Dialectical materialism

Dialectical materialism is a Marxist philosophy and a scientific worldview that organically unifies materialism and dialectics. Produced in the 1840s. It is an advanced form of materialism. Dialectical materialism holds that the world is material in nature. Engels said: "The true unity of the world lies in its materiality." ("Anti-Dühring", "Selected Works of Marx and Engels" Volume 3, page 83) Matter is primary, consciousness is secondary, and consciousness is a highly developed material - the function of the human brain, which is objective The reflection of the material world in the human brain. Dialectical materialism believes that the material world moves, changes and develops according to its own inherent laws. "Things are divided into two." It reveals that the fundamental reason for the development of things lies in the internal contradictions of things. The contradictory sides of things are unified and struggling, which promotes the continuous development of things from low level to high level. Therefore, the law of contradiction in things, that is, the law of the unity of opposites, is the most fundamental law of movement, change and development of the material world. Dialectical materialism believes that human understanding is the reflection of the movement of the objective material world in the human brain. The epistemology of dialectical materialism solves the problem of the content, source and development process of human cognition both materially and dialectically. It believes that matter can become spirit and spirit can become matter, and the realization of this subjective and objective dialectical unity must be achieved through practice. The practical point of view is the first and basic point of view of dialectical materialist epistemology. Understanding comes from practice and in turn serves practice. Practice, understand, practice again, understand again, and the cycle continues to infinity. This is the infinite development process of people correctly understanding the world and actively changing the world. Therefore, the epistemology of dialectical materialism is an active and revolutionary theory of reflection. Dialectical materialism is the world view and philosophy of the proletariat, the theoretical basis for the strategies and tactics of the proletarian party, and a powerful ideological weapon for the proletariat and the revolutionary people to scientifically understand the world and revolutionize the world.

Ideology refers to a collection of ideas. The word ideology was coined by Count Destutt de Tracy at the end of the 18th century to define a "science of ideas". Ideology is a system of ideas and representations that governs the spirit of a person or a social group. It is the representation of the imaginary relationship between an individual and its real living state.

Ideology has three characteristics:

The first is group nature, that is, it is not the ideological concepts of individual people, but has been accepted by a certain group (class or social group) Ideological concepts represent the interests of this group and guide its actions;

The second is systematicity, that is, they are not fragmented ideas and concepts, but form a system;

The third is systematicity Historicity is formed on a certain social and economic basis.

Ideology is the sum of ideas, opinions, and concepts directly linked to the economy and politics of a certain society, including political and legal thought, morality, literature and art, religion, philosophy, and other social sciences and other forms of consciousness. The content of ideology is a reflection of the economic foundation and political system of society and the economic and political relations between people. Various forms of ideology originate from social material life based on productive labor. With the changes in the economic foundation, political thought, legal thought, morality, art, religion, philosophy and other social sciences, etc., each reflect the real social life in a special way and from different aspects. They are interconnected and restrict each other, forming an organic whole of ideology.

Ideology can be divided into slave owner ideology, feudal owner ideology, bourgeois ideology, and proletarian ideology based on its class content and the socioeconomic form it reflects, that is, production relations.

The ideology of the ruling class in every society is the ideology that occupies the dominant position in the society. It reflects the economic foundation of the society and expresses the thoughts of the society. feature. The ideology of each society is complex, and there are often three different systems:

① The dominant ideology that reflects and serves the dominant economic and political systems of the society .

②Reflect the ideological remnants of the old economic system and political system that have been eliminated.

③ A new ideology that reflects the new social factors bred in the existing society and serves to establish a new economic system and political system.

The mutual struggle between different ideologies constitutes an important part of class struggle. Especially in the period of social change, the struggle between old and new ideologies is particularly fierce. Different ideologies influence each other, showing the inheritance in the development of social ideology. Since the ideologies of different exploiting classes are all reflections of private ownership, they have certain similarities between them. The ideology of the proletariat is fundamentally different from the ideologies of all exploiting classes. The communist revolution is different from the traditional ideology. The most complete break with ownership relations and the most complete break with traditional concepts. Proletarian ideology is not based on private ownership, but on public ownership. It is the most scientific and progressive ideology in human history. It is inevitable for new ideologies to replace old ideologies, just as new social systems replace old social systems.

People are bound by fantasy and find it difficult to give correct answers to survival questions. Fromm believed that this illusion was caused by "ideology." The functions of ideology are: ① Create and spread all kinds of fantasies and myths, thereby submerging people's thoughts in them; ② Press the current truth into the unconscious, preventing people from realizing the truth of the facts.

Ideology is a very broad sense of value.

How does ideology arise?

First of all, what is culture?

Culture is actually a kind of living habit.

In other words, a specific living habit determines the cognitive attitude towards the surrounding things (all living beings in the universe).

Ideology is a comprehensive summary.

Consciousness is (self) positioning.

Morphology is both shape and structure.

According to the meaning of the word, it can be understood as: the acceptance or positioning of the shape and structure of things.

So the simpler explanation is: What I recognize and conform to my living habits is my ideology.

This is a word that becomes more vague the more you think about it.

Ideology, like matter, is a necessity to maintain everyone’s basic behavior. The formation of this ideology is related to a person's growth environment (including education, family, friends, etc.). It is a criterion for human behavior and a person's code of conduct. It is a frame that determines human behavior and is determined through human behavior. Express. To give an example, ideology is like genes, which you generally cannot see, but genes can determine the expression of every cell and protein in your body. Everyone is a balanced body, with physical balance (making your body healthy) and spiritual balance (making your mental state stable). If there is no ideology, no one can handle things, because he has no position. Without a position, there is no goal, and without a goal, there is no person himself.

