Who invented tunnel warfare?

Introduction to the history of tunnel warfare In 1941, the Daogou tunnel warfare in the Anti-Japanese Base Area of ??the Hebei Plain was the predecessor of this form, but it was not yet common or complete at the time. After the enemy's massive sweep in 1942, the fighting environment became extremely cruel. In order to facilitate our military and civilians to persist in the struggle against the enemy in the plains, the party, based on its experience in conducting tunnel warfare in trenches over the past few years, has led the military and civilians to further carry out tunnel warfare in the vast plain areas. The early tunnels were mainly used for the concealed struggle of our local cadres. Small caves that could accommodate one or two people were dug in the residential courtyards of some party members or "fortress households". Although this kind of tunnel played a certain role in countering "mopping up", it was very inflexible and could not be avoided once discovered by the enemy. In order to make it difficult for the enemy to discover the entrance of the cave, they gradually improved the entrance of the hole, dug two layers, built two entrances, or connected the two holes. In this way, although it has a certain degree of flexibility, it can only be used as a temporary hiding place.

The distribution range of the tunnels is roughly from the southern suburbs of Beijing in the north, to the south of central Baoding in the west, to the south of Langfang west of Cangzhou in the east, and to the north of Shijiazhuang and the northern part of Hengshui in the south. The area is roughly 130 kilometers in diameter with the central and eastern Baoding as the center.

Beginning in 1943, tunnel warfare entered a new stage of development. In some places in the central Hebei Plain and southern Hebei, a tunnel network of houses connected to houses, streets connected to streets, and villages connected to villages gradually formed. An internal and external joint defense was formed to cooperate with each other to attack the enemy's position. After the tunnel war began, the enemy also tried their best to find cave entrances and set fire, water, poison and other methods to destroy it. However, the party leads the masses to continuously improve the authenticity and make it more perfect. In order to make it difficult for the enemy to discover the entrance of the cave, in addition to providing necessary confidentiality education to the masses, the entrance of the cave was cleverly concealed and used as a cover with walls, pot platforms, water wells, and earthen kangs; in order to prevent the enemy from entering the cave, traps were built at the entrance of the cave. , lay mines, insert sharp knives, or dig criss-crossing "chessboard roads" in the cave; in order to prevent the enemy from destroying the tunnel with water, fire, and poison, the cave is also equipped with bayonet, flaps, and poison-proof and waterproof doors, or The tunnels were dug high and low, thick and thin, and there were breakthroughs leading directly to the outside of the village. In this way, the tunnel becomes an underground fortress that can be attacked, defended and retreated.

The extensive development of tunnel warfare played a major role in the harsh anti-"mopping up" struggle in the plain areas. For example, in March 1943, more than 200 Japanese and puppet troops stationed in Lingshou surrounded Gaoping Village in Zhengding County. At dawn, the enemy began to attack, and the masses had entered the tunnel. The militia guerrilla group and the explosion group used the tunnel fortifications to monitor the enemy. When the enemy entered the mine array, they fired 4 mines twice, killing more than 20 Japanese. The enemy was so frightened that they ran around in the street. They fired 9 more mines in succession, plus grenades and cold guns, and the enemy was beaten into chaos. Running around, it's impossible to guard against it. By noon, the enemy had suffered more than 40 casualties and fled back to their stronghold in embarrassment.

On April 1, 1945, the enemy attacked Ranzhuang, Qingyuan County with a regiment of troops. The people in Ranzhuang relied on tunnels to kill 17 enemies. On April 3, we repelled the invasion of three enemy regiments and killed 40 people below the regimental commander, so that the enemy did not dare to invade again. Tunnel warfare is a great initiative for the people of the plains to fight against the enemy, and it shines with brilliant glory in the history of the anti-Japanese struggle in the Hebei Plain!

