Briefly describe the naming method of utensils

1. The general principle of naming cultural relics is the principle of characteristic. The problem to be solved is to highlight the uniqueness of a cultural relic or a type of cultural relic so that it can be quickly distinguished from similar cultural relics (this is my (edited by);

2. The following is excerpted from the naming of movable cultural relics in the "National Census of Movable Cultural Relics"

(1) Naming standards

Cultural Relics Naming should be scientific, accurate, and standardized, so that "you can know its appearance by looking at its name."

The naming of ancient cultural relics generally should have three components, namely: age, designation or author; characteristics, decoration or color; shape or purpose of the vessel. If ancient Chinese cultural relics have an exact date, the chronological information in the name is generally marked with the dynasty, era number and chronological number, and does not indicate the AD year; if foreign ancient cultural relics have an exact chronology, the chronological information in the name is generally marked with the country name, dynasty, era number and Chronological numbers.

The naming of modern cultural relics uses era, owner, event, location, purpose, etc. to directly express the main content and characteristics of the collection. The chronological information in the name should generally indicate the main historical period or the AD year.

(2) Naming elements

Era. Refers to the age of manufacture or use of cultural relics.

Characteristics. It refers to the ontological attribute information such as the region, humanities and related craftsmanship, decorative themes, shape and texture of cultural relics.

A general term for utensils, generally referring to the shape or purpose of the item.

The naming of cultural relics is generally arranged in the order of era, characteristics, and common names.

(3) General naming rules and examples

- Naming ancient cultural relics

1) Naming stone tools

Use "age" + "Culture" (if the exact culture is known) + "Characteristics" + "Texture" + "Shape" is used to determine the name.

Example 1:

Paleolithic turtle-shaped scraper

Example 2:

Neolithic Cishan Culture stone grinding disc

2) Name the stone carvings

Name the stone carvings based on "age" + "main content" + "texture" + "shape".

Example 1:

Lü Mengzheng rebuilt the Confucius Temple stele in the eighth year of Taiping and Xingguo in the Song Dynasty

Example 2:

In the eighth year of Xianyong reign in Liao Dynasty Epitaph of Father Yu Yue

Example 3:

Stone carvings of water control map of Dayu of the Eastern Han Dynasty

3) Naming of jade articles

Use "year" + "Culture" (Neolithic Age needs to add exact culture) + "Characteristics" + "Material" + "Shape" to name.

Example 1:

Neolithic Liangzhu Culture jade cong with animal face pattern

Example 2:

Western Han Dynasty openwork double dragon button valley Patterned white jade

4) Naming of pottery

Based on "age" + "culture" (the exact culture needs to be added in the Neolithic Age) + "characteristics" + "texture" + "shape" name.

Example 1:

Neolithic Yangshao Culture painted pottery basin with human face and fish pattern

Example 2:

Tang Sancai flower pattern pillow< /p>

Example 3:

Ming Dynasty Dabin made purple clay teapot

Example 4:

Tang Dynasty Changsha Kiln "Li Shizao" flowers Pottery Impression

5) Naming of porcelain

Use "era" (with year mark) + "kiln mouth" (if the exact kiln mouth is known) + "characteristics" + "Texture" + "Shape" naming.

Example 1:

Eastern Jin Dynasty Deqing Kiln black glaze chicken head porcelain pot

Example 2:

Song Dynasty Cizhou Kiln white glaze black color Rectangular porcelain pillow with character story

Example 3:

Ming Chenghua doucai tall porcelain cup

6) Naming of bronze ware

It is named after "age" + "characteristics" (including craftsmanship) + "texture" + "shape".

Example 1:

Late Western Zhou Dynasty inlaid turquoise stone dragon head pattern iron-blade bronze gun

Example 2:

Tang Rui beast grape pattern Bronze mirror

7) Naming of gold and silverware

Name them based on "age" + "characteristics" + "texture" + "shape".

