Why didn't the Red Army become "the second in Shi Dakai"

During the Long March, crossing the Dadu River was a crucial strategic node of the Central Red Army. 1863, Shi Dakai defeated the Dadu River and wiped out more than 30,000 Taiping rebels. Yang Yongtai, secretary general of Chiang Kai-shek's Nanchang camp, predicted many times that Zhu and Mao would become "the second in Shi Dakai". However, why can the Central Red Army survive in a dangerous situation? Just relying on good luck? The historical comparison between the two armies may give us some inspiration.

1. Whose tactical command is more flexible?

After the Tianjing Incident1September, 856, Shi Dakai was born with suspicion and suspicion. Yuan's confidant adviser advised him: "Wang De's heart is in the army, why is it subject to others?" The Central Plains is not easy to draw, so why not go to Shu to pursue Xuande's career? "Do as you say. 1In May, 857, Shi led his troops out of Beijing to Anqing, which lasted for six years and traveled tens of thousands of miles to the hinterland of Sichuan. It was the Qing army that discovered Shi Dakai's intention and laid a pocket array, which led to the collapse of the whole army.

As an outstanding general in the Taiping Army, Shi Dakai's "Wing King" is by no means a hollow reputation, but the result of numerous military exploits. His operational command level is quite high, which even his opponent Zeng Guofan admires very much. But on the Dadu River, Shi Dakai made three fatal mistakes:

One is to choose the wrong terrain. Zida, where Shi Dakai stationed troops along the Dadu River, belongs to the "three wonders" of land, encirclement and death. It is really puzzling that Shi Dakai, who knows the art of war, chose to settle in such a sinister Jedi.

The second is rigid command. Shi Dakai did not seize the iron chain bridge in time, crossed the Songlin River, seized Luding in the northwest, and did not cross the river quickly without soldiers on the north bank of the Dadu River. It took half a month to break through eastward. When we arrived at Lijibao, there were only more than 6,000 people left-it was too late to break through.

The third is to give up breakthrough and resistance. Shi Dakai has illusions about the enemy. He wrote to Luo, the governor of Sichuan in the Qing Dynasty, expressing his willingness to take himself hostage in exchange for 6,000 lives. This heroic feeling of "giving my life for the whole army" is really touching! But giving up the last attempt to break through is undoubtedly a big mistake in strategy and tactics.

Sun Tzu's Art of War says: "Soldiers love speed, and people should not take advantage of it." If you attack what you want, you won't quit. "Mao Zedong and Liu Bocheng, who are familiar with history, draw lessons from Shi Dakai and deal with the enemy flexibly, quickly and efficiently. 2 1, 65438, 0935 On May 26th, the Central Red Army arrived in Mianning. After learning about the people's feelings and the enemy's situation in Liangshan area from the underground party, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided to divide its forces in Lugu, with the main force being the left wing, and crossed the Dadu River to Anshunchang Ferry via Mianning, Tuowu and Da Qiao. As the right wing, the Red 5 Regiment, led by Zuo Quan and Liu Yalou, crossed to Dashubao and pretended to be an army to feint, so as to attract the attention of the heavily armed Kuomintang in Fulin on the other side of the river. This is a strategy of avoiding the real and attacking the virtual, and it is also a "double insurance" arrangement.

On May 26th, the main force of the Red Army arrived in Anshunchang under the leadership of Xiao Yedan. In Anshunchang, the Central Military Commission decided to divide the troops into two ways again: the Red First Division and the cadre regiment were right columns, under the command of Liu Bocheng and Nie, crossing the river here and heading north along the east coast; The main force of the Central Red Army is the left column, marching along the west bank of the Dadu River. The troops on both sides of the strait cooperated to cross the river and seize Luding Bridge, and finally joined forces in Luding. This strategy and tactics can be said to be another kind of flexible "double insurance". Mao Zedong pointed out in particular that only by seizing Luding Bridge can the Red Army avoid the fate of Shi Dakai. If the two roads cannot be merged and divided, Liu and Nie will lead their troops to western Sichuan alone to create a situation.

1in the spring of 936, when the Red Fourth Front Army marched into Sichuan, it also paid attention to learning from Shi Dakai's practice. Instead of taking the Dadu River, it unexpectedly took the Chuankang grassland and joined forces with the Red Fourth Army in Ganzi. Chiang Kai-shek also failed to make He Long and Xiao Ke the dream of a second Shi Dakai.

2. Who really did the United front work?

In the process of advancing the Dadu River, Shi Dakai also hoped to form a temporary United front relationship with some Qing soldiers and Yi soldiers. Especially when he was caught in a tight encirclement, Shi wrote to the enemy generals, expressing his willingness to buy food and roads with heavy money, but the result was rejected.

