The birthplace of French culture,

National Day: 14 July (1880 Parliament legislated to confirm Bastille Day as the National Day to commemorate the French bourgeois revolution).

National Flag: The French national flag is one of the most important national flags in the world, which has an important influence on the development of national flags in post-world countries.

Shapes and patterns:

The French flag is rectangular with a length-width ratio of 3: 2. The flag surface consists of three parallel and equal vertical rectangles, blue, white and red from left to right. The earliest tricolor flag arrangement was different from today, with red on the left. Blue represents the color of Saint Martin's robe. White stands for (equality) in memory of the national hero Joan of Arc. Red represents the color of the Saint-Denis flag.

Blue is the color of Saint Martin's robe, which symbolizes freedom. White commemorates Joan of Arc, a national hero, symbolizing equality. Red is the color of the flag of Saint-Denis, symbolizing fraternity.

Source and history:

France's national flag is famous for its tricolor flag, which first appeared in 1789 during the French bourgeois revolution (French Revolution). Paris National Self-Defense Force takes tricolor flag as its team flag. White is in the middle, representing the king and symbolizing the sacred position of the king; Red and blue are on both sides, representing the citizens of Paris; At the same time, these three colors symbolize the French royal family and the Paris bourgeois alliance, and the tricolor flag was once a symbol of the French Revolution. February 1794, 15, the flag was finally determined to be the French flag.

When the Bourbon Dynasty was restored, the tricolor flag was abolished and replaced by the Royal Iris. However, after the July Revolution of 1830, the tricolor flag became the national flag of France again and continues to this day.

Salutation:

The French flag is called by the French:

Tricolor flag

Blue-white-red

French Drape.

Sometimes it's called le tricolore, and verbally it's called les couleurs.

The French flag is also called French tricolor (American English) or French tricolor (British English) by people who use English.

National emblem: France does not have an official national emblem, but traditionally it uses the coat of arms of the Great Revolution as a national symbol. The coat of arms is oval, and it is painted with one of the symbols popular during the Great Revolution-the bundle of sticks, which is an authoritative symbol used by senior law enforcement officers in ancient Rome. Both sides of the bundle are decorated with olive branches and oak branches, and the ribbon wrapped between them reads "freedom, equality and fraternity" in French. The whole design is decorated with ribbons with Roman legion medals.

Head of State: President Chirac, 1995 was elected and re-elected in May 2002; Prime Minister Dominica.

Physical geography: the area is 5510.6 million square kilometers (including Corsica). Located in the western part of Europe, it borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Spain, Andorra and Monaco, faces Britain across the Lamanche Strait in the northwest, and is close to the North Sea, the English Channel, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea is the largest island in France. The terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest. The plain accounts for two thirds of the total area. The main mountain ranges are Alps, Pyrenees and Jura. Mont Blanc on the French-Italian border is 48 10 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in Europe. Rivers mainly include the Loire River (10 10 km), the Rhone River (8 12 km) and the Seine River (776 km). Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea is the largest island in France. The total length of the border line is 5695 kilometers, including 2700 kilometers of coastline, 2800 kilometers of land line and 0/95 kilometers of inland river line. The climate in the west is marine temperate broad-leaved forest, the climate in the south is subtropical Mediterranean, and the climate in the middle and east is continental. From northwest to southeast, the average precipitation increased from 600 mm to more than 1000 mm.

Population: 60.628 million (2000), including 3.5 million foreign nationals, of whom 654.38+400,000 are from EU countries. General French. Among the residents, 8 1.4% believe in Catholicism, 6.89% believe in Muslims, and others believe in Protestantism, Judaism, Buddhism and other religions.

Capital: Paris, population106,000 (1999).

Administrative division: it is divided into regions, provinces and towns. The province consists of prefectures and counties, but it is not an administrative region. The county is the judicial and electoral unit. The French mainland is divided into 22 regions, 96 provinces, 4 overseas provinces, 4 overseas territories and 2 local administrative regions with special status. There are 36,565 towns in China, including 34,000 with less than 3,500 people, 23/kloc-0 with more than 30,000 people and 37 with more than 654.38+10,000 people. These 22 regions are: Alsace, aquitaine, Auvigne, Burgundy, Brittany, Central China, Champagne-Ardennes, Corsica, Franche-Gonde, Paris Region, languedoc-Ruqiong, Limzan, Lorraine, Southern Pyrenees, Northern Calais Strait, basse-normandie, Upper Normandy, Loire River, picardie and Paris. The four overseas provinces are: Guadelo, Martinique, French Guiana and Reunion. These four overseas territories are: French Polynesia, New Caledonia, wallis islands and Futuna Islands, French Southern Hemisphere and Antarctic Territory. The two local administrative regions are Mayotte Island, Saint Pierre Island and Miquelon Island.

