Hangzhou holds anti-war slogans.

First of all, the concept discrimination:

What you are talking about should be the conflict between the people of China and imperialism in the anti-aggression democratic trend of thought in modern China. The Revolution of 1911 belongs to the category of anti-feudal struggle and is not included. The specific answer is as follows (these are excellent materials, please pay attention):

Opium War (1840- 1842)

1, reason:

① The root cause:/kloc-In the early 9th century, Britain took the lead in completing the industrial revolution and became the number one capitalist power. Soon, France, the United States and other countries also launched the industrial revolution. In order to open up overseas markets and plunder the means of production, Britain pointed its aggression at the vast China.

② Direct cause: China's anti-smoking campaign (destruction of opium in Humen) dealt a heavy blow to opium smuggling in Britain. In order to maintain the opium trade, Britain launched a war of aggression against China.

Destroying opium in Humen;

In the normal trade between China and Britain, Britain is in a trade deficit. In order to change this situation, Britain smuggled opium to China, and the Qing government began to ban smoking. 1June, 839, Lin Zexu seized a large amount of opium from British and American smugglers and destroyed it at Humentan. Hearing this, the British government decided to launch a war of aggression against China.

2. Process and Result: 1840- 1842 During the First Opium War, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of nanking, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history, and its annexes. After the treaty of nanking was signed, the United States and France forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty and the Sino-French Huangpu Treaty.

3. Main contents of treaty of nanking.

(1) cut Hong Kong Island to Britain (territory)

② Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars.

(3) Opening five trading ports: Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai.

(4) The tariffs on goods imported and exported by British businessmen shall be agreed by both parties (tariffs).

In addition, the powers also seized the privileges such as consular jurisdiction, unilateral most-favored-nation treatment, residence right and land lease right through the annex of treaty of nanking.

4. Influence

(1) undermined China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and the independent development of China was interrupted.

(2) China was forced to get involved in the capitalist world market.

(3) Great changes have taken place in the historical process of China, which began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

The Second Opium War (1856- 1860)

1, reason:

① The root cause: The further development of capitalism requires further opening up the China market and expanding its interests in China.

② Direct cause: The Qing government refused to change the contract.

2. Process:

① The first stage: 1856—— 1858, Tianjin Treaty was signed.

② The second stage: 1859- 1860, Yuanmingyuan was burned down and the Beijing Treaty was signed.

3. Contents:

(1) Tianjin Treaty Catalogue

① Open 10 trade port.

(2) Allow the Foreign Minister to stay in Beijing.

(3) Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail freely in coastal and riverside ports.

Foreigners can travel, do business and preach in Chinese mainland.

(2) The main contents of the Beijing Treaty

(1) recognizes the validity of the Tianjin Treaty.

(2) opening ports for trade.

(3) Divide Kowloon into Britain.

(4) The reparations to Britain and France increased to 8 million taels of silver each.

4. Impact:

(1) China's territory and sovereignty have been further destroyed, and the degree of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism has deepened.

② The power structure of the Qing government changed.

(3) China people began to learn from the West and started the Westernization Movement aimed at promoting the revival of the dynasty.

Sino-Japanese War (1894- 1895)

1, reason:

① Root cause: Japan's invasion of China is a long-planned basic national policy. After the Meiji Restoration in Japan, the capitalist economy developed rapidly. However, due to the incomplete reform, strong feudal remnants and narrow domestic market, Japan needed to find a way out from aggression and expansion, so it formulated a mainland policy centered on aggression against China.

② The specific reason: the economic crisis broke out in Japan.

③ fuse: 1894, a peasant uprising broke out in North Korea.

2. Process:

Symbol of the beginning: Japan attacked the Qing aircraft carrier on the sea near Toyoshima on the Korean peninsula, and the Sino-Japanese war began.

Important battles: Pyongyang, Yellow Sea, Liaodong Peninsula, Ahava.

Results: The Qing government was defeated and forced to sign treaty of shimonoseki.

3. The main contents of treaty of shimonoseki:

(1) Cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan (territorial sovereignty);

(2) Compensation for the Japanese military expenditure of 200 million taels of silver (making China's finances overwhelmed);

(3) Opening Chongqing, Shashi, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports (making the invading forces of foreign powers go deep into Chinese mainland, with Chongqing as the innermost side);

(4) Allow Japanese to set up factories in China (the invasion of China by foreign powers has changed from commodity export to capital export, which has affected the development of China's national capitalist economy and is the most harmful of all the clauses in treaty of shimonoseki).

4. The harm of treaty of shimonoseki to China;

Treaty of shimonoseki is the most harmful treaty to China after treaty of nanking.

(1) The semi-colonial and semi-feudal degree of China has greatly deepened.

(2) It has seriously damaged China's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and set off a frenzy of the great powers to carve up China.

