How many punctuation marks are there in Chinese language? How to use each symbol specifically? Thanks.

(1) How many types of punctuation marks are there?

There are 16 types of commonly used punctuation marks, including punctuation marks and marks. The function of the dot mark is to punctuate, mainly indicating pauses and tone when speaking. There are seven types of dot marks. The purpose of the mark is to indicate, mainly the nature and function of the statement. There are 9 common labels. (See the table below)

Types of dots, types of marks

Name, period, question mark, exclamation mark, colon, semicolon, comma, comma, quotation marks

Dash, parentheses, ellipsis, book title, emphasis, spacer Connection number, proper name number

symbol. ? ! : ; , , " "

' '

—— ( )

〔 〕

〈 〉... " "

〈 〉． — ~~~

Remarks

(2) Concept examples

Punctuation marks are symbols that assist in recording language and are an integral part of written language. They are used to Indicates pauses, tone, and the nature and function of words.

1 Period

(1) The period is in the form of “.”. There is another form of period, which is a small dot ".", which is generally used in scientific literature.

(2) Use a period for the pause at the end of a declarative sentence. For example: Humility makes people progress, pride makes people fall behind.

(3) A period is also used at the end of an imperative sentence with a soothing tone. For example: Please wait a moment.

2 Question mark

(1) The question mark is in the form of "?".

(2) The pause at the end of an interrogative sentence is a question. For example: Is it better to go or not to go?

(3) A period is also used at the end of a rhetorical question. For example: Don’t you know me yet?

3 Exclamation mark

(1) The exclamation mark is in the form of “!”.

(2) Use an exclamation mark for the pause at the end of an exclamatory sentence. For example: How I want to see his old man!

(3) An exclamation mark is also used at the end of an imperative sentence with a strong tone. For example: Get out of here!

(4) An exclamation mark is also used at the end of a rhetorical question with a strong tone. For example: How can I compare to him?

4 Commas

(1) The form of comma is ","

(2) If there is a pause between the subject and the predicate inside the sentence, use a comma.

For example: Most of the stars we can see are stars.

(3) If there is a pause between the verb and the object inside the sentence, use a comma.

For example: It should be noted that science requires a person to devote his life's energy.

(4) If there is a pause after the adverbial inside the sentence, use a comma. For example: He is no stranger to this city.

(5) The pauses between clauses in a complex sentence must use commas except sometimes semicolons.

For example: It is said that there are more than 100 gardens in Suzhou, but I have been to only a dozen.

5 comma

(1) The format of comma is ",".

(2) Use pauses between parallel words within a sentence.

For example: The Amazon River, the Nile River, the Mississippi River and the Yangtze River are the four largest rivers in the world.

6 Semicolons

(1) The form of semicolon is ";".

(2) Use semicolons to pause between parallel clauses within a complex sentence.

For example: in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Qutang Gorge is like a gate with a dangerous entrance; Wu Gorge is like a circuitous gallery, and every twist and turn is like an excellent landscape painting. Magical and beautiful; the water in Xiling Gorge is dangerous, with rapids and dangerous shoals everywhere.

(3) For multiple repetitive sentences with non-parallel relationships (such as transition relationships, causal relationships, etc.), a semicolon is also used between the front and back parts of the first level.

For example: All citizens of our country who are over 18 years old have the right to vote and stand for election regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, occupation, family origin, religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence; Exceptions are made for persons deprived of political rights in accordance with the law.

(4) Semicolons can also be used between items listed in separate lines.

For example: The administrative regions of the People's Republic of China are divided as follows:

(1) The country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities;

(2) ) Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities;

(3) Counties and autonomous counties are divided into townships, ethnic townships and towns.

7 Colon

(1) The form of colon is ":".

(2) Used after a salutation to indicate the following. For example: Comrades, friends: The meeting is now open.

(3) Used after words such as "say, think, be, prove, declare, point out, reveal, for example, as follows" to indicate the following. For example: He was very surprised and said: "Ah, it turns out to be you"!

(4) Used after a general utterance to indicate the subsequent explanation.

For example: The Forbidden City in Beijing has four gates: Meridian Gate, Shenwu Gate, Donghua Gate and Xihua Gate.

(5) Used after words that need explanation to lead to explanations or explanations.