Tunnel warfare has existed in China since ancient times and has been recorded in the Song, Ming and Qing dynasties, but it was taken to an extreme level by our ancestors in the modern Anti-Japanese War. Around 1942, some villages in the Chinese plains of Jizhong began to use cellars to avoid raids by Japanese pirates. Later, cellars were connected to each other and even villages were connected, and eventually they were used to annihilate the enemy.

Of course it has what I have learned. We know that not only did we use tunnel warfare in World War II, but in the Pacific War, Japanese slaves were also used to resist the US military's attacks on the Japanese mainland. For example, during the Battle of Iwo Jima, they caused heavy casualties to the US military.

In the later US-Vietnam War, Vietnam also used it to defend against foreign enemies. It can be seen that when the equipment of the two sides in the war is quite different, taking advantage of favorable factors can achieve unexpected results. . [Edit this paragraph] Tunnel War Site Ranzhuang Site

Ranzhuang Site (one of the important symbols of tunnel warfare) is located 30 kilometers southwest of Baoding City, Hebei Province. It was the site of the Second World War. , an important war site in the anti-Japanese struggle in North China under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. The geographical location here is superior and the transportation is convenient: there is Beijing-Guangzhou Railway to the west, Beijing-Shenzhen Expressway to the north, Baoheng Highway to the east, and Zhangwang Highway passes through it. After the "July 7" Incident in 1937, in order to preserve themselves and resist foreign aggression, the Ranzhuang people began to dig tunnels in the spring of 1938, and gradually developed from single holes to double holes, multiple holes, and finally dug tunnels as long as 32 miles. net. The entire village is equipped with various ingeniously designed tunnel entrances and multiple combat fortifications, forming a three-dimensional firepower cross network. It forms an underground Great Wall that can be fought and hidden, attacked and defended, and can advance and retreat freely. The Ranzhuang militia took advantage of the tunnels and cooperated with the armed workers and field troops in 157 battles against the enemy during the Anti-Japanese War and the War of Liberation, wiping out more than 2,100 enemies. It was awarded the title of "Tunnel Warfare Model Village".

The Ranzhuang Tunnel War Site still retains the environmental features of the villages in the Jizhong Plain in the 1930s and 1940s. The tunnels and various combat fortifications built back then are still preserved, and a Japanese-invaded artillery tower has been repaired nearby. The exhibition hall collects a large number of precious tunnel war cultural relics, supplemented by modern exhibition methods such as sound, light and electricity to show the scenes of the year. Many old sites have been restored and displayed, making people feel like they are in the war years. The Ranzhuang Tunnel War Memorial Hall was built in August 1959. On March 4, 1961, the Ranzhuang Tunnel War Site was designated as a national key cultural relic protection unit. It is now listed as a national patriotic education demonstration base, a national youth education base, and a patriotic education base in Hebei Province.

The Ranzhuang Tunnel War Site is 200 kilometers away from Beijing, 210 kilometers away from Tianjin, and 180 kilometers away from Shijiazhuang. It is 40 kilometers away from Mancheng Han Tomb in the northwest and 50 kilometers away from Baiyangdian, the Pearl of North China, in the northeast. It is an ideal place for tourism on holidays and odd and weekend days. Great place to go. The Ranzhuang Tunnel War Site is a unique and ideal place to visit that integrates patriotism education, national defense education and tourism. It is also an eternal and precious historical wealth left for future generations. Jiaozhuanghu Ruins

Jiaozhuanghu is located at the foot of Waituo Mountain, the remaining branch of Yanshan Mountain in the northeast of Shunyi County, Beijing, 60 kilometers away from Beijing, and now belongs to Longwantun Town. The memorial hall was built in the autumn of 1964 and named "Exhibition Hall of the Struggle History of Jiaozhuang Household Militia".

In 1979, the Beijing Municipal Government decided to designate it as a key municipal cultural relic protection unit and renamed it "Beijing Jiaozhuanghu Tunnel War Site Memorial Hall". Jiaozhuanghu Village was under the leadership of the Jidong Anti-Japanese Base Area during the war years and was the only way to the Pingxi and Pingbei base areas.

