I am a trainer, and every time I talk about the courseware, I have to sort out a text version and send it to the leader's mailbox for review. Is there a better way?

The original meaning of "class" is assessment. Said the text: "Take the class and try it."

"Theme" is a problem that needs to be tried, explored, studied or discussed. Modern Chinese Dictionary defines a topic as a major problem that needs to be studied or discussed or an important matter that needs to be solved urgently. Topic refers to the most basic research unit determined to solve relatively independent and single problems. We often say "project initiation", and some people call "subject" "project". In fact, topics and projects are both related and different. The subject is the most basic unit of scientific research, with the characteristics of oneness and independence. This project is a complex and comprehensive scientific research problem, which consists of several interrelated topics.

Second, the content of the study.

The research process of the subject includes selecting a topic, making a research plan, consulting literature, conducting research, evaluating and popularizing research results, etc. Project research is the most common and basic way of educational science research. Topic is not only the name or title of the research question, but also the object, content, scope, purpose and task of the research. The topic shows the direction and content of the research, thus defining the topic.

Third, how to demonstrate a topic? The demonstration of a subject is mainly to clarify the following questions:

A. What is the nature and type of the problem to be studied?

B. what is the practical significance of the problem to be studied? Its theoretical value (that is, what breakthroughs are expected in theory? (What guiding theoretical systems may be formed)

C. what research results have been achieved on the issues to be studied? What is the research direction?

D. analyze the conditions of the studied problem.

E. What are the research strategies and steps?

F. What are the results of the study and their manifestations?

Four, the basic methods of educational research mainly include:

1, observation method: in order to know the truth, we can discover the essence and law of a phenomenon.

(1), general investigation and exploratory observation.

(2) Determine the purpose and center of observation.

(3), determine the observation object

(4) Make an observation plan

5], planning and preparing observation means

[6], unified standards.

Once, put forward the observation outline paragraph by paragraph.

2. Investigation method: The same purpose is to know the facts, analyze the facts, draw conclusions and confirm some problems, so as to improve the work (including improving research methods) or form new research topics. Including questionnaires, interviews, etc. Understand the facts, analyze the situation, study it carefully, draw a conclusion, and find a solution or a plan for further research. Illustrate the operation process of survey method with examples: the main steps of sampling survey.

(1), determine the purpose of the investigation (determine the problem and form a hypothesis; Verify the hypothesis through investigation, clarify the problem and draw a conclusion).

(2) Determine the sampling population. The sampled population should be consistent with the population (target population) who obtained the information.

(3) Determine the data to be collected. Generally, only data related to the purpose of the survey are collected, and the questionnaire should not be too long.

(4) Select the sampling method. At this time, which unit in the population can basically be decided as an individual.

5], the preparation of sampling box. Such as school directory, student roster, etc.

[6], estimate the sample size and estimate the cost.

Once, sampling test, fill in the questionnaire as small as possible, and make some necessary improvements.

Being, organize field investigation. Investigate according to the sampling plan.

Levies, according to the sampling method used for data analysis. Data analysis is based on the sampling method used.

⑽. Write an investigation report. Preserve population information, which may guide future sampling surveys.

3. Test method (measurement method, questionnaire method) is to describe certain behaviors or infer certain behaviors (including: ability and achievement, personality, interest, motivation, attitude, concept and psychological needs, etc.). ); So as to consider the reconstruction strategy or scheme, or further form a new research topic. In pedagogy and psychology, measurement is an important method of quantitative research. Its main functions are assessment, diagnosis and prediction.

4. Action research method: Action research method is an exploratory research method to adapt to small-scale education reform. Its purpose is not to establish theories and induce laws, but to constantly explore and improve work in action research and solve practical problems in education. (characterized by implementation, evaluation and modification).

The model is basically: (1) plan-action-investigation-reflection (that is, summary and evaluation). Individual teachers are more suitable.

⑵: Pre-diagnosis (reflection, discovery of problems, initial ideas for improvement)-data collection, preliminary investigation-formulation of overall plan-formulation of specific plan-action-summary and evaluation,

Its three obvious characteristics:

(1), dynamic, all ideas and plans are in an open dynamic system and can be modified;

⑵. It has a strong association and participation, and all team members such as researchers, teachers and managers are involved in the whole process of implementing the action research method.