For example: Foreign Language Book Fair

Date: October 20 to November 10

Time: 8 am to 4 pm

Location: No. 16, Gongti East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing

Organizer: China Book Import and Export Corporation

(6) It can also be used before a general statement Colon, to summarize the above.

For example: Hong Kong and Macao returned to the motherland; Beijing successfully bid for the Olympics; Shanghai will also hold the World Expo: our country is becoming more prosperous day by day.

8 Quotation marks

(1) The form of quotation marks is double quotation mark """ and single quotation mark "‘'".

(2) If quoted directly in the text, use quotation marks.

For example: A) Einstein said: "Imagination is more important than knowledge, because knowledge is limited, and imagination summarizes everything in the world, promotes progress, and is the source of the evolution of knowledge."

B) The horses painted by modern painter Xu Beihong are, as some critics say, "both spiritual and physical, full of vitality."

(3) The objects that need to be discussed are marked with quotation marks.

For example: The ancients had a basic requirement for writing articles, which was called "things in order". "To have things" means to have content, and "to be orderly" means to be organized.

(4) Words with special meanings are also marked with quotation marks.

For example: A) Looking up from the foot of the mountain, I saw many torches arranged in a zigzag shape, all the way to the sky, connected with the starlight, and it was impossible to tell whether they were torches or stars. B) It would be better to have fewer such "smart people".

(5) When there are quotation marks inside quotation marks, use double quotation marks on the outer layer and single quotation marks on the inner layer. For example:

He stood up and asked: "Teacher, what does the word 'organized' in 'orderly' mean?"

9 Brackets

(1) Brackets are commonly used The form is parentheses "( )". In addition, there are square brackets "[ ]", hexagonal brackets "{}" and square brackets " "

(2) Annotative text in the text is marked with brackets. When annotating a certain word in a sentence, the parentheses are placed immediately after the word being annotated; when annotating the entire sentence, the parentheses are placed after the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence.

For example: The discovery of Chinese ape-man (full name "Chinese ape-man Peking species", or simply "Peking man") in my country is a major contribution to paleoanthropology.

10 dash

(1) The form of dash is "——".

(2) Statements of explanation in the text are marked with dashes.

For example: For the happiness of the people of the whole country-including ourselves of course-each of us must be conscientious and work hard.

(3) A sudden change in topic is marked with a dash.

For example: "It's so hot today! - When are you going to Shanghai?" Zhang Qiang said to Xiao Wang who had just walked in.

(4) To extend the sound, use a dash after the onomatopoeia. For example: "Woo--" The train started moving.

(5) When items are listed and shared, use a dash before each item.

For example: According to different research objects, environmental physics is divided into the following five branches:

——Environmental acoustics;

——Environmental optics;

——Environmental Thermal;

——Environmental Electromagnetics;

——Environmental Aerodynamics;

11 Ellipses

(1) The ellipsis is in the form of "...", six small dots, occupying the position of two characters. If an entire paragraph or line of poetry is omitted, twelve small dots can be used to indicate it.

(2) The omission of quotations is marked with ellipses.

For example: She softly hummed "Lullaby": "The moon is bright, the wind is quiet, the leaves cover the window lattice..."

(3) Listing omitted , marked with an ellipsis.

For example: In the flower market in Guangzhou, peonies, bells, narcissus, plum blossoms, chrysanthemums, camellias, ink orchids... flowers in spring, autumn and winter are all crowded together!

(4) If you speak intermittently, you can use ellipsis to mark it.

For example: "I...I'm sorry...everyone, I...didn't...complete...the task."

12 Emphasis number

(1) Emphasis number The form is ".".

(2) Words, words, and sentences that require readers to pay special attention are marked with emphasis.

For example: Careers are built by hard work, not by bragging.

13 Connection number

(1) The connection number is in the form of “-” and occupies one character. There are three other forms of hyphens, namely long horizontal "——" (occupies the length of two characters), half-word line "-" (occupies the length of half a character) and wave pattern "~" (occupies the length of one character). length).

(2) Two related nouns form a meaning unit with a hyphen in between.

For example: my country's Qinling Mountains - the area north of the Huaihe River belongs to the temperate monsoon climate zone, with high temperatures and rainy summers and cold and dry winters.

(3) The connecting numbers between related times, places or numbers indicate the beginning and end.

