Summary of English grammar points in senior high school

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Senior high school English grammar summary 1 (1) The difference between the present participle and the past participle as adverbials.

The main difference between the present participle as an adverbial and the past participle as an adverbial lies in the active and passive relationship between them and the modified subject.

1) When the present participle is used as an adverbial, the action of the present participle is the action of the subject of the sentence, and the relationship between them is active.

He went out and closed the door behind him. He closed the door after he went out.

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.

2) When the past participle is used as an adverbial, the action represented by the past participle is the action undertaken by the subject of the sentence, and the relationship between them is passive.

Given more attention, these trees will grow better. If we pay more attention to these trees, they will grow better.

In the face of differences, we must work hard to overcome them. When encountering difficulties, we must try to overcome them.

(2) The difference between infinitive and participle as adverbial.

1) participles as adverbials generally indicate companionship, while infinitives often indicate purpose.

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan. (accompanying)

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan. They stood by the roadside talking about the plan. (purpose)

2) A participle as an adverbial is placed at the beginning of a sentence, sometimes indicating not only the reason, but also the time or condition. When the infinitive is used as an adverbial, it indicates both the purpose and the result or reason.

He was so absorbed in reading that he forgot the time for lunch. Being absorbed in reading, he forgot the time for lunch. (reason)

After reading it carefully, he found something he didn't know before. When he read carefully, he found something he didn't know before. Time

Read carefully and you will learn something new. As long as you read carefully, you will learn new things. (conditions)

His family is too poor to support him. His family is too poor to support him. (result)

The boy is not big enough to reach the bookshelf. The boy is not tall enough to reach the bookshelf. (result)

We are glad to hear the news. (reason)

(3) When infinitives are used as adverbials, we should pay attention to the following sentence patterns:

A: Not/never too … go, too … not go, but/just too … go, too easy/sensitive/appropriate/including expressing positive meaning.

B: The infinitive as the adverbial of result can only appear at the end of the sentence. Common infinitive verbs are: find, hear, see, be held, form, give, make, produce, etc.

C: When the infinitive is used as an adverbial, its logical subject is usually the subject of the sentence, otherwise it is used to guide the subject.

Differences between infinitive, present participle and past participle as attributes

(1) infinitive as attribute

1) The infinitive and the noun it modifies may have a subject-predicate relationship.

He was the last to leave school yesterday. He was the last person to leave the classroom yesterday.

The train coming to the station is from London. The train coming to the station is from London.

2) The infinitive and the noun it modifies may be a verb-object relationship.

Get him something to eat. Get him something to eat.

She has a lot of work to do in the morning. He has a lot of work to do in the morning.

3) When the infinitive formed by intransitive verbs is used as an attribute, appropriate prepositions and modifiers should be added to form a logical verb-object relationship, and the prepositions here cannot be omitted.

I need a pen to write. I need a pen to write.

There is nothing to worry about. There is nothing to worry about.

4) infinitives modify some abstract nouns such as direction, reason, time, opportunity and right. Such as: ability, driving ability, driving movement, ambition, ambition to work hard, hard need, demanding movement, failure of movement, failure opportunity, strength, pressure, point commitment, hope, courage, intention, reason determines the method, bright way, bright determination, motivation, goal struggle, hard work, tendency, tendency, desire, desire.

5) only infinitives can be used when ordered numbers, superlative adjectives or determiners such as next, second, last, only and not a, modified nouns, etc.

6) indefinite pronouns something, nothing, little, much, alot, etc. Accustomed to using infinitives as attributes.

John is willing to do anything except work on the farm. John is willing to do anything except farm work.

7) If its verb needs an infinitive as the object, or its adjective needs an infinitive as the complement, the corresponding noun generally uses an infinitive as the attribute. For example:

Inclined to do-inclined to do; Decide to do it; Curious to do it.

His wish to buy a car has come true. His wish to buy a car has come true.

Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.

He is always the first to come and the last to leave. He is always the first to arrive and the last to leave.

② participle as attribute

When using participles as attributes, they have the following characteristics:

1) The present participle indicates the active meaning, and the past participle generally indicates the passive meaning.