(3) In the whole research process, diagnostic evaluation, formative evaluation and summative evaluation run through the workflow of action research method.

5. Use the literature method to read relevant literature (including words, charts, symbols, audio, video and other materials with certain historical value, theoretical value and data value), and draw general conclusions or find problems and find new ideas.

According to the content and nature, there are No.0, No.1, No.2 and No.3. The zero-order literature is the most original material, which has not been published and has been consciously processed. Literature refers to books, papers, investigation reports and other documents that directly record events, research results, new knowledge and new technologies. Secondary literature refers to the processing and sorting of primary literature, including recording its characteristics, extracting its content points, and sorting it into systematic and easy-to-find literature according to certain methods. The three documents are comprehensive research results based on two documents, reference books and many documents.

6. Experience summary method This is a common method that teachers can use. Based on the facts provided by educational practice, educational experience summary method is an educational scientific research method, which analyzes and summarizes educational phenomena, excavates existing empirical materials, and raises them to the height of educational theory, so as to better guide new educational practice activities. The key is to be able to see the essence through the phenomenon and find the law in practical experience; So as to improve their teaching better and more reasonably. Summing up educational experience should follow the following basic requirements:

(1) Pay attention to the antecedents of experience (ideas must be updated)

(2) comprehensively investigate and summarize the objects and fully occupy the original factual materials; And do have "points" and "faces", and combine points and faces to prevent one-sidedness from generalizing.

(3), should be based on educational practice, can't take it for granted, it is worthless.

(4) Be good at theoretical analysis.

7. Case study method: Case study method is a method of in-depth and specific research on a single research object.

The object of a case study can be an individual, a group or an institution. The former is a case study of one or several gifted or poor students, while the latter is a case study of an advanced class or school. Case studies generally make a comprehensive and in-depth investigation and analysis of some typical characteristics of the research object, which is the so-called "dissecting sparrow" method. In case study, the accumulation of raw data is very important. At the same time, case study not only stays at the level of case study and understanding, but also needs to understand the causal relationship between education and development, put forward some positive educational countermeasures and reform education and teaching methods. You can also form a hypothesis through the study of a case, and then produce a new research topic or teaching reform experiment. The process of observing or tracking a person, several people, a group, a class, etc. Can be long or short, according to the needs, analysis and summary, through the phenomenon to see the essence, draw regular conclusions, find out the solution to the problem. (The number of case studies is small and the research scale is small; At the same time, case studies are generally conducted in an uncontrolled natural state and should not be completed in a short time. Therefore, case study is especially suitable for teachers' research. Teachers can seize one or two typical students or a class of students and conduct research in combination with teaching and educational practice. For every educator, the research object can always be found in the class, without any special treatment, and will not affect the normal educational activities.

Listening to the rain leaning against the building was published on 2010-1621:28:13.

8. Case study method: (reflective research method) A case is an objective description of a specific phenomenon in real life. Educational cases are typical in educational activities. They can describe, summarize and analyze specific teaching events that reflect some internal laws of education or some teaching ideas and principles. They are usually true stories in class and true records of puzzles encountered in teaching practice. Analyze and study these "real records" to find out the roots of laws or problems, and then seek ways to solve problems or improve work, or form new research topics. In the study of case law, the researcher's own insight is the key. There are many similarities between "case" and "case" The former is a fragment, focusing on things, while the latter is a continuous process, focusing on people or people.

When describing the case, the following conditions must be met:

(1), whether the description of the case contains certain conflicts;

(2) the description of the case should be specific and clear, not a general description of how things are, nor an abstract summary of the overall characteristics of things;

(3) In the description, the case should be placed in a time-space framework, that is, the time and place of the story should be explained;

(4) It is a description of the case, reflecting the complexity of education and teaching, and revealing the inner world of the characters, such as attitudes, motives, needs, etc.

5], is a description of the case, to reflect the specific background of the story.