For example: The Jifeng grape grown in Liyuan Township has entered the peak production period this year, with a yield of 1,000 to 1,500 kilograms per mu.

(4) Use connecting numbers between relevant letters, Arabic numerals, etc. to indicate the product model.

For example: In the Pacific region, in addition to the HAW-4 and TPC-3 submarine optical cables that have been built and put into use, the TPC-4 submarine optical cable is also put into operation.

(5) Several related projects indicate progressive development, with connecting numbers in between.

For example: human development can be divided into four stages: ancient ape - ape man - ancient man - new man.

14 spacer

(1) The spacer is in the form of “?”.

(2) The boundaries between the various parts of the names of foreigners and certain ethnic minorities are marked with spacers.

For example: Leonardo da Vinci

(3) The boundary between the book title and the chapter (chapter, volume) title is marked with a spacer.

For example: "Chinese Encyclopedia? Physics" "Three Kingdoms? Shu Chronicles? Biography of Zhuge Liang"

15 Book title number

(1) The book title number is in the form of double The book title number is "" "" and the single book title number is "〈 〉".

(2) Book titles, chapter titles, newspaper titles, journal titles, etc., are marked with book title numbers.

For example: A) The author of "A Dream of Red Mansions" is Cao Xueqin. B) His article was published in the People's Daily.

(3) When the book title number also needs to be used inside the book title number, use a double book title number on the outer layer and a single book title number on the inner layer.

For example: "Chinese Workers" was published on February 7, 1940.

16 Proper names

(1) The form of proper names is “——”.

(2) Under proper names such as personal names, place names, dynasty names, etc., they are marked with proper names.

For example: Sima Xiangru was born in Chengdu, Shu County, Han Dynasty, and his courtesy name was Changqing.

(3) Appropriate names are only used in ancient books or certain literary and historical works. In order to match the proper title, the title of this type of work can use a tilde "~~~~".