What is an ideological dispute?

Globalization is an issue that has attracted much attention in the world today. It is by no means a mere academic inquiry, but a major issue concerning the future and destiny of mankind, and is also closely related to the future development of the Chinese nation. Globalization means that due to the development of science and technology and the connection between production, human activities break through the original limitations of time and space and become more closely connected in time and space. The issue of globalization involves all aspects, and different people from different standpoints have various opinions on this issue. This article attempts to make some discussions on the ideological struggles caused by globalization.

1

It is generally believed that globalization began with the geographical discovery of the fifteenth century. The colonial rule of Western powers was the beginning of globalization. With the birth, development and growth of capitalism, the nature of capital to pursue maximum profits has caused capital to break through national boundaries and enter the world. Marx pointed out in the "Communist Manifesto" that capitalist production will connect the world together. The progress of science and technology has narrowed the distance between people in time and space. By the 1960s, the trend of international economic division of labor had become increasingly apparent, and transnational corporations were playing an increasingly important role in the world economy. In the 1990s, in addition to the more prominent features of international division of labor and transnational corporations, the large-scale flow of international capital around the world also attracted attention. Modern communications, such as the Internet, have made the "global village" smaller than ever.

It was in the 1990s that people proposed the concept of "global economic integration" and then the concept of "globalization".

Therefore, the concept of globalization has two prerequisites: international economic division of labor and multinational corporations, and the rapid development of science and technology.

II

Globalization is essentially a subjective concept, and people unconsciously confuse it with the concept of global economic integration. The concept of globalization was proposed at the same time as the concept of global economic integration, and global economic integration is an objective concept, that is, global economic integration has its objective signs that are widely recognized by people: international division of labor, transnational corporations, capital Large-scale global flows, and some of these characteristics are still deepening. So, what are the objective signs of the concept of globalization? Globalization not only refers to global economic integration, but also includes the gradual disappearance of national sovereignty and the formation of global culture along with the process of global economic integration. However, we have not yet seen the definite signs of the disappearance of national sovereignty and the formation of global culture. They are just people's expectations and predictions for the future in the face of an objective process such as global economic integration. This is why the concept of global economic integration and the concept of globalization were proposed at the same time. (The author prefers to use the concept of global economic integration, but considering that the concept of globalization is widely used, for the convenience of discussion, this concept is still used in many places.) Western developed countries therefore combine the objective process of global economic integration with the global They confuse such a subjective concept that is still on paper, take advantage of the subjectivity of the concept of globalization, describe the future world model in their minds as an objective existence, and impose their political systems and values ??on the world, thereby Gain the greatest benefits for yourself in the process of global economic integration. Therefore, the ideological struggle over globalization first manifests itself in the understanding of globalization.

Three

Another ideological debate in globalization is how to view the "nation-state", or the issue of nationalism. Western public opinion regards nationalism as the enemy of today's world, and even more so of globalization. For example, The Economist warned that nationalism will hinder free trade in Asia, and nationalism will harm "global companies." The threat of expansion is greater than the temporary ephemerality of capital. (Note: "Globalization·Civil Society·Nationalism", published in "Philosophical Research" 1999.12.)

As a basic human emotion, nationalism has a reasonable basis for its existence. As long as the nation-state exists, nationalistic sentiments will inevitably exist. We oppose extreme nationalism-racism. But since the nation-state is an objective existence, why is a reasonable and basic human emotion criticized? So far, there is no evidence that the process of global economic integration will lead to the demise of the nation-state. Western scholars' descriptions of the impact of global economic integration also admit that globalization does not rely on this advantage to eliminate countries, but that countries and capital will be in a reciprocal relationship. Wouldn’t the process of global economic integration have an impact on certain national sovereignty, thereby weakening certain powers of sovereign countries? This is exactly an ideological trap set by Western developed countries. To whom will these diminished powers be given? Leave it to the developed Western capitalist countries. Since the 1990s, Western developed capitalist countries have regarded themselves as the world's police. They regard themselves as synonymous with the international community, carry out economic blockades and military strikes against countries and nations that do not conform to their wishes, and have become the world's bullies. Global economic integration cannot challenge the concept of sovereignty at all. Even if the activities of multinational companies and the flow of international capital may be beyond the control of the national government, when they pose a threat to national sovereignty, a national government still has the ability to control them. , so these activities do not challenge the concept of national sovereignty. (Note: Such as Malaysia’s control on capital inflows and outflows.) The so-called nation-state has begun to become obsolete, and nationalism has become a threat to the world. It is just a lie fabricated by Western countries. The formation of the European nation-state and the concept of nationalism happened to be after the great geographical discovery, that is, after the beginning of globalization. Even if we cannot say that there is a causal relationship, globalization can completely go hand in hand with the nation-state.

Nationalism, as a nation’s awareness of itself, is an objective reflection of the nation’s existence. In order to promote their hegemony, Western countries must disintegrate and eliminate such consciousness. Therefore, the process of globalization will inevitably be accompanied by cultural invasion and counter-invasion.

The spatial contact and exchange of different cultures will always result in some changes in the original culture. However, Western countries have a deep sense of cultural superiority. They have adopted an attitude of uprooting foreign cultures in an attempt to realize Western ideology throughout the world. Their main strategy is to take advantage of the spatial changes in various cultures caused by economic globalization