Brief history: Gauls settled here in 200 BC. In 1 century BC, Caesar, the governor of Rome, occupied the whole Gaul and was ruled by Rome for 500 years. In the 5th century, the Franks conquered Gaul and established the Frankish Kingdom. /kloc-after the 0/0 century, feudal society developed rapidly. 1337, the British king coveted the French throne, and the "Hundred Years War" broke out. In early France, a large area was occupied by Britain, and the French king was captured. After that, the French people waged an anti-aggression war, ending the Hundred Years' War in 1453.

A centralized country was formed from the end of 15 to the beginning of 16. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/7th century, absolute monarchy reached its peak. With the development of bourgeois forces,1July 4, 789, Paris citizens were attacking the Bastille with weapons in their hands. At that time, only seven people were held in the prison, but the citizens fought fiercely for it for a day and sacrificed 98 people. 1789 On August 26th, the program of the French Revolution, the Declaration of Human Rights and Civil Rights, was formally adopted. 1789, 1 1 After Voltaire and Rousseau died, the French Revolution broke out. 1789 The French Revolution broke out and the monarchy was abolished. 1792 established the first republic on September 22nd. 1799165438+1October 9 (foggy month 18), Napoléon Bonaparte seized power, 1804 proclaimed himself emperor and established the first empire. 1804 12, Notre Dame held a grand coronation ceremony, and Napoléon Bonaparte became the first emperor of France. 1871March18, the people of Paris held an armed uprising and established the Paris commune. At the end of May of the same year, it was brutally suppressed by the French army. 1848 February Revolution broke out and the Second Republic was established. 185 1 year, President louis bonaparte launched a coup, and the second empire was established in 12 year the following year.

1After the defeat in the Franco-Prussian War in 870, 187 1 established the third republic in September, until 1940, when the French Petain government surrendered to Germany and the third republic was destroyed. France was invaded by Germany during World War I and World War II. 1944, the French Arc de Triomphe symbolizing victory finally ushered in a real triumph.

Under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle, the French people who fought for freedom not only made due contributions to the victory over fascism, but also paved the way for the revival of France after the war.

1June, 944, an interim government was announced, headed by Charles de Gaulle. 1946 In June, the Constitution was adopted and the Fourth Republic was established. 1958 In September, the new Constitution was adopted and the Fifth Republic was established. 1958 February, Charles de Gaulle was elected president. 1959, France announced that it accepted the national self-determination of colonial Algeria, thus starting to bid farewell to colonialism;

1963, France and the Federal Republic of Germany signed the Franco-German Friendship Treaty, and since then, they have reconciled with their old enemy Germany.

1964, France established diplomatic relations with New China, becoming the first western power to recognize New China.

1966, France announced its withdrawal from NATO and ordered the United States to withdraw its troops and bases on French territory within one year.

France adheres to an independent foreign policy and has become a balanced force in the world structure. It is in this pursuit of ideals that France embarked on its own path with its outstanding temperament.

196465438+1October 27th, diplomatic relations were established with China.

Politics: The President is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, with a term of five years (changed to five years in June 2000, and a referendum is scheduled for September 24), and is directly elected by voters. The President has the power to appoint and remove the Prime Minister and ministers who approve the nomination of the Prime Minister; Preside over cabinet meetings, the Supreme National Defense Conference and the National Defense Commission; Have the right to dissolve parliament; Some important bills can be directly submitted to a referendum without going through parliament; In case of emergency, the President has full authority to "take necessary measures according to the situation". When the President is unable to perform his duties or becomes vacant, the Speaker of the Senate will act as the President during his resignation. Parliament consists of the National Assembly and the Senate. It has the right to make laws, supervise the government, pass budgets and approve the declaration of war. The National Assembly * * * has a total of 577 seats, with a term of five years. It is directly elected by voters by two rounds of direct majority voting. Senate has * * * 32 1 seat. Senators serve a nine-year term and are re-elected every three years. Taking the province as a unit, they are indirectly elected by an electoral college composed of members of national assemblies and local councils at all levels. 1995 On July 3 1, the French Parliament passed the constitutional amendment. The bill authorizes the president to make greater use of referendums to solve economic and social problems. At the suggestion of the government, the Senate and the National Assembly, the French President can put all reform plans involving public power organizations and French economic or social policies to a referendum. Presidential Palace-Elysee Palace, Prime Minister's Office-Matignon Palace, National Assembly-Bourbon Palace.