Structure of the chassis (each complete chassis generally includes the following four parts):

(1) theme and background-each case extracts a distinct theme, which is usually related to the core ideas, common problems and disturbing events in classroom teaching, and should be contemporary and reflect modern educational thoughts and reform spirit.

② Situation description —— The case description should be a literary work or fragment, not a classroom record. No matter how profound the theme is and how complicated the story is, it should be told in an interesting and fascinating way. Case description can't be fabricated, but comes from teachers' real experiences (situational stories, teaching events) and problems they face; Of course, the specific plot should be appropriately adjusted and adapted, because only in this way can we closely focus on the theme and highlight the focus of discussion.

③ Problem discussion —— First, you can design a case discussion worksheet, including the main points of subject knowledge, teaching methods and situational characteristics, as well as the explanation and precautions of the case. Then, some suggestions are put forward for discussion, such as subject knowledge, evaluation of students' learning effect, teaching methods and situations, and expansion.

Interpretation and research-A multi-angle interpretation of the case may include technical analysis of classroom teaching behavior and teachers' after-class reflection. The conclusion of the case study can be developed in this part. The analysis here should return to the discussion of the basic principles of classroom teaching to show the value of the case. Finally, cases can be single or multiple, such as horizontal difference comparison, vertical change and progress, and each case has different functions.

9. Experimental method: (Comparative research method)

(1), what is "experimental method"? Generally speaking, this is a research method of thinking before doing (relatively speaking)

"Thinking": On the basis of existing theories and experiences, some educational ideas and theoretical concepts are formed, namely "hypothesis" (also called "hypothesis").

"Doing" is to test the formed hypothesis in active, planned and controlled educational practice. By observing the changes and development of experimental objects, the causal relationship between independent variables and dependent variables is established, and the hypothesis is effectively verified and improved.

⑵ Characteristics of experimental methods: "test hypothesis" and "control conditions" are the * * * characteristics of all experimental methods. However, educational experiments also have the characteristics of ethical principles, limited control and controlled formation (the process is very valuable).

(3) Several meanings of educational experiment:

First of all, the causal relationship between independent variables and dependent variables must be established in educational experiments.

Secondly, the research object must be selected scientifically in education and teaching experiments.

Thirdly, experimental conditions must be controlled and manipulated in education and teaching experiments.

The experiment should be repeatable, that is, not only effective but also reliable (that is, the experimental results obtained after repeated experiments should be roughly the same).

⑷ Several concepts in educational experiments:

What is a "hypothesis"?

The so-called "hypothesis" means to make a speculative judgment and hypothetical explanation on the causality and regularity of the studied problem in advance based on factual materials and certain scientific theories. The formation of hypothesis is a process of theoretical conception. Generally, it goes through three stages: finding the problem-preliminary hypothesis-forming hypothesis.

② "variables" in educational experiments

Independent variable: (also called experimental factor or experimental factor). It is manipulated by the experimenter, and other variables are independently changed by the experimenter. For example, examine the influence of different teaching materials on students' learning. Here, the textbook is the experimental independent variable. Another example is the construction of "happy learning" in our school? The experiment of "learning the basic mode of classroom teaching". An experimental factor must have at least two levels (such as two groups, two classes, etc. ) to compare (as mentioned above, there must be at least two textbooks). Otherwise, it cannot constitute an experimental factor.

Dependent variable: Dependent variable is a hypothetical result variable, a response variable to independent variable, or "output". It is the effect variable after the experimental variable acts on the experimental object. The experimental dependent variable must be measurable.

Irrelevant variables (also called "control variables"). Except for independent variables and dependent variables, all variables that do not need to be studied in an experiment are collectively referred to as irrelevant variables in experimental research, also known as non-experimental factors or irrelevant factors. For example, in the comparative experiment of different teaching materials, all factors that may affect the teaching effect, such as teachers' level, students' original foundation, family education, study time and so on, are irrelevant variables in the experiment. The control of independent variables is very important: in order to explore the causal relationship and ensure that the change of dependent variables is caused by the change of independent variables, we must exclude the influence of other independent factors, control the independent factors, and keep the other conditions of the experiment consistent except the independent variables to ensure the effectiveness of the experimental research, otherwise the experiment will fail.