For example: Qu Yuan was exiled and was given the title of Li Sao. Zuoqiu was blind and could speak Mandarin.

~~~~ ~~~~

◆ Position of punctuation marks

1 Period, question mark, exclamation mark, comma, comma, semicolon and colon Generally, it occupies the position of one character, lower left and does not appear at the beginning of a line.

2 The first half of quotation marks, brackets, and book title numbers do not appear at the end of a line, and the second half do not appear at the beginning of a line.

3 A dash and an ellipsis both occupy the space of two characters and cannot be separated in between. Connection numbers and spacer numbers generally occupy one character. These four symbols are centered above and below.

4 Emphasis marks, proper title marks and wavy line book title marks are marked under the words and can move with the words.

5 The difference in punctuation marks between vertical and horizontal manuscripts

7 Periods, question marks, exclamation marks, commas, commas, semicolons and colons are placed below and to the right of the word.

8 Dashes, ellipses, hyphens and spaces are placed under the words and centered.

9 Use double quotation marks " " and single quotation marks " " instead of quotation marks.

10 Emphasis marks are marked on the right side of the word, and proper name marks and wavy book title marks are marked on the left side of the word.

(3) Examples of common (mis)usage of several types of punctuation

[1], question mark

Common mistakes in question marks include:

1. Use question marks for non-interrogative sentences.

(1) After the news that an overpass was to be built in the west of the city came out, many people were very concerned about how this overpass would be built. What will happen to the nearly 1,000 trees there?

(A question mark is used only when there is doubt in the entire sentence, that is, when someone needs to answer "or a rhetorical question". Although some sentences contain question words, the entire sentence expresses a declarative mood, so a period should be used at the end of the sentence. Instead of using a question mark. The first question mark in the sentence should be a comma, and the next question mark should be a period.)

2. Use question marks more often when choosing questions.

Although the choice question includes two items or More than two choices, but still only one question, so usually just use a question mark at the end of the sentence.

(2) Did she become a beggar after leaving her fourth uncle’s house? Or did he first go to Mrs. Wei's house and then become a beggar?

(3) Do you like Li Bai’s poems? Still like Du Fu's poems?

The first question mark in both sentences needs to be changed to a comma. Choosing to add more question marks in a question is confusing it with a continuous question. There are two ways to distinguish between selective questions and continuous questions: (1) Whether there is or can be added the correlative word "is..., or..." in the sentence. You can only use "is..., or..." to choose the related words of the question mark. Therefore, if there is a correlative word "is..., or..." between clauses, or if "is..., or..." can be added, it is an optional question, and you can only use a question mark at the end of the sentence. Those that cannot be added are continuous questions, and each question should be marked with a question mark. (2) Use the pseudo-answer method to see how many answers the question requires. If it only uses one answer, it is a multiple-choice question. If it requires multiple answers, it is a continuous question. Let’s take a look at the following two sentences:

(4) Is it more convenient to travel by water or by land?

(5) Xifeng asked: How old is my sister? Have you ever been to school? What medicine are you taking now?

Example (3) is a selective question, and example (4) is a continuous question.

Of course, multiple question marks can also be used in selective questions. Conditionally, each option is too long, needs to be emphasized, or is composed of nouns to form the selected clause.

Example:

(6) Are you standing in front of them and leading them? Or stand behind them and criticize them? Or stand opposite them and oppose them? (Mao Zedong's "Inspection Report on the Peasant Movement in Hunan")

(7) What did she dream about? Clinic? Stethoscope? Scalpel? thermometer? (Lu Wenfu's "Middle Age")

3. When questions or interrogative words are used as sentence components, question marks are misused.

(8) I don’t know who can take this road? But I must go on unswervingly.

(9) Go and see if the car is here?

(10) Let’s study how to solve this problem?

(11) Is he carefully identifying where this sound comes from? What is that black shadow?

(12) Is this risk worth it? It can be discussed.

No question marks can be added to the above sentences. They need to be changed to commas or periods, because the question part is only one component of the sentence. To determine whether a question mark should be added at the end of a sentence, you should not just look at whether the sentence has interrogative words, but whether the predicate verb of the sentence has an interrogative mood. The predicate verbs "I don't know", "Go and see", "Study about it", "Carefully identify" and "Can discuss" in the above sentence do not have interrogative mood. Pay attention to identifying the following three sentences:

(13) Who is he?

(14) Do you know who he is?

(15) I don’t know who he is?

4. When using inverted sentences, the question mark is in the wrong position.

(16) "Should I go or not? My sister-in-law."

(17) What's wrong? you.

The question mark in an inverted sentence can only be used at the end of the sentence, and a comma should be used in the middle of the sentence.

[2] , colon

1. When "so-and-so said" is used in the middle of a quotation, the colon is misused.

(1) "The bridge is about to be opened to traffic," he looked around the venue and said, "Please grit your teeth and make the final sprint."