Example 1:

Song Dynasty hollow double dragon gold sachet

Example 2:

Tang Bao gold nine-link silver hairpin

8) Naming other metal tools

Name them based on "age" + "characteristics" + "texture" + "shape".

Example 1:

Western Han Dynasty stem-tail copper handle iron sword

Example 2:

Qing Dynasty Guangxu chiseled tin hot pot

Example 3:

Shen Cunzhou made a lead wine bucket in the late Ming Dynasty

9) Naming lacquerware

Use "era" + "author" ( If the author's name is known) + "characteristics" (including craftsmanship) + "texture" + "shape" to determine the name.

Example 1:

Tang Chunlei black lacquer lyre

Example 2:

Yuan Zhang Cheng made red gardenia lacquer plate

10) Naming bamboo and wood tooth horns

Use "age" + "author" (if the author's name is known) + "characteristics" (including craftsmanship) + "texture" + "shape" "name.

Example 1:

Neolithic Majiabang Culture Wooden Oar

Example 2:

Ming Bamboo Carving "Everything Rejuvenates" Picture Ornaments

Example 3:

Qing Dynasty "Xingyouhengtang" ivory carved gourd vase

Example 4:

Clear and transparent carved dragon and flowers Rhino Horn Cup

11) Naming of weaving and embroidery

Name it based on "age" + "characteristics" (mainly decorative content) + "craft" + "texture" + "shape".

Example 1:

Liao's golden lotus and capricorn pattern cotton hat

Example 2:

The Han and Jin Dynasties prolonged their lives and preserved their descendants. Brocade

12) Naming of oracle bone slips

Name them based on "age" + "text content (or title)" + "texture" + "form".

Example 1:

Seventeen inscriptions on the turtle's belly armor with two pheasants and two pheasants during the Shang Dynasty

Example 2:

The fifth year of Yuanshi in the Western Han Dynasty "Shilling Coupon Book" bamboo slips

13) Naming bricks and tiles

Name the bricks and tiles based on "age" + "main content" + "texture" + "shape".

Example 1:

Eastern Han Dynasty banquet and travel portrait tiles

Example 2:

Han Dynasty "Chang Le Weiyang" inscription tile

14) Naming stationery

Name the stationery based on "age" + "author" (if the author's name is known) + "characteristics" (including craftsmanship) + "texture" + "shape".

Example 1:

Western Han dynasty rabbit hair brush

Example 2:

Ming Dynasty Junfang jade pestle made with black frost ink

Han Xuanquan hemp paper

Example 4:

Western Jin Dynasty celadon frog bowl button cover three-legged inkstone

15) Currency naming

Name it with "age" + "money name" (face value) + "texture" + "form".

Example 1:

Warring States Period Zhao Yuci Pingtou Point Foot Cloth Coin

Example 2:

Qing Xianfeng Yuanbao Broad Edge Back Baogong is equivalent to a thousand copper coins

Example 3:

Ming Dynasty's "Da Ming Tongbao Banknote" banknotes

Example 4:

Jin Zhen In the third year of You's reign, I picked up the copper plate of the banknotes

Example 5:

Xinmang Daquan Fifty Bronze Coin Pattern

16) Naming of the Talisman Seal

Name it with "age" + "seal" + "characteristics" + "texture" + "form".

Example 1:

The Golden Boat Festival of Ejun in the Warring States Period

Example 2:

Gold "Seal of Marching Ten Thousand Households" bronze seal

Example 3:

Qing Dynasty Zhao Zhiqian's "Qian Shi Xing" white text square seal

Example 4:

Qin Linzi Cheng's seal Clay

17) Calligraphy naming

Name it with "age" + "author" + "style of calligraphy" + "main content" + "form".

Example 1:

Mingwen Zhengming Zhencao Thousand-Character Scroll

Example 2:

Qing Dynasty Zheng Xieshu Tang Dynasty Quatrain Poetry Scroll

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18) Naming the painting

Name the painting based on "age" + "author" + "main content" + "form".