On the way to the Long March, the Red Army held high the banner of "going north to resist Japan" and carried out United front work with warlords of all walks of life, thus minimizing losses. Guangdong warlord Chen, Dian warlord Long Yun, Xikang warlord Liu, etc. They all reached a United front agreement or tacit understanding with the Red Army to varying degrees, and carried out a release-style "pursuit" with a little resistance or passive resistance. The first blockade on the Long March was easily passed by the Red Army, because Zhou Enlai sent Pan Hannian to reach a secret agreement with Chen, the "king of the South". Even He Jian, who caused great losses to the Red Army in the Xiangjiang River War, and Xiang Jun, who was from Gui Jun, Li Zongren, are not going to argue with the Red Army for a larger foe. In the third blockade, He Jian let the Red Army resist a little and left. In the fourth blockade, the Guangxi Department once let the Red Army pass the Xiangjiang waterway. It's a pity that the Red Army has too much baggage, and its actions are slow, which has delayed its fighters. When Chiang Kai-shek forced the Guangxi Department to block the Xiangjiang River again, the Red Army was sandwiched between the right-wing Xiang, the left-wing Xiang and the Central Army behind, and the losses amounted to more than 30,000 people. However, at this time, the Guangxi department still adopted the tactics of "breaking the tail and attacking the side" and did not intend to push the Red Army into a desperate situation. When we entered Guizhou, the Red Army left the slogan "Thank you Gui Jun for seeing us off".

1935 In May, the Central Red Army crossed the Jinsha River and entered Sichuan. After that, the large troops rested near Huichang, and the advance troops advanced to Dechang. At that time, Dechang was under the jurisdiction of Xichang, and Liu Yuanzhang, commander of Chuankang border defense, sent Xu Jianshuang to lead a regiment and a battalion to intercept the Red Army here. In 1926, Xu served as the leader of Liu Bocheng's army. When the Red Army team drove near Dechang, Liu Bocheng sent someone to send a letter to Xu, hoping that he would put national justice first and not stop the Red Army from going north. According to official records: "After receiving the letter, Xu Jianshuang was moved by Liu Bocheng's lofty principles. For his own personal interests, he forwarded the letter to Liu Yuanzhang of Xichang and advocated making way for the Red Army. The Red Army arrived in Xichang Town on the evening of May 15. As soon as Xu Jianshuang contacted the Red Army, he retreated and retreated to Xichang overnight. " In fact, Xu Jianshuang, as the commander of Liu's main force, mainly obeys the supreme leader Liu. Because Liu Bocheng was worried about repeating the mistakes of Wang Jialie, the king of Guizhou, Chiang Kai-shek was unwilling to "take a chestnut from the fire" for the Central Army, so he naturally tried his best to avoid the war and protect himself.

3. Who can really realize the slogan on the national flag?

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's political program "China's farmland system" is very attractive: "There are fields to plow together, food to eat together, clothes to wear together, money to make together, everywhere uneven, no one is not full of warmth." The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom implemented the system of "national treasury" and "sacred treasury", and the broad masses of soldiers and civilians handed over all their income to the people, and they had nothing, while officials at all levels could squander it. Feudalism is serious. Although there is a slogan of "everywhere is uneven, no one is hungry", it has not been put into action, and it is impossible for officers and men to be consistent.

After the establishment of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the kings were enfeoffed and the hierarchy was greatly improved. It is even stipulated that if the king does not shy away when driving away the lower-level soldiers, if they rush to the honor ceremony, they will be beheaded, and those who insult officials and elders will be beheaded. Although the soldiers in the kingdom of heaven call each other "heavenly brothers and heavenly brothers", they are actually seriously unequal, and even have strict rules on etiquette and clothing. The capital is Tianjing, from Hong Xiuquan to kings and generals at all levels, who are engaged in pleasure and corruption.

Influenced by the weakness of small producers, the peasant rebels have serious hedonism and feudalism. Although the Qing army blocked the front line and pursued it, Shi Dakai held a banquet to celebrate his 30th birthday when he was stationed in Qingyuan. Shi Dakai striker has crossed the Dadu River, but because my concubine gave birth to a child, the troops were sent back to celebrate for three days, so the opportunity to cross the river was missed. Coupled with the steep rise of the river, the opportunity to cross the river is lost forever. At present, it is really regrettable that the supreme leader has postponed military events because of his personal interests!

The Red Army did not make such a low-level mistake. As a senior leader of the army, Mao Zedong's wife He Zizhen gave birth to a child while crossing Chishui. In order to prevent the children from causing trouble to the troops marching, Mao and he reluctantly gave up what they wanted, put the children in a farmer's thatched cottage, and then moved on with the team.