(2) "Thank you. "You," Xiao Wang said, "I will write to you."

When the speaker's words are divided into two parts and placed before and after "so-and-so said", only after "so-and-so said". Commas can be used.

◆If "so-and-so said" is not followed by a direct quotation, but paraphrases the general idea of ??what "so-and-so" said, a comma is generally used after "so-and-so said". For example: My girlfriend went to see her and reported back that she liked the short, tight and hanging floral leather jacket the best, which was very childish.

2. Misuse of colon after the word "said" instead of speaking.

(3) We have only studied for a month. Who dares to say: I have mastered everything and there is no need to study anymore.

(4) my country has developed a car with an all-plastic body, that is to say: the body of the car is all plastic, without a piece of steel.

The words "who dares to say" and "that is to say" here are interjections in the sentence and do not indicate quotations, so colons cannot be used and commas should be used.

3. The prompt range of the colon is ignored. Since the colon represents an intra-sentence pause next to the period, only the period can terminate the prompt range of the colon, so special attention must be paid to the prompt range.

(5) Mao Zedong has two poems: "Only heroes can drive away tigers and leopards, and there are no heroes who are afraid of bears."

4. The colon is continued to the end, and there is a brief pause in the sentence. No colon is needed.

(6) Three middle-aged writers from this province: Ye Weilin, Han Shaogong, and Peng Jianming talked about the past together. (The colon should be used all the way to the end, but here we can only control the three writers "Ye Weilin, Han Shaogong, and Peng Jianming", but not the last sentence "Let's talk about the past together." Therefore, the colon is changed to a dash for partial explanation.)

5. A colon cannot be used before partial citations (citations that are not independent).

(7) The "Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters" formally establishes the principle that "geological disasters caused by natural factors shall be managed by governments at all levels; geological disasters caused by human factors shall be managed by whoever caused them". (This quotation is only used as a sentence component, and the colon is deleted.

)

(8) A 19-year-old female college student won the championship for seven consecutive times in the "Lucky 52" program, which aroused the curiosity of the media. Some asked her to talk about: "How to be versatile" and some asked her: "How to wear multiple hats"; others asked her to talk about anything... ("Lucky 52" is not the title of the book, change the title to double. Quotation marks and colons are removed. )

6. Colons are repeated with words that have the same meaning.

(9) The article analyzes the history and current situation of China’s scientific development, and believes that the reasons why China has failed to win the Nobel Prize in Natural Science in the past 50 years since its founding are: First, my country’s tradition of “valuing technology over learning”; It has had an adverse impact on the formulation of my country's science and technology policies; second, investment in basic research is too low, resulting in a lack of potential for development.

(The word "why" is obviously digging into the root cause of the matter, so the following should directly point out the root cause; however, a colon is used in the sentence to also explain the reason, thus causing punctuation and ideograms. The same text is repeated)

7. There cannot be two colons in the same sentence.

(10) At the beginning of the meeting, Principal Wang announced loudly: Today I have two good news for everyone: First, our school’s moral education work has been praised by the province, and secondly... (Colon one to the end, one sentence There can only be one word. Use a comma after "everyone" in this sentence.)

8. If "so-and-so said" comes before a quotation, it is usually followed by a colon, but some people also use a comma. If "so-and-so said" comes after a quotation, it should be followed by a period.

(11) My companion asked me to go and see it together. I said in a gloomy mood: “Forget it, I won’t see it anymore, you go.”

(12) I said, "Dad, let's go." (Zhu Ziqing's "Back View")

(13) "What's wrong with making everyone smile? I'm missing something." He said.

[3] Ellipsis

1. When indicating omission from enumeration, ellipses are used together with "etc." and "etc."

(1) After "Diary of a Madman", Lu Xun published novels "Hometown", "Medicine", "A Little Thing"... etc. (Remove the ellipsis or the word "etc.")

2. Use punctuation before and after the ellipse.

If the sentence before the ellipsis is incomplete, then no punctuation is added before the ellipsis, such as

(2) There are countless shells on the beach, red, yellow, and colorful. ,... (remove the last comma)

(3) "One, two, three, four,..." ("Seven Matches") (remove the last comma)

If the sentence before the ellipsis is complete, then there should be a period, question mark or exclamation mark before the ellipsis, such as

(4) Did you take the box and escape? ...Run quickly! ......

(5) What? ……What's the matter? ...How could such a thing happen?

3. If you use an ellipsis, you cannot use other periods after the ellipsis.

(6) Kong Yiji whispered: "It's broken, it's broken, it's broken..." His eyes looked like he was begging the shopkeeper not to mention it again. (Remove the period after the quotation marks)

4. Punctuation marks are generally not used after the ellipses, because even the text has been omitted, and adding punctuation marks is meaningless.

If there are words after the ellipsis, in order to indicate that these words are far related to the ellipsis and the words before the ellipsis, you can add a period after the ellipsis.

