragraph

The Iran-Iraq War lasted seven years and 0 1 1 month, which was one of the longest wars in the 20th century. It is a veritable "marathon" war of attrition, and it is a war that is not worth the loss for both sides and has no winner. The two sides suffered heavy economic losses, their development stagnated, their oil exports dropped sharply, and the military expenditure and economic losses caused by the war reached more than 600 billion US dollars. The war has delayed the economic development plans of the two countries for at least 20 to 30 years. Before the war, Iraq's foreign exchange surplus was nearly $40 billion. At the end of the war, its foreign debt was $80 billion, of which more than 40 billion was owed to western countries and the Soviet Union, and more than 30 billion was owed to other Arab countries. The debt owed to Kuwait alone amounted to $654.38+04 billion. This is one of the reasons why Saddam later invaded Kuwait. This war is one of the most deadly wars after World War II, second only to the Vietnam War and the Korean War. There were about 2.7 million casualties in Iran and Iraq, including 6,543.8+0,000 deaths and 6,543.8+0,000 injuries. The number of casualties accounts for about 4.5% of the total population of the two countries, which is equivalent to 17 times of the number of casualties in the four Middle East wars. The death toll in Iraq is 300,000, and 600,000 people are injured. The direct losses (including military expenditure, war damage and economic losses) are $350 billion. Iran still owes $45 billion in foreign debt, with 700,000 people killed and 165438+ 10,000 injured. In Tehran alone, 200,000 women lost their husbands. The direct loss is 300 billion US dollars. There were 6,543,800 casualties and 80,000 prisoners on both sides of the war. Among them, the Iranian army killed 350,000 people, injured 700,000 people, captured 30,000 people, and lost about 150 combat aircraft, tanks 1500, artillery 1200, and ships 16. Iraqi troops were killed/KOOC-0/80,000, injured 250,000, captured 50,000, lost 250 combat planes, 2,000 tanks, artillery/KOOC-0/500, and ships/KOOC-0/5. At the same time, non-belligerents also suffered huge losses, 90 ships were sunk and destroyed, 546 ships were injured, and another 90 ships were trapped in the Arabian River, most of which were damaged.