The tunnel battle between the Jiaozhuang people and domestic and foreign enemies began in the spring of 1943. At that time, only a few hidden holes were dug. This kind of animal can only hide one or two people and a small amount of food. Once discovered by the enemy, they can only be captured without mercy.

In order to fight the enemy for a long time, the village party branch mobilized the masses to connect individual hidden holes, and installed combat facilities such as flaps, single bunkers and bunkers, as well as dozens of rest rooms and The command post allows the militiamen and the masses to fight and live in the tunnel for a long time.

In 1946, the villagers dug 23 miles of tunnels, which crisscrossed the village and connected to neighboring villages, forming a combat-type tunnel network that could be used to fight and defend.

In order to commemorate the heroic deeds of the revolutionary martyrs and provide traditional education to the people, the exhibition room uses detailed information, precious cultural relics and real authentic authentic battle sites to reproduce the story of Jiao Zhuanghu’s struggle with the people at home and abroad under the leadership of the Party. A historical picture of a heroic struggle between enemies. Now more than 650 meters of authentic ruins are left for people to visit.

There are six items to visit in the memorial hall: one is to visit the authentic ruins; the other is to watch the movie about tunnel warfare; the third is to listen to Comrade Jiao Zhibin, a member of the Children’s League during the Anti-Japanese War, talk about the history of the battle in Jiaozhuanghu Village; the fourth is to Eat "anti-war rice" (i.e. steamed buns, corn dregs porridge and pickles); fifth, watch the "surface-to-air missile base" (i.e. watch the internal affairs of the army, formation performances, communications and command, physical missile operations, and missile exercise videos); sixth It’s autumn when apples are ripe, and viewers can participate in apple picking activities in person.

Jiaozhuanghu is located at the foot of Waituo Mountain, the remaining branch of Yanshan Mountain in the northeast of Shunyi District, Beijing, 60 kilometers away from Beijing, and now belongs to Longwantun Town. The memorial hall was built in the autumn of 1964 and was named "Jiaozhuanghu Militia Struggle Room Exhibition Room". In 1979, the Beijing Municipal Government decided to designate it as a municipal-level key cultural relics protection unit and renamed it "Beijing Jiaozhuanghu Tunnel War Site Memorial Hall" ". Jiaozhuanghu Village belonged to the leadership of the Jidong Anti-Japanese Base Area during the war years and was the only way to the Pingxi and Pingbei base areas.

The tunnel warfare struggle between the Jiaozhuang people and locals at home and abroad began in the spring of 1943. At that time, they only dug a few hidden holes, which could only hide one or two people or store some food and other items. . Once discovered by the enemy, there is no choice but to be captured. In order to carry out a long-term struggle against the enemy, the village party branch mobilized the masses to connect individual hidden holes and fight and live in the tunnels. By 1946, the whole village had dug 23 miles of tunnels. The village was crisscrossed and connected to neighboring villages, forming a combat-type tunnel network that could be used to fight and defend. The Shunyi County People's Government awarded Jiaozhuanghu the "People's First Fortress" banner in October 1947 and placed it on the top of the 18-meter-high militia command net building.

In order to commemorate the heroic deeds of the revolutionary martyrs and provide traditional education to the people, the exhibition room uses detailed information, precious cultural relics and real authentic battle sites to reproduce the Jiaozhuang people’s struggle with the country under the leadership of the Party. Historical scenes of heroic struggles by outsiders. More than 650 meters of tunnel warfare ruins are still available for visitors to visit. There are lounges and command posts in the tunnels, as well as combat facilities such as single-man bunkers, traps, mills, and temple bunkers, as well as water tanks, kang holes, wall cabinets, There are relatively hidden entrances and exits such as cooking pots, pig pens, and donkey troughs, as well as watchtowers.

Now, the Jiaozhuanghu Tunnel War Site is a key cultural relic protection unit in Beijing. In 1996, the state designated the Jiaozhuanghu Tunnel War Site Memorial Hall as one of the national patriotic education bases for primary and secondary schools.