Economy: France's economy is developed, its gross domestic product ranks in the forefront of the world, and it is the second largest exporter of agricultural products in the world after the United States. The main industrial sectors are mining, metallurgy, automobile manufacturing, shipbuilding, machinery manufacturing, textile, chemistry, electrical appliances, electricity, consumer goods, food processing and construction. Nuclear energy, petrochemical industry, marine development, aerospace and other emerging industrial sectors have developed rapidly in recent years, and their proportion in industrial output value has been increasing. The capacity of nuclear power equipment, petroleum and petroleum processing technology ranks second in the world, second only to the United States; The aerospace industry ranks third in the world after the United States and CIS. Iron and steel industry and textile industry rank sixth in the world. However, traditional industrial sectors still dominate the industry, among which steel, automobiles and construction are the three pillars. The proportion of industry in the national economy is gradually declining. The proportion of tertiary industry in French economy is increasing year by year. Among them, the business volume of telecommunications, information, tourism services and transportation departments has increased substantially, and the service industry employees account for about 70% of the total labor force. French business is relatively developed, and food sales are the most profitable. Among all kinds of stores, supermarkets and chain stores are the most dynamic, accounting for almost half of all commercial activities. French iron ore reserves are about 7 billion tons, but the grade is low and the mining cost is high. Most of the iron ore needed depends on imports. The coal reserves are about 2 10/000 million tons (including lignite1000 million tons), and the mining value is about10.47 billion tons. Bauxite reserves are about 90 million tons. Non-ferrous metal reserves are very small, and almost all of them depend on imports. Oil reserves are only over 30 million tons. Natural gas reserves are 250 billion cubic meters, and 99% of the required oil and 75% of natural gas are imported. Hydraulic resources are about 6.5438+million kilowatts, and nuclear energy, hydraulic resources and geothermal energy are fully developed and utilized. The forest area is about150,000 hectares, accounting for 25% of the total forest area in the EU. The per capita green area is 0.28 hectares, and the forest coverage rate is 26.7%. France is the largest agricultural producer in the European Union and a major exporter of agricultural and sideline products in the world. With the urbanization of French population, the rural population is decreasing. The land area of France is 55 million hectares, of which 6 1% is agricultural land, 27% is forestry land, and 12% is non-agricultural land. 96% of agricultural land is owned by families. The traditional regional structure of agriculture is that the central and northern regions are the main producing areas of cereals, oilseeds, vegetables and beets, the western and mountainous regions are the main producing areas of feed crops, and the Mediterranean coast and southwest regions are the main producing areas of perennial crops (grapes and fruits). Mechanization is the main means to improve agricultural productivity, and the law has basically realized agricultural mechanization. Agricultural products processing industry is one of the pillar industries of French foreign trade export surplus. Twenty-four of Europe's largest 100 agro-food industrial groups are in France, and seven of the world's largest 100 agro-food industrial groups are in France. France's agricultural and sideline products export ranks first in the world, accounting for 1 1% of the world market. France is a world-famous tourist country. Paris, the capital, scenic spots along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts, and the Alps are all tourist attractions. In addition, there are some famous historical cities, castles along the Loire River, fishing villages in Brittany and Normandy, Corsica and so on. Some famous museums in France collect the precious heritage of world culture. France is also a big trading country in the world, and its foreign trade has two characteristics: First, imports exceed exports, resulting in a trade deficit. Imports mainly include energy and industrial raw materials, while exports mainly include machinery, automobiles, chemical products, steel, agricultural products, food, clothing, cosmetics and arms. On the other hand, non-product technology exports are growing rapidly, and pure technology exports are playing an increasingly important role in the whole export trade. The main source of French government revenue is tax, which is higher than that of the United States, Japan and other countries, mainly from value-added tax, as well as income tax, corporate tax, social welfare tax and so on.