③ Experimental operation (it is very important to strictly control the experimental process):

Formation hypothesis

Second, study and formulate a rigorous and scientific experimental scheme (selecting subjects, determining the control group, designing experimental methods and processes, selecting experimental materials and tools, studying irrelevant variables and their control measures, dividing experimental stages, accumulating original procedural data, and determining the form of results, etc.). )

3. Carry out the experiment as planned.

Form the periodic report and summary report of the experiment.

Fifth, evaluate and demonstrate the experiment.

Of course, the methods of education and scientific research are not just the above. However, the above methods can also be easily used by ordinary teachers.

Educational research methods include primary methods and secondary methods. The main methods are observation, investigation, literature, educational experiment, experience summary, comparative research, case study, action research, reflective research and qualitative research. Auxiliary methods include statistics, measurement, questionnaire, etc.

Fifth, the steps of research.

The step of project research is the arrangement of project research in time and order. Including: what stages will the whole study be divided into; The starting and ending time of each stage; Research objectives and tasks to be completed in each stage; Main research steps in each stage; The timetable of research work this semester, etc.

The first stage: research preparation stage.

1, set up a research team.

2. Determine the research object

Step 3 Choose an experimental class

4. Pre-test, analysis and investigation.

5. Consult relevant information and write the topic "Opening Report (Research Scheme)".

The second stage: build the target system, design the content, and choose the implementation methods and ways.

The third stage: the implementation stage of the research scheme;

The fourth stage: summary and improvement stage

VI. Project Management-Research Topics:

Research topic opening, also known as topic design and demonstration. The design and demonstration of research topics is an important link in educational research. Design and demonstration of a subject means that scientific researchers analyze, design and demonstrate the purpose, significance, research status, research content, research value, research foundation, research conditions, research division of labor, research funds and so on from the aspects of scientificity, innovation, application value and research conditions. The design and demonstration of the subject should grasp the key points and keys. Purpose, significance, research status and research content are the key points.

(1) The significance of topic selection: This paper mainly expounds the significance of topic selection from two aspects: theoretical value and practical value. Demonstrate the purpose, significance and value of topic selection, clarify and discuss the purpose, significance and thinking of topic selection research, further refine the existing basic ideas or preliminary ideas when selecting topics, and put forward a clear understanding.

(2) Opening content: report the research status, research content, research ideas, research objectives, research methods, planning and division of labor, etc. Reporting the research status quo: it is to investigate the research content involved in the topic selection, study the history and status quo of similar research at home and abroad, comment on the research status quo at home and abroad, clarify the problems to be solved in the topic selection, and point out possible breakthroughs.

Research contents of the report: After systematic analysis, all the research contents involved in the completion of the research task are listed and sorted out, forming the basic framework and composition of the research contents.

Research ideas of the report: explain the main ideas, perspectives, methods, ways and purposes of this study, and explain the important points of this study.

Research goal of the report: The purpose of educational research is to explore the unknown educational laws, and after having a correct understanding of the educational laws, it will indirectly serve to improve the quality of education by guiding the daily education and teaching work. The symbol of successful research is to achieve the predetermined research goal and gain a regular understanding of some educational phenomena. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the research objectives, analyze and summarize the problems to be solved in this study, form specific research objectives and set them clearly.

Determination of research methods: research methods are procedures, methods, techniques, means or operating rules to complete research tasks and achieve research objectives. Research methods should be subordinate to research purposes. When determining the research methods, we need to consider: which research methods are used in this topic; What methods and technical means are used to collect research materials, sort out and analyze materials; How to arrange the specific investigation procedures?

(3) Method of opening the topic: The topic can be opened before or after the project is established. The open way of the project is generally to hold a meeting of the members of the research group, the person in charge of the project reports the research plan of the project, and the members of the research group discuss, unify their understanding, determine the tasks and clarify the division of labor. Experts can also be invited to give academic reports on relevant contents.

Seven, the implementation of research.

The implementation of the research is mainly to collect data, sort out data, analyze data and summarize results. Data is the general name of written materials, audio-visual products and so on which researchers' thoughts, scientific and cultural knowledge and scientific research practice depend for recording, preservation, communication and dissemination. Data plays an important role in research, which is the basis of research work and the basis for summarizing research results.

