ER& #x3D; EPR, an equation that makes Einstein proud again, reveals what kind of universe?

ER=EPR, an equation that makes Einstein proud again, what kind of universe does it reveal?

what does the equation er = EPR, which is known as making Einstein proud again, describe? In this world, gravity dominates the movement of the cosmological galaxy, quantum dominates the movement of microscopic particles, and intelligence dominates the action of the macro-intelligent life of human beings. These three phenomena with completely different scales seem to have nothing to do with each other. However, more and more research in modern physics shows that there may be a connection between them that cannot be ignored.

First of all, we should know that quantum entanglement is a thought experiment called EPR Paradox Design based on Einstein's explanation of quantum mechanics in order to refute the Copenhagen School headed by Bohr. That is, Einstein, Podolski and Rosen's paradox. In May 1935, three people jointly published an article in the Physical Review entitled "Can quantum mechanics describe physical reality completely?" "The paper. This raises a strong question about quantum mechanics. Few people know that Einstein and others have designed ingenious experiments according to quantum mechanics. They irradiate special crystals with high-energy photons, so that the outer electrons of the special crystals jump two energy levels, and then release a pair of low-energy photons when they fall back, that is to say, each energy level falls back, one will be released. Based on the conservation law, you will find that the quantum states of a pair of photons released are related, such as polarization.

According to the explanation of Copenhagen School, this pair of quantum states, that is, the collective name of microscopic particle states, will show uncertain characteristics until the correlated photons are measured. Because the quantum states of these photons are related, it means that the state of one photon is determined, and the corresponding quantum state of another photon is also determined.

In recent decades, theoretical physicist Thorne has shifted his interest from wormhole research to gravitational wave detection, and in 217, he won the Nobel Prize in physics for the first time in detecting gravitational waves. In addition, the basic idea of people's research on wormholes has also changed significantly in the past 1 years. Humans can even generalize the new source of wormhole research into a physical formula, that is, Juan Marda Sinar and Leonard Susskind of Stanford University, who were famous for putting forward the ADS/CFT dual theory by Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies, threw out a blockbuster in 213. This formula first links wormholes with quantum entanglement.

The full name of ER is Einstein-Rosen Bridge, which is an impassable wormhole put forward by Einstein and Nathan Rosen when studying the equation of general relativity. EPR is the abbreviation of the initials of Einstein-Podolski-Rosen, do you know? Podolski is a Russian-American physicist, and EPR refers to a pair of entangled particles in physics. Originally, the two concepts of ER and EPR have nothing to do with each other. Because Einstein-Rosen Bridge is the product of general relativity which describes large-scale macroscopic phenomena, EPR is the description of quantum entanglement in the microscopic world.

You know, quantum entanglement is easy to disappear due to decoherence on a large scale. If we regard a black hole as a quantum system rather than a classical object, there may be a system composed of two highly entangled black holes. When people study this entangled state carefully, they will find that the space-time corresponding to this entangled state can be regarded as an impassable wormhole connecting two black holes. This is the true meaning of ER = EPR. Strictly speaking, ER = EPR is not a mathematical or physical equation, but more like a slogan, which emphasizes that there is a profound internal connection between quantum entanglement and space-time. Assuming this connection exists, it shows that it can not only naturally connect the two cornerstones of modern physics, namely general relativity and quantum mechanics. In addition, it also implies that quantum entanglement plays an important role in the presentation of spatio-temporal structure.

Perhaps you will be puzzled why people associate quantum entanglement with wormholes. First of all, we should understand several properties of black holes. Black holes are curved space-time regions, which are quite different from the well-known and relatively undistorted space. One notable feature is that people can divide its geometric structure into two areas, one is the outer area where the space is bent, but objects and information can still escape, and the other is the inner area where materials and information can no longer escape after rushing in, because the inside and the outside are separated by a surface called event horizon. General relativity tells us that the horizon is only an imaginary surface, and when an astronaut crosses the horizon, he will not feel anything strange in the area. The difference is that once you pass through it, the space traveler will be doomed to be squeezed into an area with great curvature and cannot escape. In fact, the inside of the black hole is actually in the future relative to the outside, so the traveler can't escape, so he can't travel back to the past.

A year after Einstein put forward the general theory of relativity, German physicist Karl Schwarzschild found the simplest solution of Einstein's equation and pointed out the concept of celestial bodies now called black holes. Do you know? The space-time geometric structure calculated by Schwarzschild was particularly unexpected, so that scientists didn't really understand it until the 196s. This structure actually describes a wormhole connecting two black holes. From the outside, the two black holes are two independent entities far apart, but they actually have an internal area. In a paper in 1935, Einstein and his collaborator Nathan Rosen predicted that some parts of this * * * were wormholes. Because they didn't fully understand the geometric structure represented by wormholes at that time, the wormholes were also called Einstein-Rosen Bridge.