Example 1:

The Night Banquet of Gu Hongzhong and Han Xizai in the Five Dynasties

Example 2:

Chen Hongshou Qiu Lin Xiaoao in the first year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty Axis

Example 3 (author’s name is unknown):

Picture page of Songxi River Pange

19) Naming of sculptures

"Era" + "Characteristics" (including craftsmanship) + "Texture" + "Shape" are used to determine the name.

Example 1:

Ming Dynasty Yongle gilt bronze seated statue of Sakyamuni Buddha

Example 2:

Southern Dynasties painted gray pottery Shield-holding warrior figurines

Example 3:

Blue and white Guanyin statue in Jingdekilo from the Yuan Dynasty to the second year of the Yuan Dynasty

20) Naming of documents and documents

Name it with "age" + "main content" + "form".

Example 1:

Three hundred and fifty-three volumes of commentaries on the Thirteen Classics revised by Yuan Dynasty

Example 2:

Sutras written in Uighur script in Dunhuang, Tang Dynasty

Example 3:

Xixia version of "The Dingzun Xiangsheng always upholds the merits and virtues according to the Sutra Collection"

Example 4:

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In the fourth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty, the Jiangnan Weaving Department issued a weaving license to Jinling weavers

21) Other cultural relics can be named according to the above standards.

——Naming modern cultural relics

1) Naming documents

Name them with "era" + "main content" + "common name" ("era" It is better to write the AD year, the same below).

Example 1:

The original manuscript of Mao Zedong's "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship" in 1949

Example 2:

Three people in Tianjin in the first year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty Leasing license issued by Minister of Trade and Industry Chonghou to French missionaries

Example 3:

Letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to all levels of party headquarters and all party members in Manchuria in mid-1933

Example 4

The first issue of the daily journal of the First Workers’ and Peasants’ Congress of Hunan Province on December 1, 1926

2) Naming of badges and certificates

Name it with "age" + "main content" + "texture" + "form".

Example 1:

First-class Independence Medal awarded to XXX in 1955

Example 2:

Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Border Region in 1944 The Labor Hero Medal awarded to Li Du

Example 3:

The lone hero Tang Fengxi’s meritorious service in 1951

Example 4:

1946 —The collective household registration card of the Chinese Communist Party delegation during the Nanjing negotiations with the Communist Party of China in 1947

3) Naming the flag

Use "era" + "main content" + " Named "Shape".

Example 1:

Flag of the Fujian Military Region Garrison Headquarters of the Chinese Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army in March 1932

Example 2:

Shandong in 1949 The first national flag used when the Provincial People's Government was established

Example 3:

The pennant presented by the Korean People's Army to the 38th Army of the Chinese People's Volunteers in June 1953

4) Slogan plaque naming

Name it with "age" + "main content" + "texture" + "form" (purpose).

Example 1:

The Red Army’s stone slogan of “Redizing Sichuan” in 1935

Example 2:

March 1947, Taihang The Fourth Special Administrative Office awarded Cui Jinglan, the manager of Jincheng Nanguan Industrial and Agricultural Store, a plaque of "Contributions to Diligence in Warfare"

5) Name the seal with "Era" + "Main Content" + "Texture" ” + “shape” naming.

Example:

Bronze seal of Jilin Provincial People's Government in 1949

6) Naming of weapons and equipment

Use "era" + "object" "Main" (event) + "characteristic" + "texture" + "form" (purpose).

Example 1:

The shell gun used by Zhu De during the Nanchang Uprising in 1927

Example 2:

The People's Liberation Army attacked the Yuncheng Battle in 1947 The ladder used in the city

7) Naming audio and video products

Name them based on "age" + "main content" + "texture" + "form" (purpose).