(1) Collect information

Collecting data is an important link in scientific research. Data collection refers to the study of the subject, focusing on the purpose of the subject, using established research methods, and putting the obtained information about the research object. In the research and data collection, the main problems are:

(1), the literature does not indicate the source;

(2) The factual materials have no time, place and background;

(3) Lack of research on data reliability;

(4) The selection of representative factual materials is unscientific, and sometimes the data used are inconsistent. It is often seen that the method of example is used, and the typical position in the group is unknown;

5. The methods, tools and questionnaires used to collect data are often unscientific;

[6], the lack of a comprehensive analysis of materials, sometimes become a material pile, I don't know where the problem is; Wait a minute.

1, how to collect information?

(1) Adhere to the guiding ideology around the research theme, and design data collection and data collection schemes according to the research needs of the subject;

(2) It is a scientific and clear data collection tool;

(3) Adopting appropriate scientific methods, mainly through consulting literature archives, investigating and visiting, distributing questionnaires, experimental observation, experimental testing, student's homework and other channels and means, combining traditional means with modern means, extensively collecting materials that can reflect the actual situation of the research object, including words, objects, audio and video, etc.

(4), according to the plan to collect and sort out, and strive to collect basic data and collect original data; Fifth, pay attention to the objectivity of information and data.

Listening to the rain leaning against the building was released on 2010-1-kloc-0/621:28: 25.

2. Make an investigation plan

To collect data by investigation, we must design the investigation scheme well. The content of the investigation plan is a detailed description of the whole investigation process step by step and in stages. The design of the investigation scheme includes defining the investigation subject, defining the investigation purpose, selecting the investigation unit, specifying the investigation scale, researching the investigation object, explaining the investigation method, compiling the investigation outline, drawing up the investigation sequence and time arrangement, etc. Survey data should be tabulated. Survey and design can be divided into vertical design and horizontal design.

Longitudinal design is a survey, including collecting data in a period of time and collecting data in a specific period of time. A vertical design is trend research. This kind of research is a longitudinal study of the research population over a period of time, which usually requires sampling from the population and then measuring random sampling. The other is group research. This study is a longitudinal study of a specific group over a period of time. The other is the study of special objects. This study is a longitudinal study in which the same sample is measured twice or more, and the sample can represent a specific population or a general population.

Horizontal design refers to collecting data from one sample or multiple samples representing two or more groups at a time. This design can't measure individual changes, but it can reflect the overall changes with the differences between different respondents.

3. Design a questionnaire, which is a written personal survey.

Questionnaire design requirements:

First, the topic should conform to the purpose of the investigation and should not give the respondents bad psychological stimulation;

The second is an explanation or explanation letter, including the title, the purpose of the investigation, the significance of the investigation, the interest relationship with the respondent, the requirements for answering questions, the responsibilities of both parties, and finally indicate the contact person, contact address and telephone number;

Thirdly, the specific content of the questionnaire includes factual questions and attitude questions (opinions, emotions, motives, opinions, etc. );

The fourth is the number.

Note: the content of the question should not be irrelevant to the theme, or ambiguous, or difficult to understand, or induced; Written expression should be popular, concise and specific; Question order, time order from near to far, content order from shallow to deep, from easy to difficult, category order from static to dynamic; The length of the questionnaire should be appropriate.

Questionnaires can be divided into open and closed types. Open questionnaire is a kind of questionnaire that is answered by the questioner himself without giving the answer to the question in advance. This kind of questionnaire allows the respondents to express their opinions, which is more conducive to reflecting the true feelings of the respondents and understanding their unique views and ideas; But if the data is not standardized, it will be difficult to process. For complex problems that cannot be summarized clearly with a few simple answers, but need to be discussed in detail, it is more appropriate to use open questionnaires.

Eight, how do ordinary teachers carry out research?