2) The present participle indicates progress, and the past participle indicates a state or a completed (completed) thing.

He rushed into the burning house. He rushed into the burning house.

The child standing over there is my brother. The boy standing there is my brother.

The room facing south is our classroom. The room facing south is our classroom.

Has your watch been repaired? Did you get the repaired watch?

He is a senior teacher. He is a senior teacher.

3) The following intransitive verbs are also attributive or predicative in the past participle form, but they have no passive meaning. It should be pointed out that:

Leave, disappear, fade, fall, disappear, frown, retire, return, rise, set, disappear, travel many times, arrive newly, arrive recently.

(3) The time relationship between infinitives and participles as attributes.

Generally speaking, the action expressed by infinitive occurs after the action expressed by predicate verb; The action represented by the present participle occurs simultaneously with the action represented by the predicate verb; The action indicated by the past participle occurs before the action indicated by the predicate verb. For example:

Do you want to see the doctor who will be invited from Beijing? Do you want to see the doctor who will be invited from Beijing?

Senior high school English grammar point summary 2 nouns

Introduction to nouns

Nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns are the proper names of a person, a place or an institution, such as Beijing and China. Common nouns are nouns of a class of people or things or an abstract concept, such as books and sadness. Common nouns can be divided into the following four categories:

Individual noun: an individual in a certain kind of person or thing, such as a gun.

Collective noun: a collection of several individuals, such as a family.

Material noun: a physical object that cannot be divided into individuals, such as air.

Abstract noun: abstract concepts such as action, state, quality and feeling, such as work.

Individual nouns and collective noun can be counted by numbers, which are called countable nouns, while material nouns and abstract nouns cannot be counted by numbers, which are called uncountable nouns. To sum up, the classification of nouns can be shown in the following figure:

name

Word proper nouns

Common nouns, individual nouns and countable nouns

collective noun

Material nouns uncountable nouns

abstract noun

Regular changes of noun plural

Example sentences of situational composition pronunciation

Generally speaking, add -s 1. Clear consonants /s/ after reading;

2. Read /z/ map-maps after voiced consonants and vowels

Bag

Automobile-automobile

Words ending in s, sh, ch, x, etc. Added -es reading /iz/bus-bus watch-watch.

Words ending in ce, se, ze, (d)ge, etc. Added -s reading /iz/ license-licenses.

The word ending in the consonant +y is changed from y to I, and then read with es/z/baby-babies.

Regular changes of plural numbers of other nouns

1) When proper nouns ending in y or nouns ending in vowel +y become plural, directly add s to become plural:

Two Mary and Henry

Monkey-Monkey Holiday-Holiday

Comparison: Floor: Story-Story-Story

2) nouns ending in o in plural:

A. add s, such as: photo-photo piano-piano.

Zoo radio broadcasting;

B. Add es, such as potato-potato tomato-tomato.

C. anything, such as zero-zero/zero.

3) When nouns ending in f or fe become plural:

A. add s, such as: believe-believe roof-roof.

Safe deposit box in the bay;

B. go to f, fe and -ves, such as half-half.

Knife-knife-leaf-leaf wolf-wolf

Wife-wife life-life thief-thief;

C. or, for example, a handkerchief:

A handkerchief/handkerchief

Irregular changes of noun plural

1) children-children's feet-feet-teeth-teeth

Mouse-mouse man-man woman-woman

Note: The plural forms of compound words with man and woman are also -men and -women.

For example, one Englishman and two Englishmen. But German is not a compound word, so the plural form is German; Bowman is a surname, and its plural is the Bowman family.

2) Simple isomorphism and complex isomorphism, such as:

Deer, sheep, fish, Chinese food, Japanese food

One Li, Two Jin, Yuan, Two Li, Three Mu, Four Jin

However, in addition to RMB yuan, cents and cents, USD, GBP and FRF all have plural forms. For example:

One dollar, two dollars; One meter, two meters

3) collective noun appears in singular form, but it is actually plural.

For example, people police cattle are plural, so we can't say a person, a policeman or a cow, but we can say.