Responder: a basket of bombs-scholar level 2 5-3 12:36

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Other answers *** 2

1) social etiquette

Compared with the British and Germans, the French communicate with people in different ways. Mainly has the following characteristics:

First, I am sociable and sociable. For the French, socialization is an important part of life, and life without social activities is unimaginable.

Second, humor is romantic by nature. Most of them are hearty and enthusiastic in interpersonal communication. People who are eloquent and good at joking, hate people who don't like to talk, and people who can't accept frowning. Influenced by traditional culture, French people not only love adventure, but also like romantic experience.

Third, the desire for freedom and poor discipline. The French are the most famous "liberals" in the world. "Freedom, equality and fraternity" is not only determined by the French Constitution as the national motto, but also clearly written on the national emblem. Although they pay attention to the legal system, they are generally poor in discipline and do not like collective action against the French. You must make an appointment in advance and be punctual, but you should also be prepared in advance for being late.

Fourth, strong self-esteem and preference for "domestic products". French fashion, food and art are world-renowned. Under this influence, the French have a strong sense of national pride and pride. In their view, everything in the world is the best in France. When talking with the French, if you can speak a few words of French, it will definitely make the other person enthusiastic.

Fifth, chivalry and respect for women. In interpersonal communication, the etiquette adopted by the French mainly includes shaking hands, hugging and kissing.

(2) dress etiquette

The French are famous for their exquisite clothes and decorations. The so-called "Parisian style" means the same as fashion and fashion in the ears of the world.

On formal occasions: French people usually wear suits, dresses or gowns, which are mostly blue, gray or black in color and mostly made of pure wool.

When attending the celebration ceremony: you usually wear formal clothes. Most men wear evening dresses with bows, or black suits; Women wear mostly dress-style monochrome big dresses or small dresses.

For dressing up, the French believe that the key is whether the collocation is correct. When choosing hairstyles, handbags, hats, shoes, watches and glasses, they all emphasize the need to coordinate with their own clothes.

(3) Catering etiquette

As one of the three world-famous cooking kingdoms, the French are very particular about food. Among western food, French food can be said to be the most exquisite.

French people love pasta, and there are many kinds of bread. Most of them love cheese; In terms of meat, they like to eat beef, pork, chicken, caviar and foie gras, and don't eat fat, pets, animal offal other than liver, scaleless fish and biting fish.

French people especially drink. They drink almost every meal, and at the dinner table they pay attention to different dishes with different kinds of drinks. Besides drinks, French people usually like to drink raw water and coffee.

French people are allowed to put their hands on the table when eating, but they are not allowed to put their elbows on the table. When they put down their knives and forks, they are used to putting them half on the plate and half on the table.

(4) Custom taboos

The national flower of France is iris. Don't give chrysanthemums, peonies, roses, rhododendrons, daffodils, marigold and paper flowers to the French at will.

The national bird of France is a rooster. They think this is a direct manifestation of courage and tenacity.

The national stone of France is pearl.

Most French people like blue, white and red, and the colors they are afraid of are mainly yellow and dark green.

The numbers that the French are afraid of are "13" and "Friday".

In interpersonal communication, the French attach great importance to gifts, but they also have their own special attention. Articles with artistic taste and commemorative significance should be selected, and knives, swords, scissors, tableware or articles with obvious advertising signs should not be used. It is also inappropriate for a man to send perfume to a woman with an average relationship. It is impolite to accept a gift without opening the package in front of the giver.

) history

During the reign of Louis XVI (1774- 1792), the French monarchy came to an end. Louis XVI's France supported the war of independence of thirteen colonies in North America against British rule (1778-1783), but the direct involvement of the French navy also exposed some of its own problems. Centuries of extravagance and the difficulty of fighting against European powers. The deteriorating economic situation, the general hatred towards the privileged classes such as nobles and priests, and the lack of alternative reform methods are the main motives of the French Revolution. This eventually led to the establishment of the first * * * Republic in 1792, and the announcement of the second * * * Republic after 1848 overthrew the July Dynasty on February 26th. Although the French revolutionaries adhered to the principle of equality, during this period, France resumed absolute monarchy or constitutional monarchy as many as four times: Napoleon's first empire, Louis Philippe's July dynasty and Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's second empire. In 1870 after the Franco-Prussian War, the third * * * Republic was proclaimed (during which the Paris Commune, the world's first proletarian regime, appeared), and this time the * * * system continued until 1940 when Germany occupied it in World War II.