Example 1:

A group photo of Awakening Society members on August 15, 1920

Example 2:

1949 Chinese People’s Revolution *Film recording the founding ceremony of the Republic of China

8) Naming of celebrity relics

Name them based on "age" + "main content" + "texture" + "form" (purpose).

Example 1:

1935 manuscript of Fang Zhimin's "Lovely China"

Example 2:

April 1948-1949 The document box used by Ren Bishi in Xibaipo in March 2009

9) Naming of monetary stamps

Use "age" + "issuing unit" + "main content" + "texture" (stamp products) No need to write texture) + "Shape" naming.

Example 1:

1932 Chinese Soviet Union National Bank Five Cent Note

Example 2:

1894 Year 1 First Edition of Cixi's Birthday Commemorative Stamps

Example 3:

Four pieces of red postage stamps issued by the General Administration of Transport of Western Fujian Province on July 14, 1931

10 Names of means of transportation< /p>

Name it with "age" + "characteristics" + "attributes" + "form" (purpose).

Example 1:

Four people carrying a sedan chair in modern western Hunan

Example 2:

The first train on the Chengdu-Chongqing Railway in 1952

11) Naming daily utensils

Name them based on "age" + "characteristics" + "texture" + "shape" (purpose).

Example:

Modern wooden washbasin stand in central Shanxi

12) Naming production equipment

Use "era" + " Characteristics" + "texture" + "shape" (purpose) naming.

Example 1:

Shipbuilding tools of Jiangnan Machinery Manufacturing Administration in 1872

Example 2:

Used by Shenxin No. 3 Factory in 1929 British-made two-pass roving frame

13) Naming of other cultural relics

The naming can be based on the above standards.

——Naming of ancient vertebrate fossils and ancient human fossils

1) Naming of ancient vertebrate fossils

Use "geological age" + "animal name" + "Body part" + "fossil" naming.

Example:

Middle Quaternary Pleistocene swollen deer skull fossil

2) Naming of ancient human fossils

Example: "Archaeological age" + "name of ancient apes and ancient humans" + "body parts" + "fossil" naming.

Fossils of the left incisor of the head of Yuanmou Man from the Paleolithic Age

(5) Naming precautions

1) Imitations with historical, artistic and scientific value, Need to indicate. If the time of imitation cannot be determined, the word "imitation" should be added before the year; if the time of imitation can be determined, the year of imitation should be indicated. Such as:

Qing Yongzheng imitation of Huadou color plate.

2) Cultural relics that have historical, artistic, and scientific value but are seriously damaged should be marked with the word "disabled" first. Such as:

Bronze mirror with residual water and land attack patterns during the Warring States Period.

3) All cultural relics that cannot be divided should be labeled together when naming: cultural relics that are in groups and intact should be given a collective name; those that are missing from the group should be marked with a collective name before a single name.

For example:

Tang Sancai Twelve-Chen "Dragon" Figurine

4) If there are multiple collaborators in calligraphy and painting cultural relics, in order to avoid too many words when naming, the most famous one should be named Or the first two or three are the main ones, with the suffix "waiting for cooperation".

5) Cultural properties generally do not need to be indicated when naming them. However, if the cultural relics have neither inscriptions, designations, nor special decorations, the texture will be marked in front of the shape of the vessel. For example:

Stone sickles from the Neolithic Age, jade knives from the Shang Dynasty, bronze axes from the Western Zhou Dynasty, and iron plows from the Warring States Period.

6) All accessories attached to cultural relics are not marked in the name, but are only described in the note. For example:

Warring States Period Golden Dragon Pattern Sword (with scabbard)

7) If the name has an inscription or a designation, a "" should generally be added (except for bronzes, calligraphy, and paintings).

8) There are many word descriptions in the naming of modern cultural relics and document-type cultural relics. The content should be streamlined as much as possible and the wording should be precise and accurate, but the main content should not be omitted due to word limit.

9) Natural specimens should be named according to the international nomenclature regulations.