(5) Nowadays, there is a long-form trend in creation: short stories are moving closer to medium-length stories, and medium-length stories are moving closer to long stories. What about long stories? One, two, three…. Of course, there are also some that are long and excellent and must be long, but most of them don’t need to be that long and do have “moisture” to squeeze out.

[4] Brackets

1. Misuse of brackets in non-commentary language.

(1) The publishing house reminded mail orderers in the first quarter of 1997 of new social science book orders: Be sure to write down your name and detailed address on the remittance slip (please indicate the purchased book in the postscript column of the remittance slip) the title and volume of the book). (1997)

(The words in brackets are used to annotate the previous text. To judge whether its use is appropriate, you need to see whether the text in brackets annotates the previous content.

Here, "Indicate the title and number of books purchased in the postscript column of the remittance form" does not indicate the "detailed address", so brackets should not be used and should be deleted, and a comma should be added after the "address". )

2. The position of the brackets is wrong. The words in brackets annotate certain words or clauses in the sentence. These brackets are called intra-sentence brackets. Intra-sentence brackets must appear immediately after the word or clause being annotated. If the words in the brackets annotate the entire sentence, they are called extra-sentence brackets. Parentheses outside a sentence should be placed after the punctuation at the end of the sentence. Punctuation marks are generally not used after parentheses.

(1) When writing an article, you should strive to have "no more words in the sentence and no longer words in the article." (Jiang Kui's "White Stone Poetry")

(3) There is no road on the ground, but when there are more people walking on it, it becomes a road (Lu Xun's "Hometown").

(If the text in brackets is part of an annotation sentence, the brackets should be immediately after the annotated content. For example, the period of sentence ① should be moved to the end of the bracket; if it is annotation for the entire sentence, it should be placed Except for the period, the period of the ② sentence should be advanced to after "成路")

3. The sentences in brackets can use various punctuation marks as needed, but punctuation marks are generally not used at the end. If there is a period or exclamation mark at the end, keep it, because if you remove it, you will not be able to see the tone it expresses. The end of the statement in parentheses may or may not have a period.

(4) I am very sorry for the late reply (too late!), please don’t scold me.

(5) In Gogol's "The Envoy", the actor directly said to the spectators: "You laugh at yourselves!" (Strangely, the Chinese translation deleted this very important sentence )

[5] The pause mark

The pause mark represents the smallest pause in a sentence and is often used between parallel words or phrases. However, the following misuse phenomena are prone to occur.

1. There are about (approximately) several spaces where the comma is misused.

(1) Three or four miles away on the other side of the river are shallow mountains, like fine waves and microwaves, with soft lines... ("three or four" here are approximate numbers, there should be no pauses.)

2． There are no spaces between parallel numbers.

(2) This task is completed by the third and fourth classes together. (It can be seen from "***同" that "3 and 4" are not the same class. There must be no missing period mark.)

3. Misuse of pauses between collective words.

(3) During the "high-tech recruitment" period, relevant departments must control the fees charged by colleges and universities. ("College and institution" is a collective term that has been established by convention and cannot be disconnected. For example, "workers, peasants and soldiers", "vivid and touching", "primary and middle school students", "three public security agencies", etc.)

4. Abuse regardless of content level.

(4) Those who come here to participate in the winter camp include middle school students from Hunan and Hubei, and college students from Guangxi and Yunnan. (The comma in "Middle School Student, Guangxi" should be changed to a comma.)

5. Misuse of pauses between clauses.

(5) This spring, this province's... diversion project has heavy tasks, difficult projects, and large scale. (1997)

(The words "heavy task", "difficult project" and "large scale" in this sentence are not the juxtaposition of components within the sentence, but the juxtaposition of three subject-predicate sentences, and should be moved with commas. The same applies when object phrases are juxtaposed, such as "He often comes here to play chess, drink tea, and listen to books")

6. Misuse of pause after modal particles.

(6) There are many flowers in the garden, such as crabapples, roses, Milan... they are colorful and very attractive. (Add "ah", "ah", "nee", etc. to the noun to form a short sentence, use commas instead of pauses.)

7. The commas are repeated with the conjunctions "and", "and", "and", "or", "or", etc.

(7) Participants in this dragon boat race include Yongshun Flower Boat, Chenxi Red Boat, and Yuanling Yellow Boat. (If there are conjunctions "and", "and", "and", "or", "or", etc. in parallel words, you cannot use a comma, because these conjunctions already indicate a parallel relationship, and the comma also indicates a parallel relationship. "And" is a category Conjunctions are generally used between parallel words with only two items or between the last two items of multiple parallel words)

8. When there are parallel words in the parallel words, the pause in the large parallel is used. Commas, pauses in internal minor parallels use periods.