During the Long March, cadres at all levels of the Red Army shared weal and woe with the soldiers. There are many examples like this: Commander-in-Chief Zhu De crossed the grassland three times in the Long March, and Mao Zedong boasted that Zhu De "walked on the grassland for 40 days" and had no house to live like the soldiers. Not only that, Zhu De also dug wild vegetables with the soldiers, gave horses to the sick and wounded, and asked the guards to cook cowhide belts when there was no food. Zhang Zhenkun, the teacher of Red 18 Division, spread a poncho on the grass and poured the leftover dry food on it. All officers and men of the division followed him. Then Zhang Zhenkun called the roll with a small bowl, and the officers and men of the whole division were given a small share on average. Zhang Zhenkun emphasized to the whole division: "The revolution cannot be completed by one person." Relying on the collective strength, the whole division finally walked out of the grass. Every time the soldiers think of the company commander, battalion commander, colonel and division commander who saved their lives, they are moved to say, "My life is not mine." Therefore, soldiers are particularly brave on the battlefield.

4. whose national policy can turn enemies into friends better?

The army and the people are the foundation of victory. Shi Dakai's downfall in Dadu River has much to do with the lack of public support. The reason why the Red Army successfully crossed the river was not luck, but the support of the local people. One of the mysteries is that the Red Army has carried out the party's ethnic policy in an exemplary manner.

In the battle to besiege Shi Dakai, the Yi warrior from Tianba Tusiling and the Tibetan warrior Wang Yingyuan from Song Lin Tusiling played a key role. Shi Dakai regards ethnic minorities as "barbarians" and "aliens" and often threatens them. For example, there is a sentence in the notice issued by Rongxian County: "Those who oppose me will die, and those who obey me will survive". "Shanzhai is everywhere, dare to resist the heavenly soldiers and generals, and the whole army will be wiped out at once." "If you don't pay tribute, the country will be ruined." In Gengjiatun, Xuanwei, Yunnan, people were killed in anger because they could not attack Banqiao. Shi Dakai's aim was to destroy and restore the Han Dynasty, and Shi Jun regarded the Yi and Tibetan as "aliens" just like the Qing Dynasty. In this way, it not only harmed the interests of the upper classes of ethnic minorities, but also harmed the interests of ethnic minorities, causing overall dissatisfaction, and formed a situation of unity from top to bottom and Shi Jun's desperate confrontation. During the Long March, Mao Zedong once stood by the Dadu River and said in a regretful tone: "The relationship between Yi and Shi Dakai was friendly at first, but Shi Dakai was too suspicious, which made the situation worse." (Qiu's Dadu River Risk, I am not Shi Dakai, originally published in Zongheng 1984 No.4).

Due to the long-term discrimination and oppression of ethnic minorities by the Kuomintang, the Yi people in Liangshan area are very hostile to the Han people. After the Red Army entered the Yi area, the Kuomintang authorities decided that the Red Army would be badly beaten by the Yi people like Shi Dakai. However, I didn't expect the Red Army to use exemplary actions to thaw ethnic contradictions and turn enemies into friends.

Contrary to Shi Dakai's practice in those days, Mao Zedong personally met with Gu Jidan, the leader of the Yi nationality near Mianning, and Gu Jidan reported to Mao about all the branches of the Yi nationality from Mianning to Dadu River and their leaders and four others. On this basis, Mao Zedong and the CPC Central Committee formulated the policy of the Red Army advancing into the Yi area. The Red Army strives to eliminate long-standing ethnic contradictions and estrangements. When entering the Yi area, although the Red Army was chased by some Yi people and even robbed of weapons and clothes, it still resolutely carried out the orders of its superiors and did not fight back. On the contrary, it repeatedly and patiently preached to the Yi people that "unite with the Red Army to overthrow Han officials and overthrow Liu who oppressed you.

Inspired by the Red Army, Xiao Yedan and Liu Bocheng gave their lives for the League and founded the Jin Lan. Later, he sent people to help the Red Army negotiate with the Yi people's armed checkpoints set up along the way, so that the Red Army could pass through the Yi areas smoothly. Xiao Yedan acted as a guide for the Red Army, saving valuable time for the Red Army to pass through the Yi area quickly. Under similar conditions, the Red Army arrived at Dadu River eight days faster than Shi Dakai's troops. It was these precious eight days that the Red Army was able to get rid of its pursuers, calmly cross the Dadu River and fly to the Luding Bridge.

Through the above comparison, it is not difficult for us to understand why Dadu River has become "the sad place of Wing King and the victory field of Red Army". The Taiping Army failed to honor the slogan on the banner to the people and soldiers, and lost the morale of the people. The Taiping Army led by Shi Dakai has reached the political end. Under the leadership of the * * * Production Party, the Red Army complied with the needs of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, put forward the slogan of "going north to resist Japan", did good deeds for the people along the way, and won the support and support of people of all ethnic groups, so it successfully crossed the river.