(The prelude to the great powers' frenzy to carve up China is: triple interference. The three countries refer to Russia, Germany and France)

(3) The huge reparations increased China's financial burden, forcing it to borrow foreign debts, and the powers further controlled China's finance and economy.

(4) The imperialist forces of aggression penetrated into Chinese mainland.

⑤ It has seriously hindered the development of China's national capitalist economy.

Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China.

First, the boxer movement.

1, rising reason:

① Root cause: the national crisis in China has been greatly aggravated (reflecting the change of the main contradiction in China at that time: class contradiction-national contradiction).

② Specific reasons: foreign religions are rampant in Shandong and Zhili areas.

2. Nature: the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the peasant class.

3. Slogan: Help clear the ocean, and 1900 reached its climax in Beijing and Tianjin in spring and summer.

4. Results and reasons for failure: the joint strangulation of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces.

(1) Subjective reason (root): the limitations of the peasant class.

(2) objective reasons: suppressed by the reactionary forces at home and abroad.

5. Historical significance

The Boxer Rebellion embodies the heroic struggle spirit of the people of China against aggression, which has hit the arrogance of imperialism and promoted the reform movement of the Qing Dynasty to some extent.

(2) Eight-Nation Alliance's aggression against China.

1, reason: root cause:19 At the end of the 20th century, capitalism was in transition to imperialism, and the great powers set off a frenzy to carve up China. 1In June, 900, Britain, the United States, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria jointly launched a war of aggression against China under the pretext of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion.

2. Results: Tianjin was occupied, Beijing was captured, and the "Xin Chou Treaty" was signed.

3. Harm:

(1) The semi-colonial and semi-feudal society of China was finally formed;

(2) Huge compensation has increased the burden on the people;

(3) The embassy district established in Beijing has become the base camp for foreign powers to invade China.

(3) The signing of the Xin Chou Treaty

190 1 In September, the Qing government and the invaders signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" which humiliated the country.

1. Main contents: The Qing government compensated 450 million taels of silver from various countries and paid it off in 39 years. The total principal and interest is 980 million taels, with customs duties and salt taxes as collateral;

Establish an "embassy circle" in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing, where China people are not allowed to live and countries are stationed to protect them; Dismantle the fortress from Beijing to Dagu and allow countries to send troops to strategic locations along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan;

Punish the officials who participated in the anti-imperialist struggle in the Boxer Movement, and forever prohibit the people of China from forming or joining anti-imperialist organizations;

Change the Prime Minister's yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking above the six ministries.

2. Harm: The huge indemnity has increased the burden on the people of China, making China's tax revenue under the control of foreign powers.

The "embassy circle" is actually a "country within a country", which has become the base camp for the great powers to plan their aggression against China.

The vast area from Beijing and Tianjin to Shanhaiguan in the hinterland of the Qing Dynasty was under the armed control of the great powers.

Officials who supported the Boxer Rebellion were punished and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was established. The powers strengthened their control over the Qing government through diplomatic channels.

The Qing government became a tool for imperialism to rule China.

It marks that China has completely fallen into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression

First, the national war of resistance:

(1) September 18th Incident:193 18 September 200818 September, Japan began to invade China, and ethnic contradictions between China and Japan began to rise.

(2) July 7th Incident:1On July 7th, 937, the Japanese army began an all-round invasion of China, and China's all-round war of resistance began.

(c) Realizing the second cooperation between the two countries.

1, the root cause: the ethnic contradiction between China and Japan has risen to the main contradiction.

2. Achievement symbol:1On September 22nd, 937, the Kuomintang announced the Declaration on Sino-US Cooperation submitted by the Central Committee. This marks the realization of the second national cooperation and the formal establishment of the anti-Japanese national United front.

(4) Early War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

Kuomintang-frontal battlefield (dominant position): During this period, Kuomintang organized four major battles in frontal battlefield: Battle of Songhu, Battle of Xuzhou, Battle of Wuhan and Battle of Taiyuan.

* * * Producer-Battlefield behind enemy lines (auxiliary position): Create anti-Japanese base areas. * * * The Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei anti-Japanese base area founded by the production party is the first anti-Japanese base area behind enemy lines.

Second, Japan's heinous crimes:

1937 65438+February, Nanjing massacre; 194 1 panjiayu massacre in Feng Run county, Hebei province; "73 1 troops" and so on.

Third, the victory of the war of resistance:

(1) Hundred Regiments Battle: 1940, under the command of Peng, located in North China, was a large-scale battle in which the China army took the initiative to attack the Japanese army.

(2) Chinese Expeditionary Force: 1945, with the cooperation of American and British troops, defeated the Japanese invaders.

(3) victory:

1, time:1August 945 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender.

2. The great historical significance of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory;

(1) War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is the first time in a century that China has won a complete victory in the war against aggression.

② It is an important part of the world anti-fascist war and has made great contributions to the victory of the world anti-fascist war.

(3) It laid the foundation for the victory of the new-democratic revolution.

④ Improve China's international status.