(8) This economic cooperation zone has a large amount of scientific and technological information, a strong industrial foundation, a huge market for living materials and production materials, and relatively rich flora and fauna, minerals, oceans, tourism and other resources. (The first, second, and fourth commas are changed to commas respectively)

9. When using parallel phrases as attributives, use pauses; when using parallel phrases as subjects, predicates, complements, etc. to express emphasis, use parallel phrases. When the prepositional phrase is used as an adverbial, do not use a comma but a comma.

(9) His accurate, fresh and vivid language made the fans feel as if they were sitting in the stadium and witnessing the game with their own eyes. (The first two commas were changed to periods respectively)

(10) Give full play to the "talent effect" and help farmers update their concepts, change their minds, enhance their skills, participate in competition, and get rich as soon as possible through various channels.

(The four commas are changed to commas respectively, and these five parallel phrases are used as the predicate of "farmer")

10. Question marks, exclamation marks, book title marks, and quotation marks have been used for parallel elements. No more commas, but use commas if the sentence is longer.

(11) The layout of the classroom is simple, with only three slogans hanging on the wall: "Study is valuable but perseverance", "Seeing doubt in the place of doubt is the only way to advance", "All rivers return to the sea".

[6] Semicolon

1. Misuse of semicolon before conclusion.

(1) Those wearing red vests in the stock exchange are brokers, and those wearing yellow vests are management and service personnel; this is the same all over the world. ("This is unified all over the world" is a summary of the previous article. The semicolon is replaced by a colon. The reason for misuse is the same as 12. The relationship is not clear.)

2. If there is no comma in the sentence, use a semicolon.

(2) There are three keys to success: first, good health; second, a down-to-earth style; third, being able to endure loneliness. (Semicolons are used when commas alone cannot distinguish levels).

3. Use a semicolon if there is a period in the sentence.

(3) The most important thing in learning is self-consciousness. You must have the spirit of the stupid bird to fly first and put pressure on yourself; the most important thing in learning is hard work. You must have a spirit of perseverance and perseverance... (Semicolons are transposed with periods to clarify the hierarchical relationship.)

4. Should commas or semicolons be used to pause between parallel clauses - commas can always be used To clearly indicate the parallel relationship of parallel clauses, use commas between clauses. Whenever a comma cannot clearly indicate the parallel relationship of parallel clauses, a semicolon is used as a pause between clauses.

(4) The Secretary of the General Branch of the Youth League finally pointed out that things that are conducive to the construction of spiritual civilization should be vigorously promoted; attention should be paid to improving the unsatisfactory areas.

(Semicolon changed to comma)

[7] Comma

1. Misuse of commas between parallel words.

(1) Our school is one of the training schools. It has its own teaching building, library, teaching equipment and teaching team. (1996)

(In this sentence, "teaching building", "library", "teaching equipment" and "teaching team" are all objects of the verb "have", and they have no hierarchical size, so they are Just use a comma between them)

2. Abuse regardless of content level.

(2) This is a secluded road, with few people walking during the day and even more lonely at night. (A semicolon should be used before "daytime" because the three clauses of this sentence have two levels of meaning. Otherwise, the level cannot be shown. Of course, in addition to juxtaposition, the relationship between levels may also be succession, turning, and cause and effect.)

3. Misusing a comma at the end of the speaker

(3) Li San asked: "Where to go?" "Playground!" Wang Er replied, pronouncing these two words very hard, which made Li San a little confused. .

(After the quoted words end, the punctuation after "shuo" (dao, speak, question, answer) can only use periods, not commas and other punctuation marks.)

4. Misuse of commas before independent quotations.

(4) The leader of the Chinese diving team said before going to the Athens World Cup, "This warm-up match before the Olympics is scheduled to complete three tasks: feel the venue, observe the opponent, and find out yourself." (Complete A colon should be used before direct quotation (period within quotation marks))

5. Misuse of comma before conclusion.

(5) The peach blossoms are blooming, as red as fire; the pear blossoms are blooming, as white as snow; the tulips are also blooming, with yellow and purple complementing each other, making it a brilliant spring scene. ("Good school... spring" is the first three levels of the summary. The preceding commas should be changed to colons.)

[8] Quotation marks

1. Do not abuse quotation marks for ordinary words: General In some cases, quotation marks indicate direct quotations in the text, some specific titles, words with special meanings, or objects that need to be emphasized. In addition, quotation marks cannot be abused for ordinary words.

(1) When the sun is completely covered by the moon, compared with the looming comet "Hale-Bopp" like a goddess, the clear Mercury is shining brightly next to the darkened sun. Venus and Jupiter are also present in the sky. (Remove the quotation marks, because "Haier-Pop" in the sentence is not the object to be emphasized, nor is it a word with a special meaning. The quotation is inappropriate and is an abuse.)

(2) It is said that Michelangelo The Qiluo virus is based on the cannabis virus. ("Angelo" and "marijuana" are specific terms, use quotation marks)

2. Non-direct quotations are not used