(1) topic selection

Select "personal topics" in combination with daily work and carry out research. The so-called "individual project" refers to the project undertaken by teachers independently or collectively. It is a subject that is suitable for teachers' own education and teaching practice, conducive to improving teachers' own education and teaching level and promoting teachers' own professional development. This kind of "personal topic" is generally a small topic, and the research content and scope are relatively small, which is suitable for teachers' personal narrative research, case study and action research. It is rich in teachers' inner experience, situational and procedural description, characterized by practical innovation and advanced experience, and has teachers' own "discourse system".

(B) the specific work in the study

1. Collect and study the background information related to the project, collect the statistical data of the pre-test and post-test of the research object, define the theories and concepts related to the project and the dynamic data of related research, record and collect the process data of self-study and research, classify and archive the materials, and conduct interdisciplinary research and data collection.

2. Participate in classroom teaching observation and discussion activities, collect and sort out typical cases, a certain number of typical teaching cases and typical materials of students' development and changes.

3. Participate in the special discussion of the research group and often write experiences and papers (cases, empirical materials, etc.). ) During the research.

4. Timely collect the achievement certificates obtained in the research process, materials of students' development and changes, and materials of teachers' teaching level changes.

5. Participate in the learning activities of educational theories and policies, pay attention to the accumulation of learning and training materials, contact your own research topics when you go out to study and exchange, and ask your peers for advice.

6. Exchange results, often publish results (magazines, internet) and participate in academic selection activities (so that your results are convincing and your research is valuable).

7. Create and manage files

(3) Several aspects that teachers should pay attention to when doing research.

1. What are the key points and problems of the project?

2. Arrangement of data

Pre-archives (materials): (mainly) mainly include project application materials, project implementation plan, project opening demonstration materials, etc.

I. Application for Project Establishment

Second, the task book (project approval)

Third, the subject demonstration materials

Fourth, the project implementation plan

Verb (abbreviation of verb) opening report

Six, modify the program (rolling, changing, adjusting researchers, research content, methods, steps, etc.). )

Interim archives (materials): (deputy) mainly includes experimental data, experimental records, papers written during the experiment, teaching plans, classroom records, equivalent scores, price segment summaries, etc.

First, the processing of experimental data.

Second, the annual (semester) research plan, reflection and summary

Third, the project research class records

Four, held and participated in the project meeting records and important meetings (including the main issues discussed at the meeting, the main points of view, the formation of * * * understanding, existing differences).

Verb (abbreviation of verb) a record of research activities (such as observation records and interview records)

Six, the preparation and use of research tools (scale, questionnaire, interview outline)

Seven, the organization to participate in the training record

Eight, the annual research results and award certificates

IX. Information Registration

Ten, the use of funds registration form

(Including: typical safety, questionnaire survey, lesson preparation notes, experience and lessons, method effect, students' paper assignments, research course videos, organization training records, various data and materials of process evaluation, main documents and papers read, various pictures and materials, audio-visual materials, audio-visual software and research summary, price segment summary, paper works, award-winning certificates, price segment inspection records, etc.). )

Post-archive materials (mainly): mainly including research summary, achievement appraisal and promotion, summary and acceptance materials, etc. , form a file series, the materials include:

I. Project Research Report

Second, the written application (natural conditions of the subjects)

Three, acceptance application report (issued by the superior acceptance department)

Fourth, the final research results (papers, courseware, research reports, works, promotional materials, etc.). )

Theme files are divided into primary volumes and secondary volumes.

V. Acceptance certificate.

Main volume: the main documents and materials formed in the research of the subject.

Supplementary volume: all documentary evidence and supporting materials of the main volume in the research process of the subject (for example, if there is a data in your survey results, then you must have the first-hand materials of your experiments and surveys as supporting materials, otherwise it will be unreliable. )

3. Study the binding and archiving of data.

(1) The main volume and the auxiliary volume of the theme file are bound separately, and bound by volumes according to the time sequence of data formation and the internal relationship of contents.

(2) Each volume of data should be numbered, which should reflect the formation process of the data, and reflect the affiliation and program connection of the data.

(3), the information directory should be placed in the front.

(4) The number, subject name, data content source, time, place, provider name, etc. shall be indicated in the preparation of the document cover. , the main volume and the auxiliary volume should correspond to a unified number for easy reference.

5], with independent filing (a file system) filing in stages (show the research track)